A highly non-Keplerian protoplanetary disc: Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
Lisa Wölfer, Stefano Facchini, Nicolas T. Kurtovic, Richard Teague, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Myriam Benisty, Barbara Ercolano, Giuseppe Lodato, Anna Miotello, Gio… 展开作者
Lisa Wölfer, Stefano Facchini, Nicolas T. Kurtovic, Richard Teague, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Myriam Benisty, Barbara Ercolano, Giuseppe Lodato, Anna Miotello, Giovanni Rosotti, Leonardo Testi, Maria Giulia Ubeira Gabellini
备注：
16 pages, 15 figures; accepted for publication in A&A
In the past years, high angular resolution observations have revealed that circumstellar discs appear in a variety of shapes with diverse substructures being ubiquitous. This has given rise to the question of whether these substructures are triggered by planet-disc interactions. Besides direct imaging, one of the most promising methods to distinguish between different disc shaping mechanisms is to study the kinematics of the gas disc. In particular, the deviations of the rotation profile from Keplerian velocity can be used to probe perturbations in the gas pressure profile that may be caused by embedded planets. In this paper we aim to analyze the gas brightness temperature and kinematics of the transitional disc around the CQ Tau star in order to resolve and characterize substructure in the gas, caused by possible perturbers. For our analysis we use spatially resolved ALMA observations of 12CO, 13CO and C18O (J=2-1). We further extract robust line centroids for each channel map and fit a number of Keplerian disc models to the velocity field. The gas kinematics of the CQ Tau disc present non-Keplerian features, showing bent and twisted iso-velocity curves in 12CO and 13CO. Significant spiral structures are detected between 10-180 au in both the brightness temperature and the rotation velocity of 12CO after subtraction of an azimuthally symmetric model, which may be tracing planet-disc interactions with an embedded planet or low-mass companion. We identify three spirals, two in the brightness temperature and one in the velocity residuals, spanning a large azimuth and radial extent. The brightness temperature spirals are morphologically connected to spirals observed in NIR scattered light in the same disc, indicating a common origin. Together with the observed large dust and gas cavity, the spirals support the hypothesis of a massive embedded companion in the CQ Tau disc.
We analyzed the archival data of the $^{13}\mathrm{CO}$ and $\mathrm{C}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ $J=3-2$ emission lines in the protoplanetary disk around MWC 758 obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array to discuss possible planet-disk interaction and non-Keplerian motion in the disk. We performed fitting of a Keplerian disk model to the observational data and measured the velocity deviations from the Keplerian rotation. We found significant velocity deviations around the inner cavity in the MWC 758 disk. We examined several possibilities that may cause the velocity deviations, suc…
It is likely that young protostellar disks undergo a self-gravitating phase. Such systems are characterized by the presence of a spiral pattern that can be either in a quasi-steady state or in a nonlinear unstable condition. This spiral wave affects both the gas dynamics and kinematics, resulting in deviations from the Keplerian rotation. Recently, a lot of attention has been devoted to kinematic studies of planet-forming environments, and we are now able to measure even small perturbations of velocity field ($\lesssim 1 \%$ of the Keplerian speed) thanks to high spatial and spectral resolutio…
Besides the spirals induced by the Lindblad resonances, planets can generate a family of tightly wound spirals through buoyancy resonances. The excitation of buoyancy resonances depends on the thermal relaxation timescale of the gas. By computing timescales of various processes associated with thermal relaxation, namely, radiation, diffusion, and gas-dust collision, we show that the thermal relaxation in protoplanetary disks' surface layers ($Z/R\gtrsim0.1$) and outer disks ($R\gtrsim100$ au) is limited by infrequent gas-dust collisions. The use of isothermal equation of state or rapid cooling…
The composition of planets may be largely determined by the chemical processing and accretion of icy pebbles in protoplanetary disks. Recent observations of protoplanetary disks hint at wide-spread depletion of gaseous carbon. The missing volatile carbon is likely frozen in CO and/or CO$_2$ ice on grains and locked into the disk through pebble trapping in pressure bumps or planetesimals. We present the results of the first successful ACA (Atacama Compact Array) [C I] $J$ = 1-0 mini-survey of seven protoplanetary disks. Using tailored azimuthally symmetric DALI (Dust And LInes) thermo-chemical …
How do dust grains in protoplanetary disks overcome rapid radial drift and grow from micron size particles to planets is not well understood. The key is to search for evidence of dust accumulation and growth as a function of radius in the disk. We investigate the radial profile of grain size in the DS Tau disk by fitting multi-band ALMA observations with self-consistent radiative transfer models. The best-fit grain sizes range from centimeters in the inner disk down to 30 micron in the outer regions. Such an inside-out decreasing tendency is consistent with theories of dust evolution. Based on…
The MATISSE view of the inner region of the RY Tau protoplanetary disk
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel（基尔大学）；Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, HUN-REN（孔科利天文台，匈牙利研究网络天文学与地球科学研究中心）；Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS（拉格朗日实验室，蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸天文台，法国国家科学研究中心）；Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心，IPAG）
Modeling the Protoplanetary Disks of Two Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
测量褐矮星周围原行星盘的性质对于理解褐矮星及其行星同伴的形成至关重要。我们提出了CFHT Tau 4和2 M0444的模型，这两颗棕矮星在金牛座分子云中具有原行星盘。通过结合建模的光谱能量分布和ALMA图像，我们得到这些对象的磁盘半径和质量，这些参数可以用来约束褐矮星的形成和行星形成，分别。我们发现CFHT Tau 4周围的圆盘质量为0.42 M $_{Jup}$，半径为80 au;我们发现2 M 0444的圆盘质量为2.05 M $_{Jup}$，半径为100 au。这些半径是更一致的理论模拟预测的褐矮星形成通过不受干扰的冷凝从质量水库比那些预测的喷射从形成区域。此外，2 M 0444的盘质量表明，在这个盘中可能有行星形成，尽管2 M 0444的盘质量可能不足以形成行星。这里测量的磁盘属性提供了限制褐矮星形成的理论模型和它们的行星同伴的形成。
We investigate the evolution of dust and gas in the vicinity of local pressure enhancements (pressure bumps) in a protoplanetary disc (PPD) with turbulence due to the Vertical Shear Instability (VSI). We perform global 2D axisymmetric and 3D simulations of dust and gas for a range of values for Z (ratio of dust-to-gas (d/g) surface mass densities or metallicity), particle Stokes numbers tau, and pressure bump amplitude A. Dust feedback onto the gas is included. For the first time we demonstrate in global 3D simulations the collection of dust in long-lived vortices induced by the VSI. Without a…
Molecular line surveys are among the main tools to probe the structure and physical conditions in protoplanetary disks (PPDs), the birthplace of planets. The large radial and vertical temperature as well as density gradients in these PPDs lead to a complex chemical composition, making chemistry an important step to understand the variety of planetary systems. We aimed to study the chemical content of the protoplanetary disk surrounding GG Tau A, a well-known triple T Tauri system. We used NOEMA with the new correlator PolyFix to observe rotational lines at 2.6 to 4 mm from a few dozen molecule…
Physical processes that redistribute or remove angular momentum from protoplanetary disks can drive mass accretion onto the star and affect the outcome of planet formation. Despite ubiquitous evidence that protoplanetary disks are engaged in accretion, the process(es) responsible remain unclear. Here we present evidence for redshifted molecular absorption in the spectrum of a Class I source that indicates rapid inflow at the disk surface. High resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy of GV Tau N reveals a rich absorption spectrum of individual lines of C2H2, HCN, NH3, and water. From the propertie…
DR Tau has been noted for its unusually high variability in comparison with other T Tauri stars. Although it is one of the most extensively studied pre-main sequence stars, observations with millimeter interferometry have so far been relatively limited. We present NOEMA images of $^{12}$CO, $^{13}$CO, C$^{18}$O, SO, DCO$^+$, and H$_2$CO toward DR Tau at a resolution of $\sim0.5''$ ($\sim100$ au). In addition to the protoplanetary disk, CO emission reveals an envelope, a faint asymmetric outflow, and a spiral arm with a clump. The $\sim1200$ au extent of the CO arm far exceeds that of the spira…
Dimming and CO absorption toward the AA Tau protoplanetary disk: An infalling flow caused by disk instability?
AA Tau是金牛座星云中的一颗经典T型金牛星，由于其光学亮度的准周期变化，二十多年来一直是密集的光度监测的对象。从2011年开始，AA Tau显示出另一种特殊的变化-它的中值光学虽然近红外通量显着变暗，这与视觉消光增加4等一致。从那时起，它一直处于微弱状态。在这里，我们展示了AA Tau在八个时期（覆盖十一年的时间跨度）的4.7 um CO振转光谱，揭示了变暗后$J_{\rm low}\leqslant$ 13跃迁中增强的12 CO和13 CO吸收特征。这些新出现的谱线需要分子气体沿着视线，T~500 K，柱密度log（N12 CO）~18.5 cm^{-2}，谱线中心显示恒定的6 km s $^{-1}$红移。分子气体的性质证实了其起源于星周物质。我们认为，调光和吸收是由气体和尘埃的磁浮力不稳定性提升到很高的高度。这种物质现在正在向内传播，在几年内到达恒星时将被观察到吸积爆发。
Warped accretion discs of low viscosity are prone to hydrodynamic instability due to parametric resonance of inertial waves as confirmed by local simulations. Global simulations of warped discs, using either smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) or grid-based codes, are ubiquitous but no such instability has been seen. Here we utilize a hybrid Godunov-type Lagrangian method to study parametric instability in global simulations of warped Keplerian discs at unprecedentedly high resolution (up to 120 million particles). In the global simulations, the propagation of the warp is well described by t…
exoALMA XIX: Confirmation of Non-thermal Line Broadening in the DM Tau Protoplanetary Disk
Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心，天体物理与行星学研究所）；Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA)（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学）；Center for Astrophysics — Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛&史密森尼天体物理中心）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）
Observational Signatures of Disk Winds in Protoplanetary Disks: Differentiating Magnetized and Photoevaporative Outflows With Fully Coupled Thermochemistry
本研究使用 Athena++ 全耦合热化学模拟分析原行星盘中磁化风与光蒸发风的差异，发现两者在温度、密度、旋转速度及 ALMA CO 和 [C~I] 发射特征上显著不同，为观测区分提供了依据。
The prevalence of short-period super-Earths that are independent of host metallicity challenges the theoretical construction of their origin. We propose that dust trapping in the global pressure bump induced by magnetospheric truncation in evolved protoplanetary discs (PPDs) around T Tauri stars offers a promising formation mechanism for super-Earths, where the host metallicity is already established. To better understand this planet forming scenario, we construct a toy inner disc model and focus on the evolution of dust trapped in the bump, taking into account the supply from drifting pebbles…
We present new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations for three protoplanetary disks in Taurus at 2.9\,mm and comparisons with previous 1.3\,mm data both at an angular resolution of $\sim0.''1$ (15\,au for the distance of Taurus). In the single-ring disk DS Tau, double-ring disk GO Tau, and multiple-ring disk DL Tau, the same rings are detected at both wavelengths, with radial locations spanning from 50 to 120\,au. To quantify the dust emission morphology, the observed visibilities are modeled with a parametric prescription for the radial intensity profile. The disk o…
Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
原行星盘的总气体质量是一个基本的，但很难确定的量。本文介绍了一种新的分子气藏评价技术\citep{bergin+13}，它利用112 $μ$ m处的HD J=1-0谱线直接评价分子氢的体相分子气藏。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个{ \it赫歇尔}空间天文台\footnote{Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.}调查的六个额外的T金牛座磁盘的HD线。在两种情况下检测到$>$ 3 $σ$显著性的线发射：DM Tau和GM Aur。对于其他四个磁盘，我们建立上限的线通量。使用详细的磁盘结构和射线跟踪模型，我们计算的温度结构和尘埃质量从模拟观测到的光谱能量分布，并包括紫外气体加热的影响，以确定所需的气体量，以适应HD线。DM Tau的气体质量范围为1.0-4.7 $\times10^{-2}$，GM Aur的气体质量范围为2.5-20.4 $\times10^{-2}$。这些值大于GM Aur使用CO发现的值，而DM Tau的CO衍生气体质量与我们的质量范围的下限一致。这表明，一氧化碳化学消耗从气相高达五…
Aims: To trace the radial and vertical spatial distribution of H2CS, a key species of the S-bearing chemistry, in protoplanetary disks. To analyse the observed distributions in light of the H2CS binding energy, in order to discuss the role of thermal desorption in enriching the gas disk component. Methods: In the context of the ALMA chemical survey of Disk-Outflow sources in the Taurus star forming region (ALMA-DOT), we observed five Class I or early Class II sources with the o-H2CS(7_1,6-6_1,5) line on a 40 au scale. We estimated the binding energy (BEs) of H2CS using quantum mechanical calcu…
High resolution spectra of typical wind diagnostics ([OI] 6300 Å and other forbidden emission lines) can often be decomposed into multiple components: high-velocity components with blueshifts up to several 100 km/s are usually attributed to fast jets, while narrow (NLVC) and broad (BLVC) low-velocity components are believed to trace slower disc winds. Under the assumption that the line-broadening is dominated by Keplerian rotation, several studies have found that the BLVCs should trace gas launched between 0.05 and 0.5 au and correlations between the properties of BLVCs and NLVCs have been int…
We present the complete sample of protoplanetary disks from the Gemini- Large Imaging with GPI Herbig/T-tauri Survey (Gemini-LIGHTS) which observed bright Herbig Ae/Be stars and T-Tauri stars in near-infrared polarized light to search for signatures of disk evolution and ongoing planet formation. The 44 targets were chosen based on their near- and mid-infrared colors, with roughly equal numbers of transitional, pre-transitional, and full disks. Our approach explicitly did not favor well-known, "famous" disks or those observed by ALMA, resulting in a less-biased sample suitable to probe the maj…
Planets form in protoplanetary disks and inherit their chemical composition. It is therefore crucial to understand the disks molecular content. We aim to characterize the distribution and abundance of molecules in the disk of DG Tau. In the context of the ALMA chemical survey of Disk-Outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) we analyse ALMA observations of the disk of DG Tau in H2CO 3(1,2)-2(1,1), CS 5-4, and CN 2-1 at ~0.15", i.e. ~18 au at 121 pc. H2CO and CS originate from a disk ring at the edge of the 1.3mm dust continuum, with CS probing an outer disk region with respect to H2CO (peaking at ~…
Kinematic Evidence of an Embedded Protoplanet in HD 142666 Identified by Machine Learning
The University of Georgia（佐治亚大学）；University of California, San Francisco（加州大学旧金山分校）；Cardiovascular Research Institute（心血管研究所）；The University of Alabama（阿拉巴马大学）
