MAORY is the Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY for the European ELT aimed at providing a 1 arcmin corrected field to MICADO, a near-infrared spectro-imager with a focus on astrometry. In this paper we re-view the main requirements and analysis that justify the current adaptive optics architecture and subsystem requirements. We discuss the wavefront error budget allocation focusing on the worst offenders terms and on a statistical analysis of their dependence on atmospheric and sodium profiles. We present an updated revision of the trade-off studies on the main AO parameters that, along with considerations coming from optical and mechanical subsystems, are used to define the preliminary design of the instrument.
MAORY is the Adaptive Optic (AO) module that will be installed at the E-ELT at the first light of the telescope. It will provide two different types of AO correction, a very high correction over a small FoV (diameter ~10 arcsec, SCAO mode) and a moderate and homogeneous correction over a wide FoV (diameter ~60 arcsec, MCAO mode). Here we present a first collection of science cases for MAORY feeding the E-ELT first light camera and spectrograph MICADO. Since the general science cases for E-ELT have already been developed elsewhere, here we focus on the design of specific observations, to explor…
We propose a many-core CPU architecture for Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) scale adaptive optics (AO) real-time control (RTC) for the multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) and laser-tomographic AO (LTAO) modes. MCAO and LTAO differ from the more conventional single-conjugate (SCAO) mode by requiring more wavefront sensor (WFS) measurements and more deformable mirrors to achieve a wider field of correction, further increasing the computational requirements of ELT-scale AO. We demonstrate results of our CPU based AO RTC operating firstly in SCAO mode, using either Shack-Hartmann or Pyramid style WFS proces…
MAORY is the adaptive optics module for ELT providing two gravity invariant ports with the same optical quality for two different client instruments. It enable high angular resolution observations in the near infrared over a large field of view (~1 arcmin2 ) by real time compensation of the wavefront distortions due to atmospheric turbulence. Wavefront sensing is performed by laser and natural guide stars while the wavefront sensor compensation is performed by an adaptive deformable mirror in MAORY which works together with the telescope's adaptive and tip tilt mirrors M4 and M5 respectively.
MICADO is the Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations, and it will be one of the first light instruments of the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). Doing high precision multi-object differential astrometry behind ELT is particularly effective given the increased flux and small diffraction limit. Thanks to its robust design with fixed mirrors and a cryogenic environment, MICADO aims to provide 50 $μ$as absolute differential astrometry (measure star-to-star distances in absolute $μ$as units) over a 53" FoV in the range 1.2-2.5 $μ$m. Tackling high precision astrometry over large FoV requires M…
MAORY is the adaptive optics module of the E-ELT that will feed the MICADO imaging camera through a gravity invariant exit port. MAORY has been foreseen to implement MCAO correction through three high order deformable mirrors driven by the reference signals of six Laser Guide Stars (LGSs) feeding as many Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensors. A three Natural Guide Stars (NGSs) system will provide the low order correction. We develop a code for the end-to-end simulation of the MAORY adaptive optics (AO) system in order to obtain high-delity modeling of the system performance. It is based on the IDL …
We present in this study a first analysis of the astrometric error budget of absolute astrometry relative to background galaxies using adaptive optics. We use for this analysis multi-conjugated adaptive optics (MCAO) images obtained with GeMS/GSAOI at Gemini South. We find that it is possible to obtain 0.3 mas reference precision in a random field with 1 hour on source using faint background galaxies. Systematic errors are correctable below that level, such that the overall error is approximately 0.4 mas. Because the reference sources are extended, we find it necessary to correct for the depen…
Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics systems based on sodium Laser Guide Stars may exploit Natural Guide Stars to solve intrinsic limitations of artificial beacons (tip-tilt indetermination and anisoplanatism) and to mitigate the impact of the sodium layer structure and variability. The sodium layer may also have transverse structures leading to differential effects among Laser Guide Stars. Starting from the analysis of the input perturbations related to the Sodium Layer variability, modeled directly on measured sodium layer profiles, we analyze, through a simplified end-to-end simulation code, the…
Several astronomical surveys aimed at the investigation of the extragalactic components were carried out in order to map systematically the universe and its constituents. An excellent level of detail is needed, and it is possible only using space telescopes or with the application of adaptive optics (AO) techniques for ground-based observatories. By simulating K-band observations of 6000 high-redshift galaxies in the Chandra Deep Field South region, we have already shown how an extremely large telescope can carry out photometric surveys successfully using the Global-MCAO, a natural guide stars…
The Multiconjugate adaptive Optic Relay For ELT Observations (MORFEO, formerly known as MAORY) is the adaptive optics (AO) module for the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) aimed at providing a 1 arcmin corrected field to the Multi-AO Imaging CamerA for Deep Observations (MICADO) and to a future client instrument. It should provide resolution close to the diffraction limit on a large portion of the sky and in a wide range of atmospheric conditions. Its ability to provide a flat wavefront must face the known aspect of the atmospheric turbulence and telescope environment, but also the final charact…
HARMONI at ELT: Reoptimization of the NGSS natural guide star sensors system for MCAO compatibility
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家太空研究中心，天体物理学与行星学实验室）；Durham University, Centre for Advanced Instrumentation（杜伦大学，先进仪器中心）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天体生物学中心，西班牙高等科学研究理事会-国家航空航天技术研究所）；Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心，天体物理与行星学研究所）；DOTA, ONERA（航天技术部门，法国航空与航天研究局）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Universidad de La Laguna（加那利群岛天体物理研究所，拉帕鲁纳大学）
The Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY (MAORY) is and Adaptive Optics module to be mounted on the ESO European-Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). It is a hybrid Natural and Laser Guide System that will perform the correction of the atmospheric turbulence volume above the telescope feeding the Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations Near Infrared spectro-imager (MICADO). We developed an end-to-end Monte- Carlo adaptive optics simulation tool to investigate the performance of a the MAORY and the calibration, acquisition, operation strategies. MAORY will implement Multiconjugate Adaptive …
One of the key science goals for a diffraction limited imager on an Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) is the resolution of individual stars down to faint limits in distant galaxies. The aim of this study is to test the proposed capabilities of a multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) assisted imager working at the diffraction limit, in IJHK$_s$ filters, on a 42m diameter ELT to carry out accurate stellar photometry in crowded images in an Elliptical-like galaxy at the distance of the Virgo cluster. As the basis for realistic simulations we have used the phase A studies of the European-ELT projec…
MICADO is the adaptive optics imaging camera for the E-ELT. It has been designed and optimised to be mounted to the LGS-MCAO system MAORY, and will provide diffraction limited imaging over a wide (about 1 arcmin) field of view. For initial operations, it can also be used with its own simpler AO module that provides on-axis diffraction limited performance using natural guide stars. We discuss the instrument's key capabilities and expected performance, and show how the science drivers have shaped its design. We outline the technical concept, from the opto-mechanical design to operations and data…
The Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY (MAORY) is one of the key Adaptive Optics (AO) systems on the European Southern Observatory's Extremely Large Telescope. MAORY aims to achieve a good wavefront correction over a large field of view, which involves a tomographic estimation of the 3D atmospheric wavefront disturbance. Mathematically, the reconstruction of turbulent layers in the atmosphere is severely ill-posed, hence, limits the achievable reconstruction accuracy. Moreover, the reconstruction has to be performed in real-time at a few hundred to one thousand Hertz frame rates. Huge amoun…
Multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) will assist a new era of ground-based astronomical observations with the extremely large telescopes and the Very Large Telescope. High precision relative astrometry is among the main science drivers of these systems and challenging requirements have been set for the astrometric measurements. A clear understanding of the astrometric error budget is needed and the impact of the MCAO correction has to be taken into account. In this context, we propose an analytical formulation to estimate the residual phase produced by an MCAO correction in any direction of …
We propose a solution to the increased computational demands of Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) scale adaptive optics (AO) real-time control with the Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing (KNL) Many Integrated Core (MIC) Architecture. The computational demands of an AO real-time controller (RTC) scale with the fourth power of telescope diameter and so the next generation ELTs require orders of magnitude more processing power for the RTC pipeline than existing systems. The Xeon Phi contains a large number (> 64) of low power x86 CPU cores and high bandwidth memory integrated into a single socketed ser…
MICADO is the adaptive optics imaging camera being studied for the E-ELT. Its design has been optimised for use with MCAO, but will have its own SCAO module for the initial operational phase; and in principle could also be used with GLAO or LTAO. In this contribution, we outline a few of the science drivers for MICADO and show how these have shaped its design. The science drivers have led to a number of requirements on the AO system related to astrometry, photometry, and PSF uniformity. We discuss why these requirements have arisen and what might be done about them.
MICADO is a workhorse instrument for the ESO ELT, allowing first light capability for diffraction limited imaging and long-slit spectroscopy at near-infrared wavelengths. The PSF Reconstruction (PSF-R) Team of MICADO is currently implementing, for the first time within all ESO telescopes, a software service devoted to the blind reconstruction of the PSF. This tool will work independently of the science data, using adaptive optics telemetry data, both for Single Conjugate (SCAO) and Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) allowed by the MORFEO module. The PSF-R service will support the state-of-…
HARMONI at ELT: line spread functions in a diffraction limited spectrometer
UKATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh（英国天文技术控制中心，爱丁堡皇家天文台）；Oxford University（牛津大学）；Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家空间研究中心，拉格朗日实验室）；Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL)（里昂第一大学，法国国家科学研究中心，里昂天体物理研究中心）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)（加那利天体物理学研究所）；Department of Physics, Durham University（杜伦大学物理系）
Astrometry is one of the main science case which drives the requirements of the next multiconjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) systems for future extremely large telescopes. The small diffraction limited point-spread function (PSF) and the high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of these instruments, promise astrometric precision at the level of micro-arcseconds. However, optical distortions have to be as low as possible to achieve the high demanding astrometry requirements. In addition to static distortions, the opto-mechanical instabilities cause astrometric errors that can be major contributors to the…
Astrometry was not a science case of the Gemini Multiconjugate adaptive optics System (GeMS) at its design stage. However, since GeMS has been in regular science operation with the Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI), their astrometric performances have been deeply analysed. The non-linear component of the distortion map model shows a characteristic pattern which is similarly repeated in each detector of GSAOI. The nature of this pattern was unknown and subjected to different hypotheses. This paper describes the origin of the GeMS distortion pattern as well as its multi-epoch variation…
The MICADO first light imager for the ELT: the PSF Reconstruction Software
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；Incident Angle Oy；Max Planck Institut fuer extraterrestrische Physik（马克斯·普朗克地外物理学研究所）；Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku（图尔库大学欧洲南方天文台芬兰天文学中心）；Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku（图尔库大学图奥拉天文台）；INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台）；INAF - Sezione Universitaria di Lecce（意大利国家天体物理研究所莱切大学分部）；INFN - Sezione di Lecce（意大利国家核物理研究所莱切分部）；Industrial Mathematics Institute, Johannes Kepler University Linz（林茨约翰内斯·开普勒大学工业数学研究所）；RICAM - Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics（Johann Radon计算与应用数学研究所）
We present a detailed discussion of how to obtain precise stellar photometry in crowded fields using images from multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) systems, with the intent of informing the scientific development of this key technology for the Extremely Large Telescopes. We use deep J and K_s exposures of NGC 1851 taken with the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) on Gemini South to quantify the performance of the instrument and to develop an optimal strategy for stellar photometry using PSF-fitting techniques. We judge the success of the various methods we employ by using…
The Multi-adaptive optics Imaging CamerA for Deep Observations (MICADO) will image a field of view of nearly 1 arcminute at the diffraction limit of the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), making use of the adaptive optics correction provided by single-conjugate adaptive optics (SCAO) and multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO). Its simple and robust design will yield an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and resolution across the field. This article outlines the characteristics of the observing modes offered and illustrates each of them with an astrophysical application. Potential users can…
Modern Giant Segmented Mirror Telescopes (GSMT) like the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), currently under construction depend heavily on Adaptive Optics (AO) systems to correct for atmospheric turbulence. To be able to correct wider fields of view (FoV), Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) systems were introduced, which use multiple guide stars to obtain an almost uniform correction over the FoV. However, a residual blur remains in the astronmical images due to the time delay stemming from the wavefront sensor (WFS) integration time and temporal response of the deformable mirror(s) (DM). Th…
SHARP -- A spectrograph proposal to fully exploit ELT capabilities and look beyond JWST
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布拉拉天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台）；Politecnico di Milano（米兰理工大学）；Universita’ degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata（罗马第二大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切尔菲天文台）；INAF - IASF（意大利国家天体物理研究所星际介质与天体物理研究所）；INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio（意大利国家天体物理研究所天体物理学与空间科学观测站）；INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia（意大利国家天体物理研究所射电天文研究所）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切尔西天文台）；ADaptive Optics National laboratory in Italy (ADONI)（意大利自适应光学国家实验室）；Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会赫茨伯格天文学与天体物理学研究所）
The full LINC-NIRVANA instrument will be one of the most complex ground-based astronomical systems ever built. It will consist of multiple subsystems, including two multi-conjugate ground layer AO systems (MCAO) that drive the LBT adaptive secondaries, two mid-high layer AO systems with their own Xynetics 349 actuator DM's , a fringe tracker, a beam combiner, and the NIR science camera. In order to mitigate risk, we take a modular approach to instrument testing and commissioning by decoupling these subsystems individually. The first subsystem tested on-sky will be one of the ground-layer AO sy…
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切特里天文台）；ADaptive Optics National laboratory in Italy (ADONI)（意大利自适应光学国家实验室）；Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会赫茨伯格天文学与天体物理学研究所）；INAF Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna (OAS)（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚空间科学与天体物理观测站）；Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）；INAF Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio（意大利国家天体物理研究所空间科学与天体物理观测站）
HARMONI@ELT: instrument design, performance, and science capabilities
LAM, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES（LAM，艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家空间研究中心）；Univ. of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；UK Astronomy Technology Centre, STFC（英国天体技术中心，英国科学与技术设施委员会）；Univ. of Durham（杜伦大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Centre de Recherche en Astrophysique de Lyon（里昂天体物理研究中心）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天体生物学中心（CAB），西班牙国家技术研究与发展总署/西班牙高等科学研究理事会）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble（格勒诺布尔行星学与天体物理学研究所）
SynIM: a high-performance GPU-accelerated Python library for synthetic interaction and tomographic reconstruction matrices in next-generation adaptive optics
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所-阿切尔塞天文台）；ADaptive Optics National laboratory in Italy (ADONI)（意大利自适应光学国家实验室）
The Extremely Large Telescopes currently under construction have a collecting area that is an order of magnitude larger than the present largest optical telescopes. For seeing-limited observations the performance will scale as the collecting area but, with the successful use of adaptive optics, for many applications it will scale as $D^4$ (where $D$ is the diameter of the primary mirror). Central to the success of the ELTs, therefore, is the successful use of multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) that applies a high degree correction over a field of view larger than the few arcseconds that li…
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)（意大利国家天体物理研究所）；Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes（格勒诺布尔行星学与天体物理学研究所（CNRS，格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学））
