Noboru Ito, Yusuke Takimura
We consider 32 homotopy classifications of knot projections (images of generic immersions from a circle into a 2-sphere). These 32 equivalence relations are obtained based on which moves are forbidden among the five type of Reidemeister moves. We show that 32 cases contain 20 non-trivial cases that are mutually different. To complete the proof, we obtain new tools, i.e., new invariants.
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We show that the structure of a fibered knot, as a fiber bundle, is reflected in its knot quandle. As an application, we discuss finiteness and equivalence of knot quandles of concrete fibered 2-knots.
We introduce an equivalence relation, called stable equivalence, on knot diagrams and closed curves on surfaces. We give bijections between the set of abstract knots, the set of virtual knots, and the set of the stable equivalence classes of knot diagrams on surfaces. Using these bijections, we define concordance and link homology for virtual links. As an application, it is shown that Kauffman's example of a virtual knot diagram is not equivalent to a classical knot diagram.
We show that any two bridge positions of a handlebody-knot are stably equivalent.
Two knots in three-space are S-equivalent if they are indistinguishable by Seifert matrices. We show that S-equivalence is generated by the doubled-delta move on knot diagrams. It follows as a corollary that a knot has trivial Alexander polynomial if and only if it can be undone by doubled-delta moves.
The $ν^+$-equivalence classes of genus one knots
本文研究纽结协调群上的 $ν^+$-等价，证明任意亏格为1的纽结必 $ν^+$-等价于三叶结、其镜像或平凡纽结。
Link-homotopy and self Delta-equivalence are equivalence relations on links. It was shown by J. Milnor (resp. the last author) that Milnor invariants determine whether or not a link is link-homotopic (resp. self Delta-equivalent) to a trivial link. We study link-homotopy and self Delta-equivalence on a certain component of a link with fixing the rest components, in other words, homotopy and Delta-equivalence of knots in the complement of a certain link. We show that Milnor invariants determine whether a knot in the complement of a trivial link is null-homotopic, and give a sufficient condition…
Two Heegaard Floer knot complexes are called stably equivalent if an acyclic complex can be added to each complex to make them filtered chain homotopy equivalent. Hom showed that if two knots are concordant, then their knot complexes are stably equivalent. Invariants of stable equivalence include the concordance invariants $τ$, $\varepsilon$, and $Υ$. Feller and Krcatovich gave a relationship between the Upsilon invariants of torus knots. We use secondary Upsilon invariants defined by Kim and Livingston to show that these relations do not extend to stable equivalence.
R-equivalence classes of $\mathrm{Rot} \mathbb{E}^{2}$-colorings of torus knots
本研究引入纽结图广群着色的R等价关系，并确定特定条件下环面纽结图的$\u0001$mathrm{Rot} \u0001$mathbb{E}^{2}$着色R等价类。
Let K be a knot embedded in a Heegaard surface S for a closed orientable 3-manifold M. We define K-stable equivalence between pairs (S, K) and (S', K) in M, and we prove that any two pairs are K-stably equivalent in M if they have the same surface slope.
Integer Knot Invariants: Inequalities, Computations, and Open Problems
本文研究经典纽结理论、四维拓扑、纽结同调和纽结多项式之间的整数纽结不变量不等式，构建包含46个不等式的有向图，利用这些不等式和奇偶约束构建并传播数据库NewDB，确定了139个新的解纽结数和双切片亏格的精确值，并提出10个基本的有趣猜想。
In this survey paper we present the $L$--moves between braids and how they can adapt and serve for establishing and proving braid equivalence theorems for various diagrammatic settings, such as for classical knots, for knots in knot complements, in c.c.o. 3--manifolds and in handlebodies, as well as for virtual knots, for flat virtuals, for welded knots and for singular knots. The $L$--moves are local and they provide a uniform ground for formulating and proving braid equivalence theorems for any diagrammatic setting where the notion of braid and diagrammatic isotopy is defined, the statements…
For each diagram $D$ of a $2$-knot, we provide a way to construct a new diagram $D'$ of the same knot such that any sequence of Roseman moves between $D$ and $D'$ necessarily involves branch points. The proof is done by developing the observation that no sphere eversion can be lifted to an isotopy in $4$-space.
We succeed to generalize spun knots of classical 1-knots to the virtual 1-knot case by using the `spinning construction'. That, is, we prove the following: Let $Q$ be a spun knot of a virtual 1-knot $K$ by our method. The embedding type $Q$ in $S^4$ depends only on $K$. Furthermore we prove the following: The submanifolds, $Q$ and the embedded torus made from $K,$ defined by Satoh's method, in $S^4$ are isotopic. We succeed to generalize the above construction to the virtual 2-knot case. Note that Satoh's method says nothing about the virtual 2-knot case. Rourke's interpretation of Satoh's met…
Given a uniformly convergent sequence of ambient isotopies $(H_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$, bijectivity of the limit function $H_\infty$ together with a minor compactness condition guarantees that $H_\infty$ is also an ambient isotopy. By offloading the uniform convergence hypothesis to a more diagrammatic condition, we obtain sufficient conditions for performing countably-many Reidemeister moves. We use this to construct examples of tame knots with countably-many crossings and discuss what distinguishes these from similar-looking wild curves.
We introduce a new combinatorial method to encode knots and links with applications to knot invariants. Clasp diagrams defined in this paper are combinatorial blueprints for building knot diagrams out of full twists on two strings rather than out of crossings. We describe an equivalence relation on clasp diagrams which produces the isotopy classes of knots as equivalence classes. This equivalence relation is generated by local moves similar to the Reidemeister moves. Clasp diagrams produce particularly simple Seifert surfaces for knots and lead to an explicit formula for the Alexander-Conway p…
Algebraic realizability of knot Floer-like complexes
该研究聚焦类纽结复形局部等价类可实现性的代数障碍，完成了$\mathbb{F}[U,V]$上相关等价类的分类，解决了Dai等人提出的问题。
S-Equivalence of Band-Twisted Genus One Knots
本文构造了一列亏格一结，它们彼此 $S$-等价，但可通过 Jones 多项式区分，回应了 Kirby 问题列表中的问题 1.6 (K3)。
We prove that if two knots are concordant, their involutive knot Floer complexes satisfy a certain type of stable equivalence.
Isotopy and equivalence of knots in 3-manifolds
本文研究了3流形中结的同伦与等价性，证明了在素、闭合、定向的3流形中，等价结当且仅当保持定向的映射类群为平凡群。对于不可约的闭合定向3流形，作者证明了保持自由同伦类的定向保形映射与恒等映射同伦。在S¹×S²的情况下，给出了许多结的同伦类被Gluck扭变的例子。
Relative self-linking and linking "numbers" for pairs of knots in oriented 3-manifolds are defined in terms of intersection invariants of immersed surfaces in 4-manifolds. The resulting concordance invariants generalize the usual homological notion of linking by taking into account the fundamental group of the ambient manifold and often map onto infinitely generated groups. The knot invariants generalize the cyclic (type 1) invariants of Kirk and Livingston and when taken with respect to certain preferred knots, called spherical knots, relative self-linking numbers are characterized geometrica…
We prove that, up to local equivalences, a suitable truncation of the involutive knot Floer homology of a knot in $S^3$ and the involutive bordered Heegaard Floer theory of its complement determine each other. In particular, given two knots $K_1$ and $K_2$, we prove that the $\mathbb{F}_2[U,V]/(UV)$-coefficient involutive knot Floer homology of $K_1 \sharp -K_2$ is $ι_K$-locally trivial if $\widehat{CFD}(S^3 \backslash K_1)$ and $\widehat{CFD}(S^2 \backslash K_2)$ satisfy a certain condition which can be seen as the bordered counterpart of $ι_K$-local equivalence. We further establish an expli…
A knot projection is an image of a generic immersion from a circle into a two-dimensional sphere. We can find homotopies between any two knot projections by local replacements of knot projections of three types, called Reidemeister moves. This paper defines an equivalence relation for knot projections called weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy, which consists of Reidemeister moves of type 1, weak type 2, and weak type 3. This paper defines the first non-trivial invariant under weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy. We use this invariant to show that there exist an infinite number of weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy equivalence …
In the present paper we construct a one-to-one correspondence between the set of graph-knots and the set of homotopy classes of looped graphs. Moreover, the graph-knot and the homotopy class constructed from a given knot are related with this correspondence. This correspondence is given by a simple formula.
For p=3 and for p=5 we prove that there are exactly p equivalence classes of p-coloured knots modulo (+/-1)--framed surgeries along unknots in the kernel of a p-colouring. These equivalence classes are represented by connect-sums of n left-hand (p,2)-torus knots with a given colouring when n=1,2,...,p. This gives a 3-colour and a 5-colour analogue of the surgery presentation of a knot.
The pair (K,r) consisting of a knot K and a surjective map r from the knot group onto a dihedral group is said to be a p-colored knot. D. Moskovich conjectured that for any odd prime p there are exactly p equivalence classes of p-colored knots up to surgery along unknots in the kernel of the coloring. We show that there are at most 2p equivalence classes. This is a vast improvement upon the previous results by Moskovich for p=3, and 5, with no upper bound given in general. T. Cochran, A. Gerges, and K. Orr, in "Dehn surgery equivalence relations of 3-manifolds", define invariants of the surger…
Motivated by the study of ribbon knots we explore symmetric unions, a beautiful construction introduced by Kinoshita and Terasaka 50 years ago. It is easy to see that every symmetric union represents a ribbon knot, but the converse is still an open problem. Besides existence it is natural to consider the question of uniqueness. In order to attack this question we extend the usual Reidemeister moves to a family of moves respecting the symmetry, and consider the symmetric equivalence thus generated. This notion being in place, we discuss several situations in which a knot can have essentially di…
Both classical and virtual knots arise as formal Gauss diagrams modulo some abstract moves corresponding to Reidemeister moves. If we forget about both over/under crossings structure and writhe numbers of knots modulo the same Reidemeister moves, we get a dramatic simplification of virtual knots, which kills all classical knots. However, many virtual knots survive after this simplification. We construct invariants of these objects and present their applications to minimality problems of virtual knots as well as some questions related to graph-links. One can easily generalize these results for …
Hyperfinite knots, or limits of equivalence classes of knots induced by a knot invariant taking values in a metric space, were introduced in a previous article by the author. In this article, we present new examples of hyperfinite knots stemming from sequences of torus knots.
In the context of finite type invariants, Stanford introduced a family of equivalence relations on knots defined by the lower central series of the pure braid groups and characterized the finite type invariants in terms of the structure of the braid groups. It is known that this equivalence and Ohyama's equivalence defined by a local move are equivalent. On the other hand, in the virtual knot theory, the concept of Ohyama's equivalence was extended by Goussarov-Polyak-Viro, which called an $n$-equivalence. In this paper we extend Stanford's equivalence to virtual knots and virtual string links…
We present a marked analogue of Carter and Saito's movie theorem. Our definition of marking was chosen to coincide with the markings that arise in link Floer homology. In order to deal with complications arising from certain isotopies, we define three equivalence relations for marked surfaces and work over an equivalence class of marked surfaces when providing our generalization of Carter and Saito's movie theorem.
We study the sutured Floer homology invariants of the sutured manifold obtained by cutting a knot complement along a Seifert surface, R. We show that these invariants are finer than the "top term" of the knot Floer homology, which they contain. In particular, we use sutured Floer homology to distinguish two non-isotopic minimal genus Seifert surfaces for the knot 8_3. A key ingredient for this technique is finding appropriate Heegaard diagrams for the sutured manifold associated to the complement of a Seifert surface.
Using the grid diagram formulation of knot Floer homology, Ozsvath, Szabo and Thurston defined an invariant of transverse knots in the tight contact 3-sphere. Shortly afterwards, Lisca, Ozsvath, Stipsicz and Szabo defined an invariant of transverse knots in arbitrary contact 3-manifolds using open book decompositions. It has been conjectured that these invariants agree where they are both defined. We prove this fact by defining yet another invariant of transverse knots, showing that this third invariant agrees with the two mentioned above.
R-equivalence of quandle colorings and inner automorphisms
本文研究quandle着色的R等价，证明quandle内自同构群的某子群可作用于着色的R等价类，并在特定条件下完全确定二桥纽结图二面体quandle着色的R等价类。
J. Boyle classified 1-handles attached to surface-knots, that are closed and connected surfaces embedded in the Euclidean 4-space, in the case that the surfaces are oriented and 1-handles are orientable with respect to the orientations of the surfaces. In that case, the equivalence classes of 1-handles correspond to the equivalence classes of cords attached to the surface-knot, and correspond to the double cosets of the peripheral subgroup of the knot group. In this paper, we classify cords and cords with local orientations attached to (possibly non-orientable) surface-knots. And we classify 1…
In this paper, we obtain the necessary and sufficient condition that two knot projections are related by a finite sequence of the first and second flat Reidemeister moves (Theorem 1). We also consider an equivalence relation that is called weak (1, 3) homotopy. This equivalence relation occurs by the first flat Reidemeister move and one of the third flat Reidemeister moves. We introduce a map sending weak (1, 3) homotopy classes to knot isotopy classes (Sec. 3). Using the map, we determine which knot projections are trivialized under weak (1, 3) homotopy (Corollary 3).
Let L be a Legendrian knot in R^3 with the standard contact structure. In [10], a map was constructed from equivalence classes of Morse complex sequences for L, which are combinatorial objects motivated by generating families, to homotopy classes of augmentations of the Legendrian contact homology algebra of L. Moreover, this map was shown to be a surjection. We show that this correspondence is, in fact, a bijection. As a corollary, homotopic augmentations determine the same graded normal ruling of L and have isomorphic linearized contact homology groups. A second corollary states that the cou…
Knots of low knot Floer width
该研究分类了宽度为2的纽结Floer复形的链同伦等价类，证明其无非平凡局部系统，并应用此结论得出所有Montesinos纽结都有可同时水平、垂直简化的基。
In this paper, we introduce an equivalence relation on the set of local moves and classify local moves, called the extended $ST$-moves, up to the equivalence. Moreover, by inducing a binary relation on the set of equivalence classes of local moves, we show that an extended $ST$-move realizes the crossing change or the $SH(2)$-move. In addition, for any oriented knot and two extended $ST$-moves, we disscus the magnitude relation between the unknotting numbers of the knot via the moves, and show that there is an extended $ST$-move except $SH$-moves so that the knot can be transformed into the tr…
We prove that for some knot-like objects one can easily recognize non-equivalence w.r.t. all Reidemeister moves by studying some equivalence classes modulo only 2nd Reidemeister moves. There are applications to virtual knots, graph-links and looped graphs.
This paper gives a new obstruction for ribbon-move equivalence of 2-knots. Let $K$ and $K'$ be 2-knots. Let $K$ and $K'$ are ribbon-move equivalent. One corollary to our main theorem is as follows. A 2-dimensional fibered knot whose fiber is the punctured 3-dimensional torus is not ribbon-move equivalent to any 2-dimensional knot whose Seifert hypersurface is a punctured homology sphere.
The space of n-sided polygons embedded in three-space consists of a smooth manifold in which points correspond to piecewise linear or ``geometric'' knots, while paths correspond to isotopies which preserve the geometric structure of these knots. The topology of these spaces for the case n = 6 and n = 7 is described. In both of these cases, each knot space consists of five components, but contains only three (when n = 6) or four (when n = 7) topological knot types. Therefore ``geometric knot equivalence'' is strictly stronger than topological equivalence. This point is demonstrated by the hexag…
In this paper we investigate the 0-concordance classes of 2-knots in $S^4$, an equivalence relation that is related to understanding smooth structures on 4-manifolds. Using Rochlin's invariant, and invariants arising from Heegaard-Floer homology, we will prove that there are infinitely many 0-concordance classes of 2-knots.
Links in lens spaces may be defined to be equivalent by ambient isotopy or by diffeomorphism of pairs. In the first case, for all the combinatorial representations of links, there is a set of Reidemeister-type moves on diagrams connecting isotopy equivalent links. In this paper we provide a set of moves on disk, band and grid diagrams that connects diffeo equivalent links: there are up to four isotopy equivalent links in each diffeo equivalence class. Moreover, we investigate how the diffeo equivalence relates to the lift of the link in the $3$-sphere: in the particular case of oriented primit…
Strong and weak (1, 3) homotopies are equivalence relations on knot projections, defined by the first flat Reidemeister move and each of two different types of the third flat Reidemeister moves. In this paper, we introduce the cross chord number that is the minimal number of double points of chords of a chord diagram. Cross chord numbers induce a strong (1, 3) invariant. We show that Hanaki's trivializing number is a weak (1, 3) invariant. We give a complete classification of knot projections having trivializing number two up to the first flat Reidemeister moves using cross chord numbers and t…
The notion of a pseudoknot is defined as an equivalence class of knot diagrams that may be missing some crossing information. We provide here a topological invariant schema for pseudoknots and their relatives, 4-valent rigid vertex spatial graphs and singular knots, that is obtained by replacing unknown crossings or vertices by rational tangles.
We prove the equivalence of the invariants EH(L) and LOSS-(L) for oriented Legendrian knots L in the 3-sphere equipped with the standard contact structure, partially extending a previous result by Stipsicz and Vertesi. In the course of the proof we relate the sutured Floer homology groups associated with a knot complement and knot Floer homology, and define intermediate Legendrian invariants.
Recently Swatee Naik and Theodore Stanford proved that two S-equivalent knots are related by a finite sequence of doubled-delta moves on their knot diagrams. We show that classical S-equivalence is not sufficient to extend their result to ordered links. We define a new algebraic relation on Seifert matrices, called Strong S-equivalence, and prove that two oriented, ordered links L and L' are related by a sequence of doubled-delta moves if and only if they are Strongly S-equivalent. We also show that this is equivalent to the fact that L' can be obtained from L through a sequence of Y-clasper s…
Stability of knot equivalence at low regularity, and symmetric critical knots for the Möbius energy
本文研究了低正则性下结等价的稳定性，证明了莫比乌斯能量在对称约束下的临界点性质。
Pseudodiagrams are diagrams of knots where some information about which strand goes over/under at certain crossings may be missing. Pseudoknots are equivalence classes of pseudodiagrams, with equivalence defined by a class of Reidemeister-type moves. In this paper, we introduce two natural extensions of classical knot colorability to this broader class of knot-like objects. We use these definitions to define the determinant of a pseudoknot (i.e. the pseudodeterminant) that agrees with the classical determinant for classical knots. Moreover, we extend Conway notation to pseudoknots to facilitat…
In this paper we describe braid equivalence for knots and links in a 3-manifold $M$ obtained by rational surgery along a framed link in $S^3$. We first prove a sharpened version of the Reidemeister theorem for links in $M$. We then give geometric formulations of the braid equivalence via mixed braids in $S^3$ using the $L$-moves and the braid band moves. We finally give algebraic formulations in terms of the mixed braid groups $B_{m,n}$ using cabling and the techniques of parting and combing for mixed braids. We also provide concrete formuli of the braid equivalence in the case where $M$ is a …
We define a broad class of graphs that generalize the Gordian graph of knots. These knot graphs take into account unknotting operations, the concordance relation, and equivalence relations generated by knot invariants. We prove that overwhelmingly, the knot graphs are not Gromov hyperbolic, with the exception of a particular family of quotient knot graphs. We also investigate the property of homogeneity, and prove that the concordance knot graph is homogeneous. Finally, we prove that that for any $n$, there exists a knot $K$ such that the ball of radius $n$ in the Gordian graph centered at $K$…
Hom and Wu introduced a knot concordance invariant called $ν^+$, which dominates many concordance invariants derived from Heegaard Floer homology. In this paper, we give a full-twist inequality for $ν^+$. By using the inequality, we extend Wu's cabling formula for $ν^+$ (which is proved only for particular positive cables) to all cables in the form of an inequality. In addition, we also discuss $ν^+$-equivalence, which is an equivalence relation on the knot concordance group. We introduce a partial order on $ν^+$-equivalence classes, and study its relationship to full-twists.
We observe that for planar graphs, the geometric duality relation generates both 2-isomorphism and abstract duality. This observation has the surprising consequence that for links, the equivalence relation defined by isomorphisms of checkerboard graphs is the same as the equivalence relation defined by 2-isomorphisms of checkerboard graphs.
We present a new theory which describes the collection of all tunnels of tunnel number 1 knots in the 3-sphere (up to orientation-preserving equivalence in the sense of Heegaard splittings) using the disk complex of the genus-2 handlebody and associated structures. It shows that each knot tunnel is obtained from the tunnel of the trivial knot by a uniquely determined sequence of simple cabling constructions. A cabling construction is determined by a single rational parameter, so there is a corresponding numerical parameterization of all tunnels by sequences of such parameters and some addition…
The mixed Hilden braid group and the plat equivalence in handlebodies
本文证明亏格 g 柄体中的任意纽结或链环均可表示为辫子的 plat 闭包，定义混合 Hilden 辫子群，并给出同一链环同痕类下混合 plat 的代数等价判据。
Pseudodiagrams are knot or link diagrams where some of the crossing information is missing. Pseudoknots are equivalence classes of pseudodiagrams, where equivalence is generated by a natural set of Reidemeister moves. In this paper, we introduce a Gauss-diagrammatic theory for pseudoknots which gives rise to the notion of a virtual pseudoknot. We provide new, easily computable isotopy and homotopy invariants for classical and virtual pseudodiagrams. We also give tables of unknotting numbers for homotopically trivial pseudoknots and homotopy classes of homotopically nontrivial pseudoknots. Sinc…
The flat plumbing basket presentation of a link is introduced by Furihata, Hirasawa and Kobayashi. In this paper, we show that the pass-equivalence and an equivalence introduced by using the flat plumbing basket presentation are the same relation. Furthermore, we obtain an evaluation of the minimal number of bands used for the flat pluming basket presentation for a knot coming from the degree of the Alexander polynomial and the three genus of the knot.
Strict Equivalence of Multi-Virtual Linkoids
利用多虚拟纽结理论研究严格虚拟链环的等价关系，通过闭包构造和广义括号多项式获得不变量。
Manturov recently introduced the idea of a free knot, i.e. an equivalence class of virtual knots where equivalence is generated by crossing change and virtualization moves. He showed that if a free knot diagram is associated to a graph that is irreducibly odd, then it is minimal with respect to the number of classical crossings. Not all minimal diagrams of free knots are associated to irreducibly odd graphs, however. We introduce a family of free knot diagrams that arise from certain permutations that are minimal but not irreducibly odd.
This is a substantially revised version. The Kontsevich integral of a knot is a graph-valued invariant which (when graded by the Vassiliev degree of graphs) is characterized by a universal property; namely it is a universal Vassiliev invariant of knots. We introduce a second grading of the Kontsevich integral, the Euler degree, and a geometric null-move on the set of knots. We explain the relation of the null-move to S-equivalence, and the relation to the Euler grading of the Kontsevich integral. The null move leads in a natural way to the introduction of trivalent graphs with beads, and to a …
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