The high-pressure optical floating-zone method enables single crystal growth of the Pmnb high-temperature phase of Li2FeSiO4. The influence of growth conditions on crystal quality, phase homogeneity, and impurity formation in Li2FeSiO4 is studied. The use of different starting materials, i.e., either the P121/n1 or the Pmn21 polymorph, as well as optimization of various growth conditions is investigated. Several mm3-sized high-quality single crystals are obtained by the choice of the Pmn21 polymorph as the starting material. A general challenge of Li2FeSiO4 crystal growth is polymorph control during crystallization. While the temperature gradient at the solid-liquid interface seems to have significant impact on stabilizing the Pmnb high-temperature phase, growth velocity has no evident effect.
Single crystal growth of several rare earth hexaborides has been carried out by the floating zone technique. A high power Xenon arc lamp image furnace was used for the crystal growth. Large high quality crystals of LaB$_{6}$, CeB$_{6}$, PrB$_{6}$ and NdB$_{6}$, about 1 cc in volume have been obtained. Crystals of all these compounds have also been grown using enriched $^{11}$B isotope for use in neutron scattering experiments.
A high-quality single crystal of Ce3Pt23Si11 has been grown using the Czochralski method. The crystal structure is presented and the chemical composition has been checked using an electron microprobe analyzer. Measurements of the electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility performed at low temperature show a ferromagnetic transition at Tc = 0.44 K.
We describe a simple procedure for optimising the growth condition for high quality single crystals of the strontium ruthenate perovskites using an image furnace. The procedure involves carefully measuring the mass lost during crystal growth in order to predict the optimal initial atomic ratio. Using this approach we have succeeded in growing crystals of Sr3Ru2O7 with a residual resistivity as low as 0.25 ??cm. The procedure we describe here is expected to be useful for other systems when a standard travelling-solvent floating-zone (TSFZ) method cannot be used because of high volatility of a c…
We have successfully grown cm3-size single crystals of the metallic-ferromagnet Sm2Mo2O7 by the floating-zone method using an infrared-red image furnace. The growth difficulties and the remedies found using a 2-mirror image furnace are discussed. Magnetization studies along the three crystalline axes of the compound are presented and discussed based on our recent proposal of an ordered spin-ice ground state for this compound
Transition metal halides can host a large variety of novel phenomena, such as magnetism in the monolayer limit, quantum spin liquid and spiral spin liquid states, and topological magnons and phonons. Sizeable high quality single crystals are necessary for investigations of magnetic and lattice excitations by, for example, inelastic neutron scattering. In this paper, we review a less well-known vapor transport technique, self-selecting vapor growth, and report our growths of transition metal halides using this technique. We report the growth and characterizations of sizable single crystals of R…
Millimeter size single crystals of double perovskite La2NiMnO6 (LNMO) were grown by the High Temperature Solution Growth Method. The magnetic measurements and polarized Raman spectra between 5 and 350K provide evidence that the crystals have high degree of Ni(2+)/Mn(4+)ordering, small amount of lattice defects and highest Tc = 288K reported so far for ferromagnetic double perovskites. At a microscopic level the crystals are heavily twinned and the effect of twinning on the Raman spectra is analyzed in detail.
Layered bismuthides of the family ATM2Bi2 are showing very interesting structural and physical properties. Here, we report crystal growth and characterization of new ternary layered bismuthides: RbCd2Bi2, RbZn2Bi2 and KZn2Bi2. Single crystals were grown by self-flux technique. As grown crystals were characterized by combination of powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. All novel compounds crystallize in layered ThCr2Si2 structure type with plate-like morphology with weak bonding between layers. Signific…
Single crystals of the three-dimensional frustrated magnet and spin liquid candidate compound PbCuTe$_2$O$_6$ were grown using both the Travelling Solvent Floating Zone (TSFZ) and the Top-Seeded Solution Growth (TSSG) techniques. The growth conditions were optimized by investigating the thermal properties. The quality of the crystals was checked by polarized optical microscopy, X-ray Laue and X-ray powder diffraction, and compared to the polycrystalline samples. Excellent quality crystals were obtained by the TSSG method. Magnetic measurements of these crystals revealed a small anisotropy for …
Floating-zone growth of untwinned single crystal of Li_xCu_2O_2 with high Li content of x ~ 0.99 is reported. Li content of Li_xCu_2O_2 has been determined accurately through combined iodometric titration and thermogravimetric methods, which also ruled out the speculation of chemical disorder between Li and Cu ions. The morphology and physical properties of single crystals obtained from slowing-cooling (SL) and floating-zone (FZ) methods are compared. The floating-zone growth under Ar/O_2=7:1 gas mixture at 0.64 MPa produces large area of untwinned crystal with highest Li content, which has th…
We report the optimized conditions for growing the high quality single crystals of candidate quantum spin-ice Pr2Hf2O7 using the optical floating-zone method. Large single crystals of Pr2Hf2O7 have been grown under different growth conditions using a four-mirror type optical floating-zone furnace and their microscopic structural differences have been probed by high-resolution synchrotron x-ray diffraction (SXRD). The SXRD data reveal that the crystals grown under fowing argon (~ 2 L/h) atmosphere with slightly off-stoichiometric (optimized) starting composition yields the highest quality cryst…
Toyota Riken–Kyoto University Research Center (TRiKUC)（丰田理研-京都大学研究中心）；Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University（京都大学工学研究部电子科学与工程系）；Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur（坎普尔印度理工学院物理系）
We report on the single crystal growth of the ferromagnetic Kondo lattice system CeRuPO using a Sn flux method. Magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity measurements indicate strong anisotropy of this structurally layered compound. They evidence that the magnetic moments order ferromagnetically along the c-direction of the tetragonal unit cell, whereas the crystal electric field (CEF) anisotropy favors the ab-plane. Therefore, CeRuPO presents the unusual case within rare earth systems, where the anisotropy of the interionic exchange interaction overcomes the single ion anisotropy due…
We examine the molecular dynamics of crystal growth in the presence of surface melting and surface impurities, and from this propose a detailed microscopic model for the growth of ice from the vapor phase. Our model naturally accounts for many aspects of the experimental data that are otherwise difficult to explain, and it suggests a variety of measurements that can provide further confirmation. Although additional work is needed to refine these ideas, we believe that the combined influences of surface melting and impurities provide a viable solution to the 60-year-old mystery of why snow crys…
We review several aspects of aerodynamics that affect the growth, morphology, and symmetry of snow crystals. We derive quantitative estimates for aerodynamical forces that orient falling snow crystals, estimate how air flow around snow crystals affects their growth rates (the ventilation effect), and examine how the combination of orientation and growth modification can stabilize or destabilize different growth behaviors. Special attention is given to the formation of triangular snow crystals, since it appears that aerodynamical effects are responsible for producing this unusual morphology, bo…
The authors of the title paper (Spectrochim. Acta 79A (2011) 340-343) report the crystal growth of cadmium manganese thiocyanate CdMn(SCN)4 and its characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectrum. Many points of criticism, concerning the crystal growth and reported experimental data are highlighted in this report.
We present an investigation of chemical influences on the growth of ice crystals from water vapor. In one set of experiments, we grew ice crystals in a vapor diffusion chamber, observing crystal morphologies at temperatures from 0 C to -25 C in different background gases and with a variety of gaseous chemical additives. In a second set of experiments, we measured ice crystal growth rates at -5 C and -15 C in a free-fall flow chamber, using normal laboratory air and ultra-clean nitrogen gas, both with and without chemical additives. Conclusions from these experiments include:\ 1) In nitrogen ga…
We describe an apparatus designed for obtaining precise measurements of the growth rates of ice crystals from water vapor over a range of experimental conditions. Our aim is to produce clean, high-quality test crystals in a well controlled environment for investigating the detailed molecular dynamics that controls the basic physics of ice crystal growth. In this paper we describe the nucleation and initial growth of test crystals, their transport and selection into a experimental chamber, the creation of a stable and controllable supersaturation, hardware and calibration issues, and the crysta…
We propose a new type of morphological instability in the diffusion-limited growth of faceted crystals from the vapor phase that can explain the formation of thin ice plates at temperatures near -15 C. The instability appears when the attachment kinetics for facet growth depends strongly on the morphology of the facet surface. In particular, we propose that the condensation coefficient for growth of ice prism facets increases dramatically when the width of the facet approaches atomic dimensions. This model reconciles several conflicting measurements of ice crystal growth, and makes additional …
This application note describes how to model diffusion-limited crystal growth from vapor using QuickField - a commercial finite-element analysis code. The crystal growth problem is cast into the format of a steady-state heat diffusion problem, which is one type of problem QuickField is designed to solve, and we derive the relevant conversion factors and correspondences between variables. We also describe three types of boundary conditions in the crystal growth problem and their corresponding boundary conditions in the heat diffusion problem. As an example, we examine the crystal growth of ice …
We present experiments investigating the growth of ice crystals from water vapor in air using a free-fall convection chamber. We measured growth rates at temperatures of -5 C and -10 C as a function of supersaturation at an air pressure near one bar. We compared our data with numerical models of diffusion-limited growth based on cellular automata to extract surface growth parameters at different temperatures and supersaturations. From these investigations we hope to better understand the surface molecular dynamics that determine crystal growth rates and morphologies.
We describe laboratory-grown snow crystals that exhibit a triangular, plate-like morphology, and we show that the occurrence of these crystals is much more frequent than one would expect from random growth perturbations of the more-typical hexagonal forms. We then describe an aerodynamic model that explains the formation of these crystals. A single growth perturbation on one facet of a hexagonal plate leads to air flow around the crystal that promotes the growth of alternating facets. Aerodynamic effects thus produce a weak growth instability that can cause hexagonal plates to develop into tri…
We derive a set of algorithms for simulating the diffusion-limited growth of faceted crystals using local cellular automata. This technique has been shown to work well in reproducing realistic crystal morphologies, and the present work provides a more rigorous physical foundation that connects the numerical code to the physics of attachment kinetics and diffusion dynamics. We then apply these algorithms to examine a novel morphological transition in the growth of thin plate-like crystals.
We present observations of the formation of plate-like snow crystals that provide evidence for an edge-enhancing crystal growth instability. This instability arises when the condensation coefficient describing the growth of an ice prism facet increases as the width of the facet becomes narrower. Coupled with the effects of particle diffusion, this phenomenon causes thin plate-like crystals to develop from thicker prisms, sharpening the edges of the plates to micron or sub-micron dimensions as they grow. This sharpening effect is largely responsible for the formation of thin plate-like ice crys…
We describe observations of a novel hysteresis behavior in the growth of ice crystals under near-vacuum conditions. Above a threshold supersaturation, we find that the ice growth rate often exhibits a sudden increase that we attribute to an impurity-driven growth instability. We examine possible mechanisms for this instability, which can be used to produce clean, faceted ice surfaces.
The purpose of this paper is to review some elasticity effects in epitaxial growth. We start by a description of the main ingredients needed to describe elasticity effects (elastic interactions, surface stress, bulk and surface elasticity, thermodynamics of stressed solids). Then we describe how bulk and surface elasticity affect growth mode and surface morphology by means of stress-driven instability. At last stress-strain evolution during crystal growth is reported.
We describe an experimental apparatus for making detailed morphological observations of the growth of isolated plate-like ice crystals from water vapor. Each crystal develops a plate-on-pedestal (POP) geometry, in which a large, thin, plate-like crystal grows out from the top edge of an initially prismatic seed crystal resting on a substrate. With the POP geometry, the substrate is not in contact with the growing plate (except at its center), so substrate interactions do not adversely affect the crystal growth. By controlling the temperature and supersaturation around the crystal, we can manip…
In this paper, on the basis of the set of simplified model state equations to represent the dynamic features of melt pulling method growth process, we constructed a simulation control system of Matlab Simulink and analyzed control features of state variables for the total growth process including shoulder growth process and the constant diameter growth process of single crystals such as Si and LiNbO3.
We have developed the laser-diode-heated floating zone (LDFZ) method, in order to improve the broad and inhomogeneous light focusing in the conventional lamp-heated floating zone method, which often causes difficulties in the crystal growth especially for the incongruently melting materials. We have simulated the light focusing properties of the LDFZ method to make irradiated light homogeneous and restricted mostly to the molten zone. We have designed and assembled an LDFZ furnace, and have demonstrated how it works through actual crystal growth. The method is applicable to various kinds of ma…
We report the first single crystal growth of the correlated metal LaNiO3 using a high-pressure optical-image floating zone furnace. The crystals were studied using single crystal/powder x-ray diffraction, resistivity, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility. The availability of bulk LaNiO3 crystals will (i) promote deep understanding in this correlated material, including the mechanism of enhanced paramagnetic susceptibility, and (ii) provide rich opportunities as a substrate for thin film growth such as important ferroelectric and/or multiferroic materials. This study demonstrates the powe…
The L-arginine mixed potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KDP) crystal reported by Saravanan et al Indian J Pure App Phys 51 (2013) 254, is a dubious crystal. The reported unit cell parameters contradict the definition of the tetragonal crystal system.
To obtain crystalline thin films of alpha-Quartz represents a challenge due to the tendency for the material towards spherulitic growth. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that give rise to spherulitic growth can help regulate the growth process. Here the spherulitic type of 2D crystal growth in thin amorphous Quartz films was analyzed by electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). EBSD was used to measure the size, orientation, and rotation of crystallographic grains in polycrystalline SiO2 and GeO2 thin films with high spatial resolution. Individual spherulitic Quartz crystal colonies contain …
The growth morphology and the effects of surface reconstruction/relaxation of the habit faces on the crystal morphology of urea crystal are investigated from first principle using the Hartman-Perdok approach. A procedure has been developed to find out surface termination when a slab of d(hkl) thickness is created having {hkl} orientation. Slice energy of different habit faces have been computed and the attachment energy was calculated. The crystal growth morphology of the urea crystal has been drawn on the basis of computed attachment energies of different habit faces. The calculated crystal g…
Metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as promising materials for the next generation of optoelectronic devices owing to their remarkable intrinsic properties. In the growth of perovskite crystals, the substrates are essential and play a vital role. Herein, substrate engineering in the growth of perovskite crystals have been reviewed. Particularly, various modified strategies and corresponding mechanism based on the substrate engineering applied to the optimization of thickness, nucleation and growth rate are highlighted. Then the alterable adhesion to substrates will also be discussed…
We present a tutorial on the principles of crystal growth of intermetallic and oxide compounds from molten solutions, with an emphasis on the fundamental principles governing the underlying phase equilibria and phase diagrams of multicomponent systems.
When calcium titanate crystals are grown from stoichiometric melts, they crystallize in the cubic perovskite structure. Upon cooling to room temperature they undergo subsequent phase transitions to tetragonal and orthorhombic modifications. These phase transitions are disruptive and result in severely damaged crystals. This paper presents differential thermal analysis data for several prospective solvents, with the aim to identify a system offering the possibility to perform crystal growth of undistorted CaTiO$_3$ crystals by crystallizing them significantly below the melting point directly in…
Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung（莱布尼茨晶体生长研究所）；Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology（波兹南理工大学物理研究所）
By differential thermal analysis a concentration field suitable for the growth of Zr, Mg codoped strontium hexagallate crystals was observed that corresponds well with experimental results from Mateika and Laurien, J. Crystal Growth 52 (1981) 566-572. It was shown that the melting point of doped crystal is ca. 60 K higher than that of undoped crystals. This higher melting points indicates hexagallate phase stabilization by Zr, Mg codoping, and increases the growth window, compared to undoped SrO-Ga$_2$O$_3$ melts.
We report on single-crystal growths of the SrTb$_2$O$_4$ compound by a super-necking technique with a laser-floating-zone furnace and study the stoichiometry, growth mode, and structural and magnetic properties by scanning electronic microscopy, neutron Laue, X-ray powder diffraction, and the physical property measurement system. We optimized the growth parameters, mainly the growth speed, atmosphere, and the addition of a Tb$_4$O$_7$ raw material. Neutron Laue diffraction displays the characteristic feature of a single crystal. Our study reveals an atomic ratio of Sr:Tb $ = 0.97(2){:}2.00(1)$…
Ice crystals growing in highly supersaturated air at temperatures near -5 C exhibit a distinctive, nonplanar dendritic morphology that has not been previously documented or explained. We examine this structure and identify its most prominent features in relation to the ice crystal lattice. Developing a full 3D numerical model that reproduces this robust morphology will be an interesting challenge in understanding diffusion-limited crystal growth in the presence of highly anisotropic surface attachment kinetics.
The authors of the title paper report to have grown ammonium hydrogen L-tartrate (1) by use of L-glutamine and L-tartaric acid in 1:1 mole ratio. Many points of criticism pertaining to the characterization of 1 are described herein.
We present a series of experiments investigating the growth of ice crystals from water vapor in the presence of a background gas. We measured growth dynamics at temperatures ranging from -2 C to -25 C, at supersaturations between 0.5 and 30 percent, and with background gases of nitrogen, argon, and air at a pressure of one bar. We compared our data with numerical models of diffusion-limited growth based on cellular automata to extract surface growth parameters at different temperatures and supersaturations. These data represent a first step toward obtaining precision ice growth measurements as…
We present experimental data demonstrating the presence of structure-dependent attachment kinetics (SDAK) in ice crystal growth from water vapor near -5 C. Specifically, we find that the nucleation barrier on the basal edge of a thin-walled hollow columnar crystal is approximately ten times smaller than the corresponding nucleation barrier on a large basal facet. These observations support the hypothesis that SDAK effects play an important role in determining the growth morphologies of atmospheric ice crystals as a function of temperature.
We describe how surface interactions can affect the growth of ice crystal facets in contact with a substrate by lowering the normal nucleation barrier on the ice surface. We also describe how the resulting enhanced growth rates can produce systematic errors even when measuring the growth of facets not contacting the substrate. From an analysis of the diffusion dynamics we then develop a simple procedure for approximately correcting ice growth data, thus substantially reducing these systematic errors. We have found this technique to be quite useful for interpreting ice growth data and extractin…
Recently a new type diluted magnetic semiconductor (BaK)(ZnMn)2As2 (BZA) with high Cure temperature (Tc) was discovered showing independent spin and charge doping mechanism. This makes BZA a promising material for spintronics devices. Here we report for the first time the successful growth of BZA single crystal. An Andreev reflection junction that can be used to evaluate spin polarization was fabricated based on the BZA single crystal, a 66% spin polarization of the BZA single crystal was hence obtained by Andreev reflection spectroscopy analysis.
We present the design of a general-purpose convection chamber that produces a stable environment for studying the growth of ice crystals from water vapor in the presence of a background gas. Crystals grow in free fall inside the chamber, where the temperature and supersaturation are well characterized and surprisingly uniform. As crystals fall and land on a substrate, their dimensions are measured using direct imaging and broad-band interferometry. We also present a parameterized model of the supersaturation inside the chamber that is based on differential hygrometer measurements. Using this c…
we show that the pure and thiourea-doped glycyl-L-alanine hydrochloride (GLAH and TU-GLAH) crystals claimed to have been grown by the authors of the title paper (Journal of Russian Laser Research, 34, 346-350 (2013)) are dubious crystals.
Guidelines for growing insulin crystals of a uniform size are formulated and tested experimentally. A simple theoretical model based on the balance of matter predicts the time evolution of the crystal size and supersaturation. The time dependence of the size is checked experimentally. The experimental approach decouples crystal nucleation and growth processes according to the classical nucleation-growth-separation principle. Strict control over the nucleation process is exerted. Crystalline substance dispersity is predetermined during the nucleation stage of a batch crystallization process. To…
In the calculation of the formation enthalpy of a defect, a stress term accompanying the formation volume of the defect appears. This formation volume is conventionally interpreted as the difference in volume between crystals with and without the defect. When defect formation is investigated in the study of crystal growth, the interpretation is sometimes misused by separately treating the volumes of the defect and perfect crystal. However, these two quantities are inseparable, and only the difference between them has physical reality.
We performed a chirality-controlled crystal growth of transition metal disilicide NbSi$_{2}$ and TaSi$_{2}$ by using a laser-diode-heated floating zone (LDFZ) method. The crystal chirality was evaluated in the crystals of centimeters in length by performing single crystal X-ray diffraction as well as probing a spin polarization originating from chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. The crystals of right-handed NbSi$_{2}$ and of left-handed TaSi$_{2}$ were obtained in the conventional LDFZ crystal growth, while the left-handed NbSi$_{2}$ and right-handed TaSi$_{2}$ crystals were gro…
Crystallization is a fundamental process in materials science, providing the primary route for the realization of a wide range of new materials. Crystallization rates are also considered to be useful probes of glass-forming ability. At the microscopic level, crystallization is described by the classical crystal nucleation and growth theories, yet in general solid formation is a far more complex process. In particular, the observation of apparently different crystal growth regimes in many binary liquid mixtures greatly challenges our understanding of crystallization. Here, we study by experimen…
We present measurements of the growth of long columnar ice crystals from water vapor over a broad range of temperatures and supersaturation levels in air. Starting with thin, c-axis ice needle crystals, we observed their subsequent growth behavior in a vapor diffusion chamber, extracting the initial radial growth velocities of the needles under controlled conditions. Approximating the hexagonal needle crystals as infinitely long cylinders, we created an analytical growth model that includes effects from particle diffusion of water molecules through the surrounding air along with the diffusion …
We present measurements of the diffusion-limited growth of ice crystals from water vapor at different supersaturation levels in air at a temperature of -15 C. Starting with thin, c-axis ice needle crystals, the subsequent growth morphologies ranged from blocky structures on the needle tips (at low supersaturation) to thin faceted plates on the needle tips (at high supersaturation). We successfully modeled the experimental data, reproducing both growth rates and growth morphologies, using a cellular-automata method that yields faceted crystalline structures in diffusion-limited growth. From thi…
This article presents a direct measurement of the growth angle during the growth of a cylindrical 2" silicon crystal using a radio-frequency heated floating zone process. From the high-resolution pictures taken during the process, this growth angle was evaluated to be 11°{\pm}2°. Furthermore, the free surface of the melt was modeled using the Laplace-Young equation. This model has to include the electromagnetic pressure calculated by the surface ring currents approximation. The results were compared to the experimental free surface derived from video frames. It could be shown that the calculat…
Gunasekaran et al (Pramana J. Phys. 75 683-690 (2010)) report to have grown the nonlinear optical crystals urea thiourea mercuric chloride (UTHC) and urea thiourea mercuric sulphate (UTHS). We argue that UTHC and UTHS are dubious crystals and are not what the authors propose.
We describe a novel crystal growth instability that enhances the development of thin edges, promoting the formation of plate-like or hollow columnar morphologies. This instability arises when diffusion-limited growth is coupled with structure-depdendent attachment kinetics, specifically when the nucleation barrier on a facet surface decreases substantially as the facet width approaches atomic dimensions. Experimental data are presented confirming the presence of this instability in the growth of ice from water vapor at -15 C. We believe this edge-enhancing effect plays an important role in det…
In this paper I examine snow crystal growth near -14 C in comparison with a comprehensive model that includes Structure-Dependent Attachment Kinetics (SDAK). Analyzing a series of ice-growth observations in air, I show that the data strongly support the model, which stipulates that basal growth is described by classical terrace nucleation on faceted surfaces in this temperature region. In contrast, prism growth exhibits a pronounced "SDAK dip" that substantially reduces the nucleation barrier on narrow prism facets (relative to that found on broad prism facets). I use these measurements to fur…
This report presents a new synthesis protocol for the single crystal growth of rare earth monopnictide DySb by self-flux technique. A detailed structural, transport and magnetic characterization have been done using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution X-Ray diffraction (HRXRD), resistivity and magnetization measurements respectively. The Rietveld refinement of powder XRD pattern confirms that the grown crystal is in single phase and crystallizes in space group Fm3m(225) of rock-salt type crystal structure. HRXRD on cleaved crystal confirms the single crystalline nature while rocking curve…
We investigate crystal-growth kinetics in the presence of strong shear flow in the liquid, using molecular-dynamics simulations of a binary-alloy model. Close to the equilibrium melting point, shear flow always suppresses the growth of the crystal-liquid interface. For lower temperatures, we find that the growth velocity of the crystal depends non-monotonically on the shear rate. Slow enough flow enhances the crystal growth, due to an increased particle mobility in the liquid. Stronger flow causes a growth regime that is nearly temperature-independent, in striking contrast to what one expects …
I examine a variety snow crystal growth experiments performed at temperatures near -2 C, as a function of supersaturation, background gas pressure, and crystal morphology. Although the different experimental data were obtained using quite diverse experimental techniques, the resulting measurements can all be reasonably understood using a single comprehensive physical model for the basal and prism attachment kinetics, together with particle diffusion of water vapor through the surrounding medium and other well-understood physical processes. As with the previous paper in this series, comparing a…
