The lack of rotating black hole models, which are typically found in nature, in loop quantum gravity (LQG) substantially hinders the progress of testing LQG from observations. Starting with a non-rotating LQG black hole as a seed metric, we construct a rotating spacetime using the revised Newman-Janis algorithm. The rotating solution is non-singular everywhere and it reduces to the Kerr black hole asymptotically. In different regions of the parameter space, the solution describes i) a wormhole without event horizon (which, we show, is almost ruled out by observations), ii) a black hole with a spacelike transition surface inside the event horizon, or iii) a black hole with a timelike transition region inside the inner horizon. It is shown how fundamental parameters of LQG can be constrained by the observational implications of the shadow cast by this object. The causal structure of our solution depends crucially only on the spacelike transition surface of the non-rotating seed metric, while being agnostic about specific details of the latter, and therefore captures universal features of an effective rotating, non-singular black hole in LQG.
In this paper we will provide a non-singular rotating space time metric for a ghost free infinite derivative theory of gravity. We will provide the predictions for the Lense-Thirring effect for a slowly rotating system, and how it is compared with that from general relativity.
Naked singularities are hypothetical astrophysical objects, characterized by a gravitational singularity without an event horizon. Penrose has proposed a conjecture, according to which there exists a cosmic censor who forbids the occurrence of naked singularities. Distinguishing between astrophysical black holes and naked singularities is a major challenge for present day observational astronomy. A possibility of differentiating naked singularities from black holes is through the comparative study of thin accretion disks properties around rotating naked singularities and Kerr-type black holes,…
We study the observational properties of a class of exact solutions of Einstein's field equations describing stationary, axially symmetric, rigidly rotating dust (i.e. non interacting particles). We ask the question whether such solutions can describe astrophysical rotating dark matter clouds near the center of galaxies and we probe the possibility that they may constitute an alternative to supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies. We show that light emission from accretion disks made of ordinary baryonic matter in this space-time has several differences with respect to the emission …
We study the observational signatures of magnetically arrested black hole accretion with non-rotating inflow onto a rotating black hole; we consider a range of angles between the black hole spin and the initial magnetic field orientation. We compare the results of our General Relativistic Magneto-Hydrodynamic simulations to more commonly used rotating initial conditions and to the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of M87. We find that the mm intensity images, polarization images, and synchrotron emission spectra are very similar among the different simulations when post-processed with…
In arXiv:1705.10172 it was proposed that string theory replaces Schwarzschild black holes with horizonless thin shells with an AdS interior. In this paper we extend the analysis to slowly rotating black holes, solving the Israel-Lanczos-Sen junction conditions for a rotating shell composed of stringy matter to determine the metric. Outside of the shell we find a vacuum solution that differs from Kerr with a 32% larger quadrupole moment. We discuss the observational consequences and explore the possibility to distinguish between a black shell and a black hole. Promising methods include imaging …
In this paper, we investigate the properties of the Lense-Thirring precession frequency and periastron precession of the relativistic bound orbits in slowly rotating naked singularity spacetimes. We show that the precession frequencies of a stationary test gyroscope are quite unique in slowly rotating naked singularity spacetimes, and therefore, one can easily distinguish them from the slowly rotating Kerr black hole spacetime. On the other hand, we also show that in slowly rotating Joshi-Malafarina-Narayan (JMN1) naked singularity spacetime, negative precession of the timelike bound orbits is…
As proposed by Bambi and Modesto, rotating non-singular black holes can be constructed via the Newman-Janis algorithm. Here we show that if one starts with a modified Hayward black hole with a time delay in the centre, the algorithm succeeds in producing a rotating metric, but curvature divergences reappear. To preserve finiteness, the time delay must be introduced directly at the level of the non-singular rotating metric. This is possible thanks to the deformation of the inner stationarity limit surface caused by the regularisation, and in more than one way. We outline three different possibi…
We show that the rotating generalization of Hayward's non-singular black hole previously studied in the literature is geodesically incomplete, and that its straightforward extension leads to a singular spacetime. We present another extension, which is devoid of any curvature singularity. The obtained metric depends on three parameters and, depending on their values, yields an event horizon or not. These two regimes, named respectively regular rotating Hayward black hole and naked rotating wormhole, are studied both numerically and analytically. In preparation for the upcoming results of the Ev…
A conjecture stated by Raychaudhuri which claims that the only physical perfect fluid non-rotating non-singular cosmological models are comprised in the Ruiz-Senovilla and Fernandez-Jambrina families is shown to be incorrect. An explicit counterexample is provided and the failure of the argument leading to the result is explicitly pointed out.
In this paper, we investigate the light trajectories and shadow properties in the rotating version of null naked singularity (NNS) spacetime which is derived using the Newman- Janis algorithm without complexification method. We discuss some of the geometrical properties and causal structure of Rotating Naked Singularity (RNS) spacetime. The gravitational lensing in a rotating naked singularity is analyzed, and the results are compared to those of a Kerr black hole. In the case of a Kerr black hole, the photon sphere exists for both prograde and retrograde photon orbits, whereas for RNS, the ph…
Motivated by the lack of rotating solutions sourced by matter in General Relativity as well as in modified gravity theories, we extend a recently discovered exact rotating solution of the minimal Einstein-scalar theory to its counterpart in Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity coupled to a Born-Infeld scalar field. This is accomplished with the implementation of a well-developed mapping between solutions of Ricci-Based Palatini theories of gravity and General Relativity. The new solution is parametrized by the scalar charge and the Born-Infeld coupling constant apart from the mass and spin o…
A theorem stated by Raychaudhuri which claims that the only physical non-singular cosmological models are comprised in the Ruiz-Senovilla family is shown to be incorrect. An explicit counterexample is provided and the failure of the argument leading to the theorem is explicitly pointed out.
We add a prescription to the Newman-Janis algorithm in order to use it as a means of finding new extended (`through r<0') rotating black hole spacetimes from static spherically symmetric ones. Then, we apply the procedure to a quantum improved black hole spacetime coming from Quantum Einstein Gravity. The goal is to get a maximally extended spacetime corresponding to a non-singular rotating black hole emulating the standard maximally extended Kerr black hole in regions where quantum effects are negligible. We rigourously check for the existence of scalar curvature singularities in the quantum …
We study the critical values of the quintessential and spin parameters, to distinguish a rotating Kiselev black hole (RKBH) from a naked singularity. For any value of the dimensionless quintessential parameter $ω_{q} \in (-1, -1/3)$, when increasing the value of quintessential parameter $α$, the size of the event horizon increases, whereas the size of the outer horizon decreases. We then study the spin precession of a test gyroscope attached to a stationary observer in this spacetime. Using the spin precessions we differentiate black holes from naked singularities. If the precession frequency …
Stringy and disklike sources of the rotating compact astrophysical objects are considered on the base of the Kerr geometry. It is argued that analyticity of the Kerr solutions may result the appearance of singular strings, which may be the source of two important astrophysical effects: the jets and QPOs phenomena.
In the Comment on "Can accretion disk properties observationally distinguish black holes from naked singularities?", by Bertrand Chauvineau, Phys. Rev. D {\bf 98}, 088501 (2018), the author did show that the metric used in Z. Kovács and T. Harko, Phys. Rev. D {\bf 82}, 124047 (2010), and initially introduced in K. D. Krori and D. R. Bhattacharjee, J. Math. Phys. \textbf{23}, 637 (1982) and K. K. Nandi, P. M. Alsing, J. C. Evans, and T. B. Nayak, Phys. Rev. D \textbf{63}, 084027 (2001), does not satisfy the Einstein gravitational field equations with a minimally coupled scalar field. In our rep…
We employ a late-time expansion to study the interior of rotating black holes coupled to a massless scalar field in asymptotically flat spacetime. We find that decaying fluxes of scalar radiation into the black hole necessitate the existence of a null singularity at the Cauchy horizon and a central spacelike singularity at radius $r = 0$. In particular, the decaying influxes source a localized cloud of scalar radiation near $r=0$ whose amplitude grows unboundedly large as advanced time $v \to \infty$. The scalar cloud inevitably results in a central spacelike singularity at late times $v$, wit…
Bardeen proposed a gravitationally collapsing magnetic monopole black hole solution which is free of singularity. In this article, we have studied the size and shape of the rotating Bardeen blackhole shadow in presence of perfect fluid dark matter. we have discussed how the parameters such a spin, magnetic monopole charge and influence of dark matter affects the shadow of our blackhole. The apparent shape of the blackhole was studied by using two observables, the radius Rs and the distortion parameter R_s. Further the blackhole emission rate is also studied, we found out that for rotating Bard…
Recently, two of us have found numerically rotating Ellis wormholes as solutions of 4-dimensional Einstein gravity coupled to a phantom field. In this paper, we investigate possible observational signatures to identify similar objects in the Universe. These symmetric wormholes have a mass and are compact, so they may look like black holes. We study the iron line profile in the X-ray reflection spectrum of a thin accretion disk around rotating Ellis wormholes and we find some specific observational signatures that can be used to distinguish these objects from Kerr black holes. We simulate some …
The paper establishes the result that solutions of the type described in the title of the article are only those that have been already presented in the literature. The procedure adopted in the paper is somewhat novel - while the usual practice is to display an exact solution and then to examine whether it is singularity free, the present paper discovers the conditions which a singularity free solution of the desired type must satistfy. There is no attempt to obtain exact solutions. Simply, the conditions that were ad-hoc introduced in the deduction of singularity free solutions are here shown…
We analyze a four-parameter class of asymptotically flat magnetized solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell equations constructed by Manko et al., and show that these represent systems of two co-rotating extreme black holes with equal masses and electric charges, and opposite magnetic and NUT charges, connected by a cosmic string. We discuss several three-parameter subclasses, and determine in each case the parameter domain in which the ring singularity is absent. We find a two-parameter subclass and a one-parameter subclass where the conical singularity is also absent in the horizon co-rotating fra…
The vacuum solution of Einstein's theory of general relativity provides a rotating metric with a ring singularity, which is covered by the inner and outer horizons, and an ergo region. In this paper, we will discuss how ghost-free, quadratic curvature, Infinite Derivative Gravity (IDG) may resolve the ring singularity. In IDG the non-locality of the gravitational interaction can smear out the delta-Dirac source distribution by making the metric potential finite everywhere including at $r=0$. We show that the same feature also holds for a rotating metric. We can resolve the ring singularity suc…
Since it was theorized by Kerr in 1963, determining the spin of black holes from observed data was paid very little attention until few years back. The main reasons behind this were the unavailability of adequate data and the lack of appropriate techniques. In this article, we explore determining/predicting the spin of several black holes in X-ray binaries and in the center of galaxies, using X-ray and gamma-ray satellite data. For X-ray binaries, in order to explain observed quasi-periodic oscillations, our model predicts the spin parameter of underlying black holes. On the other hand, the na…
The formation of spacetime singularities is a quite common phenomenon in General Relativity and it is regulated by specific theorems. It is widely believed that spacetime singularities do not exist in Nature, but that they represent a limitation of the classical theory. While we do not yet have any solid theory of quantum gravity, toy models of black hole solutions without singularities have been proposed. So far, there are only non-rotating regular black holes in the literature. These metrics can be hardly tested by astrophysical observations, as the black hole spin plays a fundamental role i…
I revisit rotating black hole solutions in three-dimensional Horava gravity with z = 2 as a simpler set-up of the renormalizable quantum gravity `a la Lifshitz and DeWitt. The solutions have a curvature singularity at the origin for a non-vanishing rotation parameter J, unlike the black holes in three-dimensional Einstein gravity. For anti-de Sitter space, there are black hole event horizons as usual and the singularity is not naked, in agreement with the cosmic censorship. On the other hand, for flat or de Sitter space, the earlier solution has also a cosmic-censorship problem because there a…
We construct and study the electrically charged, rotating black hole solution in heterotic string theory compactified on a $(10-D)$ dimensional torus. This black hole is characterized by its mass, angular momentum, and a $(36-2D)$ dimensional electric charge vector. One of the novel features of this solution is that for $D >5$, its extremal limit saturates the Bogomol'nyi bound. This is in contrast with the $D=4$ case where the rotating black hole solution develops a naked singularity before the Bogomol'nyi bound is reached. The extremal black holes can be superposed, and by taking a periodic …
We discuss the combined constraints on a Finite Scale Factor Singularity (FSF) universe evolution scenario, which come from the shift parameter R, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) A, and from the type Ia supernovae. We show that observations allow existence of such singularities in the 2x10^9 years, in future, at the 1σ CL, and that at the present moment of the cosmic evolution, one cannot differentiate between cosmological scenario which allow finite scale factor singularities and the standard dark energy models. We also show that there is an allowed value of m = 2/3 within 1σ CL, which cor…
We study strong gravitational lensing in rotating space-times which can be thought of as realistic galactic models in General Relativity. To this end, using the Newman-Janis algorithm, we first obtain a rotating version of a static galactic metric advanced by Bharadwaj and Kar. This is matched with a generic external Kerr solution without a slowly-rotating approximation. Next, we construct a rotating version of Perlick's Bertrand space-times and establish this as a new rotating solution of Einstein's equations where each spatial radius admits a stable circular orbit. A rotating generalization …
We consider four dimensional stationary and axially symmetric spacetimes for conformally coupled scalar-tensor theories. We show that, in analogy to the Lewis-Papapetrou problem in General Relativity (GR), the theory at hand can be recast in an analogous integrable form. We give the relevant rod formalism, introduced by Weyl for vacuum GR, explicitly giving the rod structure of the black hole of Bocharova et al. and Bekenstein (BBMB), in complete analogy to the Schwarzschild solution. The additional scalar field is shown to play the role of an extra Weyl potential. We then employ the Ernst met…
In this paper, we first investigate some aspects of frame dragging in strong gravity. The computations are carried out for the Kerr black hole and for the rotating Janis-Newman-Winicour solution, that is known to have a naked singularity on a surface at a finite radius. For the Kerr metric, a few interesting possibilities of gyroscope precession frequency, as measured by a Copernican observer outside the ergoregion, are pointed out. It is shown that for certain angular velocities of a stationary observer, this frequency might vanish exactly, close to the ergoregion. Similar computations are re…
Kerr-Schild solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell field equations, containing semi-infinite axial singular lines, are investigated. It is shown that axial singularities break up the black hole, forming holes in the horizon. As a result, a tube-like region appears which allows matter to escape from the interior without crossing the horizon. It is argued that axial singularities of this kind, leading to very narrow beams, can be created in black holes by external electromagnetic or gravitational excitations and may be at the origin of astrophysically observable effects such as jet formation.
We verify the existence of Generalized Sudden Future Singularities (GSFS) in quintessence models with scalar field potential of the form $V(ϕ)\sim \vert ϕ\vert^n$ where $0<n<1$ and in the presence of a perfect fluid, both numerically and analytically, using a proper generalized expansion ansatz for the scale factor and the scalar field close to the singularity. This generalized ansatz includes linear and quadratic terms, which dominate close to the singularity and cannot be ignored when estimating the Hubble parameter and the scalar field energy density; as a result, they are important for ana…
Due to quantum fluctuations, a black hole of mass $M$ represents an average over an ensemble of black hole geometries with angular momentum. This observation is apparently at odds with the fact that the curvature singularity inside a rotating black hole is timelike, while the one inside a non-rotating black hole is spacelike. Is the average of timelike singularities really spacelike? We use the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula to introduce a microcanonical ensemble for spin fluctuations and show that the onset of quantum gravity is always spacelike. We discuss the impact of this result on si…
The spacetime singularities in classical general relativity are inevitable, which are also predicated by the celebrated singularity theorems. However, it is general belief that singularities do not exist in the nature and they are the limitations of the general relativity. In the absence of a well defined quantum gravity, models of regular black holes have been studied. We employ probability distribution inspired mass function $m(r)$ to replace Kerr black hole mass $M$ to present a nonsingular rotating black hole that is identified asymptotically ($r \gg k$, $k>0$ constant) exactly as the Kerr…
It is known that two Reissner-Nordstrom black holes or two overextreme Reissner-Nordstrom sources cannot be in physical equilibrium. In the static case such equilibrium is possible only if one of the sources is a black hole and another one is a naked singularity. We define the notion of physical equilibrium in general (stationary) case when both components of a binary system are rotating and show that such system containing a Kerr-Newman black hole and a Kerr-Newman naked singularity also can stay in physical equilibrium. The similar question about the system of two charged rotating black hole…
It has recently been shown that a stationary, asymptotically flat vacuum black hole in five space-time dimensions with two commuting axial symmetries must have an event horizon with either a spherical, ring or lens-space topology. In this paper, we study the third possibility, a so-called black lens with L(n,1) horizon topology. Using the inverse scattering method, we construct a black lens solution with the simplest possible rod structure, and possessing a single asymptotic angular momentum. Its properties are then analysed; in particular, it is shown that there must either be a conical singu…
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration recently unveiled the first image of the supermassive black hole M87*, which exhibited a ring of angular diameter $θ_{d}=42 \pm 3 μas$, a circularity deviation $ΔC \leq 0.1$, and also inferred a black hole mass of $M=(6.5 \pm 0.7) \times 10^9 M_\odot $. This provides a new window onto tests of theories of gravity in the strong-field regime, including probes of violations of the no-hair theorem. It is widely believed that the Kerr metric describes the astrophysical black holes, as encapsulated in the critical but untested no-hair theorem. Modeling…
The spacetime singularities in classical general relativity predicted by the celebrated singularity theorems are formed at the end of gravitational collapse. Quantum gravity is the expected theory to resolve the singularity problem, but we are now far from it. Therefore attention has shifted to models of regular black holes free from the singularities. A spherically symmetric regular toy model was obtained by Dymnikova (1992) which we demonstrate as an exact solution of Einstein's field equations coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics for a Lagrangian with parameter $b$ related to magnetic charg…
The Ernst method of removing nodal singularities from the charged C-metric representing uniformly accelerated black holes with mass $m$, charge $q$ and acceleration $A$ by "adding" an electric field $E$ is generalized. Utilizing the new form of the C-metric found recently, Ernst's simple "equilibrium" condition $mA=qE$ valid for small accelerations is generalized for arbitrary $A$. The nodal singularity is removed also in the case of accelerating and rotating charged black holes, and the corresponding equilibrium condition is determined.
The exact analytical solutions for vacuum electromagnetic fields of slowly rotating magnetized compact stars in conformal gravity have been studied. Taking the realistic dipolar magnetic field configuration for the star, analytical solutions of the Maxwell equations for the near zone magnetic and the electric fields exterior to a slowly rotating magnetized relativistic star in conformal gravity are obtained. In addition, the dipolar electromagnetic radiation and energy losses from the rotating magnetized compact star in conformal gravity have been studied. With the aim to find observational co…
A mathematically consistent rotating black hole model in loop quantum gravity (LQG) is yet lacking. The scarcity of rotating black hole solutions in LQG substantially hampers the development of testing LQG from observations, e.g., from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The EHT observation revealed event horizon-scale images of the supermassive black holes Sgr A* and M87*. The EHT results are consistent with the shadow of a Kerr black hole of general relativity. We present LQG-motivated rotating black hole (LMRBH) spacetimes, which are regular everywhere and asymptotically encompa…
