A Pseudo-labelling Auto-Encoder for unsupervised image classification
University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene（胡阿里·布迈丁科学技术大学）；INRIA Sophia-Antipolis-Méditérranée（法国国家信息与自动化研究所索菲亚·安提波利斯-地中海中心）；Institut de Recherche en Energie Electrique de Nantes Atlantiques（南特大西洋电力研究所）
Aymene Mohammed Bouayed, Karim Atif, Rachid Deriche, Abdelhakim Saim
备注：
13 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables, title simplified, references added
In this paper, we introduce a unique variant of the denoising Auto-Encoder and combine it with the perceptual loss to classify images in an unsupervised manner. The proposed method, called Pseudo Labelling, consists of first applying a randomly sampled set of data augmentation transformations to each training image. As a result, each initial image can be considered as a pseudo-label to its corresponding augmented ones. Then, an Auto-Encoder is used to learn the mapping between each set of the augmented images and its corresponding pseudo-label. Furthermore, the perceptual loss is employed to take into consideration the existing dependencies between the pixels in the same neighbourhood of an image. This combination encourages the encoder to output richer encodings that are highly informative of the input's class. Consequently, the Auto-Encoder's performance on unsupervised image classification is improved in terms of stability, accuracy and consistency across all tested datasets. Previous state-of-the-art accuracy on the MNIST, CIFAR-10 and SVHN datasets is improved by 0.3\%, 3.11\% and 9.21\% respectively.
Nanjing University of Science and Technology（南京理工大学）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦玛丽女王大学）；Vision Semantics Limited（视觉语义有限公司）
Mostexistingpersonre-identification(re-id)methods relyon supervised model learning on per-camera-pair manually labelled pairwise training data. This leads to poor scalability in practical re-id deployment due to the lack of exhaustive identity labelling of image positive and negative pairs for every camera pair. In this work, we address this problem by proposing an unsupervised re-id deep learning approach capable of incrementally discovering and exploiting the underlying re-id discriminative information from automatically generated person tracklet data from videos in an end-to-end model optim…
Queen Mary University of London（伦敦玛丽女王大学）；Vision Semantics Limited（视觉语义有限公司）
Most existing person re-identification (re-id) methods rely on supervised model learning on per-camera-pair manually labelled pairwise training data. This leads to poor scalability in a practical re-id deployment, due to the lack of exhaustive identity labelling of positive and negative image pairs for every camera-pair. In this work, we present an unsupervised re-id deep learning approach. It is capable of incrementally discovering and exploiting the underlying re-id discriminative information from automatically generated person tracklet data end-to-end. We formulate an Unsupervised Tracklet …
Supervised machine learning methods for image analysis require large amounts of labelled training data to solve computer vision problems. The recent rise of deep learning algorithms for recognising image content has led to the emergence of many ad-hoc labelling tools. With this survey, we capture and systematise the commonalities as well as the distinctions between existing image labelling software. We perform a structured literature review to compile the underlying concepts and features of image labelling software such as annotation expressiveness and degree of automation. We structure the ma…
Queen Mary University of London（伦敦玛丽女王大学）；Vision Semantics Ltd.（视觉语义有限公司）
Deep learning methods have started to dominate the research progress of video-based person re-identification (re-id). However, existing methods mostly consider supervised learning, which requires exhaustive manual efforts for labelling cross-view pairwise data. Therefore, they severely lack scalability and practicality in real-world video surveillance applications. In this work, to address the video person re-id task, we formulate a novel Deep Association Learning (DAL) scheme, the first end-to-end deep learning method using none of the identity labels in model initialisation and training. DAL…
Nanjing University of Science and Technology（南京理工大学）；Vision Semantics Limited（视觉语义有限公司）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦玛丽女王大学）
Existing person re-identification (re-id) methods mostly rely on supervised model learning from a large set of person identity labelled training data per domain. This limits their scalability and usability in large scale deployments. In this work, we present a novel selective tracklet learning (STL) approach that can train discriminative person re-id models from unlabelled tracklet data in an unsupervised manner. This avoids the tedious and costly process of exhaustively labelling person image/tracklet true matching pairs across camera views. Importantly, our method is particularly more robust…
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）
Current face recognition systems robustly recognize identities across a wide variety of imaging conditions. In these systems recognition is performed via classification into known identities obtained from supervised identity annotations. There are two problems with this current paradigm: (1) current systems are unable to benefit from unlabelled data which may be available in large quantities; and (2) current systems equate successful recognition with labelling a given input image. Humans, on the other hand, regularly perform identification of individuals completely unsupervised, recognising th…
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；JD AI Research（京东人工智能研究院）；Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））
Although deep face recognition benefits significantly from large-scale training data, a current bottleneck is the labelling cost. A feasible solution to this problem is semi-supervised learning, exploiting a small portion of labelled data and large amounts of unlabelled data. The major challenge, however, is the accumulated label errors through auto-labelling, compromising the training. This paper presents an effective solution to semi-supervised face recognition that is robust to the label noise aroused by the auto-labelling. Specifically, we introduce a multi-agent method, named GroupNet (GN…
Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Northwest University（西北大学）；University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）；RMIT University（皇家墨尔本理工大学）
Person re-identification (Re-ID) has been a significant research topic in the past decade due to its real-world applications and research significance. While supervised person Re-ID methods achieve superior performance over unsupervised counterparts, they can not scale to large unlabelled datasets and new domains due to the prohibitive labelling cost. Therefore, unsupervised person Re-ID has drawn increasing attention for its potential to address the scalability issue in person Re-ID. Unsupervised person Re-ID is challenging primarily due to lacking identity labels to supervise person feature …
One of the key challenges of visual perception is to extract abstract models of 3D objects and object categories from visual measurements, which are affected by complex nuisance factors such as viewpoint, occlusion, motion, and deformations. Starting from the recent idea of viewpoint factorization, we propose a new approach that, given a large number of images of an object and no other supervision, can extract a dense object-centric coordinate frame. This coordinate frame is invariant to deformations of the images and comes with a dense equivariant labelling neural network that can map image p…
Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD（弗劳恩霍夫计算机图形学研究所 IGD）；Technical University of Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）
Face image quality is an important factor to enable high performance face recognition systems. Face quality assessment aims at estimating the suitability of a face image for recognition. Previous work proposed supervised solutions that require artificially or human labelled quality values. However, both labelling mechanisms are error-prone as they do not rely on a clear definition of quality and may not know the best characteristics for the utilized face recognition system. Avoiding the use of inaccurate quality labels, we proposed a novel concept to measure face quality based on an arbitrary …
Hamburg University of Technology（汉堡工业大学）；Jung Diagnostics GmbH（荣格诊断有限公司）
The detection of lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-scans of human brains remains challenging, time-consuming and error-prone. Recently, unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) methods have shown promising results for this task. These methods rely on training data sets that solely contain healthy samples. Compared to supervised approaches, this significantly reduces the need for an extensive amount of labeled training data. However, data labelling remains error-prone. We study how unhealthy samples within the training data affect anomaly detection performance for brain MRI-scans. For our…
Institute of Systems Science, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学系统科学研究所）；Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR（新加坡科技研究局资讯通信研究院）
Automated heart sounds classification is a much-required diagnostic tool in the view of increasing incidences of heart related diseases worldwide. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive study of heart sounds classification by using various supervised, semi-supervised and unsupervised approaches on the PhysioNet/CinC 2016 Challenge dataset. Supervised approaches, including deep learning and machine learning methods, require large amounts of labelled data to train the models, which are challenging to obtain in most practical scenarios. In view of the need to reduce the labelling burden for cl…
University of Trento（特伦托大学）；Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK)（布鲁诺·凯斯勒基金会（FBK））
Automatically understanding emotions from visual data is a fundamental task for human behaviour understanding. While models devised for Facial Expression Recognition (FER) have demonstrated excellent performances on many datasets, they often suffer from severe performance degradation when trained and tested on different datasets due to domain shift. In addition, as face images are considered highly sensitive data, the accessibility to large-scale datasets for model training is often denied. In this work, we tackle the above-mentioned problems by proposing the first Source-Free Unsupervised Dom…
Optical marker-based motion capture is a vital tool in applications such as motion and behavioural analysis, animation, and biomechanics. Labelling, that is, assigning optical markers to the pre-defined positions on the body is a time consuming and labour intensive postprocessing part of current motion capture pipelines. The problem can be considered as a ranking process in which markers shuffled by an unknown permutation matrix are sorted to recover the correct order. In this paper, we present a framework for automatic marker labelling which first estimates a permutation matrix for each indiv…
Northwest University（西北大学）；Fudan University（复旦大学）；The University of North Carolina at Charlotte（北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校）
The performance of deep networks for semantic image segmentation largely depends on the availability of large-scale training images which are labelled at the pixel level. Typically, such pixel-level image labellings are obtained manually by a labour-intensive process. To alleviate the burden of manual image labelling, we propose an interesting learning approach to generate pixel-level image labellings automatically. A Guided Filter Network (GFN) is first developed to learn the segmentation knowledge from a source domain, and such GFN then transfers such segmentation knowledge to generate coars…
In this paper, we propose an approach to the unsupervised segmentation of images using Markov Random Field. The proposed approach is based on the idea of Bit Plane Slicing. We use the planes as initial labellings for an ensemble of segmentations. With pixelwise voting, a robust segmentation approach can be achieved, which we demonstrate on microscope cell images. We tested our approach on a publicly available database, where it proven to be competitive with other methods and manual segmentation.
Université Pierre et Marie Curie（皮埃尔和玛丽·居里大学）；SIGnal processing and MAchine learning Lab, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University（巴黎高等物理化工学院信号处理与机器学习实验室，巴黎文理研究大学）；Vocal Tract Visualization Lab, University of Maryland Dental School（马里兰大学牙科学院声道可视化实验室）
Studying tongue motion during speech using ultrasound is a standard procedure, but automatic ultrasound image labelling remains a challenge, as standard tongue shape extraction methods typically require human intervention. This article presents a method based on deep neural networks to automatically extract tongue contour from ultrasound images on a speech dataset. We use a deep autoencoder trained to learn the relationship between an image and its related contour, so that the model is able to automatically reconstruct contours from the ultrasound image alone. In this paper, we use an automati…
University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））
Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods have been broadly utilized to improve the models' adaptation ability in general computer vision. However, different from the natural images, there exist huge semantic gaps for the nuclei from different categories in histopathology images. It is still under-explored how could we build generalized UDA models for precise segmentation or classification of nuclei instances across different datasets. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network, namely Category-Aware feature alignment and Pseudo-Labelling Network (CAPL-Net) for UDA nuclei instance…
In this work, we aim at automatically labeling actors in a TV series. Rather than relying on transcripts and subtitles, as has been demonstrated in the past, we show how to achieve this goal starting from a set of example images of each of the main actors involved, collected from the Internet Movie Database (IMDB). The problem then becomes one of domain adaptation: actors' IMDB photos are typically taken at awards ceremonies and are quite different from their appearances in TV series. In each series as well, there is considerable change in actor appearance due to makeup, lighting, ageing, etc.…
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Visual Geometry Group（视觉几何小组）
Combining clustering and representation learning is one of the most promising approaches for unsupervised learning of deep neural networks. However, doing so naively leads to ill posed learning problems with degenerate solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel and principled learning formulation that addresses these issues. The method is obtained by maximizing the information between labels and input data indices. We show that this criterion extends standard crossentropy minimization to an optimal transport problem, which we solve efficiently for millions of input images and thousands of la…
Machine learning in medical imaging during clinical routine is impaired by changes in scanner protocols, hardware, or policies resulting in a heterogeneous set of acquisition settings. When training a deep learning model on an initial static training set, model performance and reliability suffer from changes of acquisition characteristics as data and targets may become inconsistent. Continual learning can help to adapt models to the changing environment by training on a continuous data stream. However, continual manual expert labelling of medical imaging requires substantial effort. Thus, ways…
Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna（圣安娜高等研究院）；Blue Vision Labs（蓝视觉实验室）
This paper presents a simple and robust method for the automatic localisation of static 3D objects in large-scale urban environments. By exploiting the potential to merge a large volume of noisy but accurately localised 2D image data, we achieve superior performance in terms of both robustness and accuracy of the recovered 3D information. The method is based on a simple distributed voting schema which can be fully distributed and parallelised to scale to large-scale scenarios. To evaluate the method we collected city-scale data sets from New York City and San Francisco consisting of almost 400…
In the biomedical domain, there is an abundance of dense, complex data where objects of interest may be challenging to detect or constrained by limits of human knowledge. Labelled domain specific datasets for supervised tasks are often expensive to obtain, and furthermore discovery of novel distinct objects may be desirable for unbiased scientific discovery. Therefore, we propose leveraging the wealth of annotations in benchmark computer vision datasets to conduct unsupervised instance segmentation for diverse biomedical datasets. The key obstacle is thus overcoming the large domain shift from…
Nokia Bell Labs Spain（西班牙诺基亚贝尔实验室）；Universidad Autonoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学）
In this study, we focus on the egocentric segmentation of arms to improve self-perception in Augmented Virtuality (AV). The main contributions of this work are: i) a comprehensive survey of segmentation algorithms for AV; ii) an Egocentric Arm Segmentation Dataset, composed of more than 10, 000 images, comprising variations of skin color, and gender, among others. We provide all details required for the automated generation of groundtruth and semi-synthetic images; iii) the use of deep learning for the first time for segmenting arms in AV; iv) to showcase the usefulness of this database, we re…
Pseudo-labelling is a popular technique in unsuper-vised domain adaptation for semantic segmentation. However, pseudo labels are noisy and inevitably have confirmation bias due to the discrepancy between source and target domains and training process. In this paper, we train the model by the pseudo labels which are implicitly produced by itself to learn new complementary knowledge about target domain. Specifically, we propose a tri-learning architecture, where every two branches produce the pseudo labels to train the third one. And we align the pseudo labels based on the similarity of the prob…
Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London（伦敦大学学院皇后广场神经病学研究所威康人类神经影像中心）；Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School（马萨诸塞州总医院与哈佛医学院阿蒂努拉·A·马蒂诺斯生物医学影像中心）
Segmentation of brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) into anatomical regions is a useful task in neuroimaging. Manual annotation is time consuming and expensive, so having a fully automated and general purpose brain segmentation algorithm is highly desirable. To this end, we propose a patched-based label propagation approach based on a generative model with latent variables. Once trained, our Factorisation-based Image Labelling (FIL) model is able to label target images with a variety of image contrasts. We compare the effectiveness of our proposed model against the state-of-the-art using dat…
Deimos Space（德莫斯航天公司）；Univ. Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学）
Spacecraft pose estimation is a key task to enable space missions in which two spacecrafts must navigate around each other. Current state-of-the-art algorithms for pose estimation employ data-driven techniques. However, there is an absence of real training data for spacecraft imaged in space conditions due to the costs and difficulties associated with the space environment. This has motivated the introduction of 3D data simulators, solving the issue of data availability but introducing a large gap between the training (source) and test (target) domains. We explore a method that incorporates 3D…
In the realms of computer vision, it is evident that deep neural networks perform better in a supervised setting with a large amount of labeled data. The representations learned with supervision are not only of high quality but also helps the model in enhancing its accuracy. However, the collection and annotation of a large dataset are costly and time-consuming. To avoid the same, there has been a lot of research going on in the field of unsupervised visual representation learning especially in a self-supervised setting. Amongst the recent advancements in self-supervised methods for visual rec…
University of Trento（特伦托大学）；Fondazione Bruno Kessler（布鲁诺·凯塞勒基金会）
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) for object detection aims to adapt a model trained on a source domain to detect instances from a new target domain for which annotations are not available. Different from traditional approaches, we propose ConfMix, the first method that introduces a sample mixing strategy based on region-level detection confidence for adaptive object detector learning. We mix the local region of the target sample that corresponds to the most confident pseudo detections with a source image, and apply an additional consistency loss term to gradually adapt towards the target d…
Autonomous vehicles require knowledge of the surrounding road layout, which can be predicted by state-of-the-art CNNs. This work addresses the current lack of data for determining lane instances, which are needed for various driving manoeuvres. The main issue is the time-consuming manual labelling process, typically applied per image. We notice that driving the car is itself a form of annotation. Therefore, we propose a semi-automated method that allows for efficient labelling of image sequences by utilising an estimated road plane in 3D based on where the car has driven and projecting labels …
Multistep Automated Data Labelling Procedure (MADLaP) for Thyroid Nodules on Ultrasound: An Artificial Intelligence Approach for Automating Image Annotation
Duke University（杜克大学）；Duke University Medical Center（杜克大学医学中心）
Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚技术中心Eurecat）；University of Trento（特伦托大学）；Fondazione Bruno Kessler（布鲁诺·凯斯勒基金会）
Emotion recognition is involved in several real-world applications. With an increase in available modalities, automatic understanding of emotions is being performed more accurately. The success in Multimodal Emotion Recognition (MER), primarily relies on the supervised learning paradigm. However, data annotation is expensive, time-consuming, and as emotion expression and perception depends on several factors (e.g., age, gender, culture) obtaining labels with a high reliability is hard. Motivated by these, we focus on unsupervised feature learning for MER. We consider discrete emotions, and as …
School of Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London（伦敦国王学院生物医学工程学院）；King’s College Hospital（国王学院医院）；Wrightington, Wigan & Leigh NHSFT（赖灵顿威根利夫国家医疗服务基金会信托）；Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London（伦敦国王学院精神病学、心理学与神经科学研究所）；Centre for Medical Image Computing, Dementia Research, University College London（伦敦大学学院医学影像计算与痴呆研究中心）
Natural language processing (NLP) shows promise as a means to automate the labelling of hospital-scale neuroradiology magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets for computer vision applications. To date, however, there has been no thorough investigation into the validity of this approach, including determining the accuracy of report labels compared to image labels as well as examining the performance of non-specialist labellers. In this work, we draw on the experience of a team of neuroradiologists who labelled over 5000 MRI neuroradiology reports as part of a project to build a dedicated deep …
From Articles to Canopies: Knowledge-Driven Pseudo-Labelling for Tree Species Classification using LLM Experts
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences（波兰科学院理论与应用信息学研究所）；University of Lodz（卢布林大学）；University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing（华沙大学地理与区域研究学院，地理信息学、制图与遥感系）
Moscow State University（莫斯科国立大学）；Space Research Institute of RAS（俄罗斯科学院空间研究所）
The task of morphological classification is complex for simple parameterization, but important for research in the galaxy evolution field. Future galaxy surveys (e.g. EUCLID) will collect data about more than a $10^9$ galaxies. To obtain morphological information one needs to involve people to mark up galaxy images, which requires either a considerable amount of money or a huge number of volunteers. We propose an effective semi-supervised approach for galaxy morphology classification task, based on active learning of adversarial autoencoder (AAE) model. For a binary classification problem (top…
Australian Institute for Machine Learning, University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学澳大利亚机器学习研究所）；South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute（南澳大利亚健康与医学研究所）；Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学健康与医学科学学院）
Unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) learns one-class classifiers exclusively with normal (i.e., healthy) images to detect any abnormal (i.e., unhealthy) samples that do not conform to the expected normal patterns. UAD has two main advantages over its fully supervised counterpart. Firstly, it is able to directly leverage large datasets available from health screening programs that contain mostly normal image samples, avoiding the costly manual labelling of abnormal samples and the subsequent issues involved in training with extremely class-imbalanced data. Further, UAD approaches can potential…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）
Recent success in casting Non-rigid Structure from Motion (NRSfM) as an unsupervised deep learning problem has raised fundamental questions about what novelty in NRSfM prior could the deep learning offer. In this paper we advocate for a 3D deep auto-encoder framework to be used explicitly as the NRSfM prior. The framework is unique as: (i) it learns the 3D auto-encoder weights solely from 2D projected measurements, and (ii) it is Procrustean in that it jointly resolves the unknown rigid pose for each shape instance. We refer to this architecture as a Procustean Autoencoder for Unsupervised Lif…
UCL（伦敦大学学院）；UCLH NHS Foundation Trust（伦敦大学学院医院国民保健服务基金会信托）
Any novel medical imaging modality that differs from previous protocols e.g. in the number of imaging channels, introduces a new domain that is heterogeneous from previous ones. This common medical imaging scenario is rarely considered in the domain adaptation literature, which handles shifts across domains of the same dimensionality. In our work we rely on stochastic generative modeling to translate across two heterogeneous domains at pixel space and introduce two new loss functions that promote semantic consistency. Firstly, we introduce a semantic cycle-consistency loss in the source domain…
University of Winnipeg（温尼伯大学）；Weatherlogics Inc.（韦瑟洛吉克斯公司）
Weather is an important factor affecting transportation and road safety. In this paper, we leverage state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks in labelling images taken by street and highway cameras located across across North America. Road camera snapshots were used in experiments with multiple deep learning frameworks to classify images by road condition. The training data for these experiments used images labelled as dry, wet, snow/ice, poor, and offline. The experiments tested different configurations of six convolutional neural networks (VGG-16, ResNet50, Xception, InceptionResNetV2, …
Philips Medical Systems Technologies Ltd.（飞利浦医疗系统科技有限公司）
Deep sparse auto-encoders with mixed structure regularization (MSR) in addition to explicit sparsity regularization term and stochastic corruption of the input data with Gaussian noise have the potential to improve unsupervised abnormality detection. Unsupervised abnormality detection based on identifying outliers using deep sparse auto-encoders is a very appealing approach for medical computer aided detection systems as it requires only healthy data for training rather than expert annotated abnormality. In the task of detecting coronary artery disease from Coronary Computed Tomography Angiogr…
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Klinikum Rechts der Isar（伊萨尔河右岸医院）；Helmholtz Zentrum München（亥姆霍兹慕尼黑中心）；Graz University of Technology（格拉茨工业大学）；Medical University of Graz（格拉茨医科大学）；The University of Auckland（奥克兰大学）；iFLYTEK Research（科大讯飞研究院）
Vertebral labelling and segmentation are two fundamental tasks in an automated spine processing pipeline. Reliable and accurate processing of spine images is expected to benefit clinical decision-support systems for diagnosis, surgery planning, and population-based analysis on spine and bone health. However, designing automated algorithms for spine processing is challenging predominantly due to considerable variations in anatomy and acquisition protocols and due to a severe shortage of publicly available data. Addressing these limitations, the Large Scale Vertebrae Segmentation Challenge (VerS…
Indian Institute of Technology（印度理工学院）；University of Alberta（阿尔伯塔大学）；Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro（普埃塔德耶罗大学医院）；Government Medical College（政府医学院）；Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology（斯里奇特拉图鲁纳尔医学科学与技术研究所）；Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain Hospital（巴格万马哈维尔耆那医院）
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for a tool to speed up triage in ultrasound scans and provide clinicians with fast access to relevant information. The proposed video-summarization technique is a step in this direction that provides clinicians access to relevant key-frames from a given ultrasound scan (such as lung ultrasound) while reducing resource, storage and bandwidth requirements. We propose a new unsupervised reinforcement learning (RL) framework with novel rewards that facilitates unsupervised learning avoiding tedious and impractical manual labelling for summarizing ultr…
