In: Gesztesy, F., Martinez-Finkelshtein, A. (eds) From Operator Theory to Orthogonal Polynomials, Combinatorics, and Number Theory. Operator Theory: Advances and Applications, vol 285. Birkhauser, Cham. 2021
In 2002, Littlejohn and Wellman developed a celebrated general left-definite theory for semi-bounded self-adjoint operators with many applications to differential operators. The theory starts with a semi-bounded self-adjoint operator and constructs a continuum of related Hilbert spaces and self-adjoint operators that are intimately related with powers of the initial operator. The development spurred a flurry of activity in the field that is still ongoing today.
The main goal of this expository (with the exception of Proposition 1) manuscript is to compare and contrast the complementary theories of general left-definite theory, the Birman--Krein--Vishik (BKV) theory of self-adjoint extensions and singular perturbation theory. In this way, we hope to encourage interest in left-definite theory as well as point out directions of potential growth where the fields are interconnected. We include several related open questions to further these goals.
We investigate the discrete Sturm-Liouville equations. In the present situation, the right hand side of the equation does not give rise to a positive definite quadratic form and we use instead the left hand side to define such a form. We prove in this paper that this form determines a Hilbert space (such problems are called left-definite).
The spectral properties of a singular left-definite Sturm-Liouville operator $JA$ are investigated and described via the properties of the corresponding right-definite selfadjoint counterpart $A$ which is obtained by substituting the indefinite weight function by its absolute value. The spectrum of the $J$-selfadjoint operator $JA$ is real and it follows that an interval $(a,b)\subset\mathbb R^+$ is a gap in the essential spectrum of $A$ if and only if both intervals $(-b,-a)$ and $(a,b)$ are gaps in the essential spectrum of the $J$-selfadjoint operator $JA$. As one of the main results it is …
We discuss direct and inverse spectral theory of self-adjoint Sturm-Liouville relations with separated boundary conditions in the left-definite setting. In particular, we develop singular Weyl-Titchmarsh theory for these relations. Consequently, we apply de Branges' subspace ordering theorem to obtain inverse uniqueness results for the associated spectral measure. The results can be applied to solve the inverse spectral problem associated with the Camassa-Holm equation.
We study representations of positive definite kernels $K$ in a general setting, but with view to applications to harmonic analysis, to metric geometry, and to realizations of certain stochastic processes. Our initial results are stated for the most general given positive definite kernel, but are then subsequently specialized to the above mentioned applications. Given a positive definite kernel $K$ on $S\times S$ where $S$ is a fixed set, we first study families of factorizations of $K$. By a factorization (or representation) we mean a probability space $\left(B,μ\right)$ and an associated stoc…
The following theorem on the circle group $\mathbb{T}$ is due to Norbert Wiener: If $f\in L^{1}\left( \mathbb{T}\right) $ has non-negative Fourier coefficients and is square integrable on a neighbourhood of the identity, then $f\in L^{2}\left( \mathbb{T}\right) $. This result has been extended to even exponents including $p=\infty$, but shown to fail for all other $p\in\left( 1,\infty\right] .$ All of this was extended further (appropriately formulated) well beyond locally compact abelian groups. In this paper we prove Wiener's theorem for even exponents for a large class of commutative hyperg…
We prove inequalities on non-integer powers of products of generalized matrices functions on the sum of positive semi-definite matrices. For example, for any real number $r \in \{1\} \cup [2, \infty)$, positive semi-definite matrices $A_i,\ B_i,\ C_i\in M_{n_i}$, $i=1,2$, and generalized matrix functions $d_χ, d_ξ$ such as the determinant and permanent, etc., we have \begin{eqnarray*}&&\left(d_χ(A_1+B_1+C_1)d_ξ(A_2+B_2+C_2)\right)^r \\ &&\hskip 1in + \left(d_χ(A_1)d_ξ(A_2)\right)^r + \left(d_χ(B_1)d_ξ(B_2)\right)^r + \left(d_χ(C_1)d_ξ(C_2)\right)^r \\ & \ge &\left(d_χ(A_1+B_1 )d_ξ(A_2+B_2 )\ri…
Let $A$ be a positive definite operator on a Hilbert space $H$, and $|||.|||$ be a unitarily invariant norm on $B(H)$. We show that if $f$ is an operator monotone function on $(0,\infty)$ and $n\in \mathbb{N}$, then $|||D^n f(A)|||\leq\|f^{(n)}(A)\|$ and $\|f^{(n)}(\cdot)\|$ is a quasi-convex function on the set of all positive definite operators in $B(H)$. We establish some estimates of the right hand side of some Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities in which differentiable functions are involved, and norms of the maps induced by them on the set of self adjoint operators are convex, quasi-conve…
Given a fixed sigma-finite measure space $\left(X,\mathscr{B},ν\right)$, we shall study an associated family of positive definite kernels $K$. Their factorizations will be studied with view to their role as covariance kernels of a variety of stochastic processes. In the interesting cases, the given measure $ν$ is infinite, but sigma-finite. We introduce such positive definite kernels $K\left(\cdot,\cdot\right)$ with the two variables from the subset of the sigma-algebra $\mathscr{B}$, sets having finite $ν$ measure. Our setting and results are motivated by applications. The latter are covered …
Let $A_i$ and $B_i$ be positive definite matrices for all $i=1,\cdots,m.$ It is shown that $$\left|\left|\sum_{i=1}^m(A_i^2\sharp B_i^2)^r\right|\right|_1\leq\left|\left|\left(\left(\sum_{i=1}^mA_i\right)^{\frac{pr}{_2}}\left(\sum_{i=1}^mB_i\right)^{pr}\left(\sum_{i=1}^mA_i\right)^{\frac{rp}{_2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\right|\right|_1,$$for all $p>0$ and for all $r\geq1.$ We conjecture this inequality is also true for all unitarily invariant norms. We give an affirmative answer to the case of $m=2,$ $p\geq1$, $r\geq1$ and for all unitarily invariant norms. In other words, it is shown that $$\lef…
The metric $d(A,B)=\left[ \tr\, A+\tr\, B-2\tr(A^{1/2}BA^{1/2})^{1/2}\right]^{1/2}$ on the manifold of $n\times n$ positive definite matrices arises in various optimisation problems, in quantum information and in the theory of optimal transport. It is also related to Riemannian geometry. In the first part of this paper we study this metric from the perspective of matrix analysis, simplifying and unifying various proofs. Then we develop a theory of a mean of two, and a barycentre of several, positive definite matrices with respect to this metric. We explain some recent work on a fixed point ite…
We study two extension problems, and their interconnections: (i) extension of positive definite (p.d.) continuous functions defined on subsets in locally compact groups $G$; and (ii) (in case of Lie groups $G$) representations of the associated Lie algebras $La\left(G\right)$, i.e., representations of $La\left(G\right)$ by unbounded skew-Hermitian operators acting in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space $\mathscr{H}_{F}$ (RKHS). Our analysis is non-trivial even if $G=\mathbb{R}^{n}$, and even if $n=1$. If $G=\mathbb{R}^{n}$, (ii), we are concerned with finding systems of strongly commuting selfa…
This paper intends to give some new estimates for Tsallis relative operator entropy ${{T}_{v}}\left( A|B \right)=\frac{A{{\natural}_{v}}B-A}{v}$. Let $A$ and $B$ be two positive invertible operators with the spectra contained in the interval $J \subset (0,\infty)$. We prove for any $v\in \left[ -1,0 \right)\cup \left( 0,1 \right]$, $$ (\ln_v t)A+\left( A{{\natural}_{v}}B+tA{{\natural}_{v-1}}B \right)\le {{T}_{v}}\left( A|B \right) \le (\ln_v s)A+{{s}^{v-1}}\left( B-sA \right) $$ where $s,t\in J$. Especially, the upper bound for Tsallis relative operator entropy is a non-trivial new result. Mea…
For positive definite matrices $A$ and $B$, the Kubo-Ando matrix power mean is defined as $$ P_μ(p, A, B) = A^{1/2}\left(\frac{1+(A^{-1/2}BA^{-1/2})^p}{2}\right )^{1/p} A^{1/2}\quad (p \ge 0). $$ In this paper, for $0\le p \le 1 \le q$, we show that if one of the following inequalities \begin{align*} f(P_μ(p, A, B)) \le f(P_μ(1, A, B)) \le f(P_μ(q, A, B))\nonumber \end{align*} holds for any positive definite matrices $A$ and $B$, then the function $f$ is operator monotone on $(0, \infty).$ We also study the inverse problem for non-Kubo-Ando matrix power means with the powers $1/2$ and $2$. As …
Given scalars $a_n (\neq 0)$ and $b_n$, $n \geq 0$, the tridiagonal kernel or band kernel with bandwidth $1$ is the positive definite kernel $k$ on the open unit disc $\mathbb{D}$ defined by \[ k(z, w) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \Big((a_n + b_n z)z^n\Big) \Big((\bar{a}_n + \bar{b}_n \bar{w}) \bar{w}^n \Big) \qquad (z, w \in \mathbb{D}). \] This defines a reproducing kernel Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_k$ (known as tridiagonal space) of analytic functions on $\mathbb{D}$ with $\{(a_n + b_nz) z^n\}_{n=0}^\infty$ as an orthonormal basis. We consider shift operators $M_z$ on $\mathcal{H}_k$ and prove that …
A left ideal of any $C^*$-algebra is an example of an operator algebra with a right contractive approximate identity (r.c.a.i.). Indeed left ideals in $C^*$-algebras may be characterized as the class of such operator algebras, which happen also to be triple systems. Conversely, we show here and in a sequel to this paper, that operator algebras with r.c.a.i. should be studied in terms of a certain left ideal of a $C^*$-algebra. We study left ideals from the perspective of `Hamana theory' and using the multiplier algebras introduced by the author. More generally, we develop some general theory f…
An operator convex function on (0,\infty) which satisfies the symmetry condition k(1/x) = x k(x) can be used to define a type of non-commutative multiplication by a positive definite matrix (or its inverse) using the primitive concepts of left and right multiplication and the functional calculus. The operators for the inverse can be used to define quadratic forms associated with Riemannian metrics which contract under the action of completely positive trace-preserving maps. We study the question of when these operators define maps which are also completely positive (CP). Although A --> D^{-1/2…
A left ideal of any C*-algebra is an example of an operator algebra with a right contractive approximate identity (r.c.a.i.). Conversely, we show here and in a `pre-quel' to this paper [B], that operator algebras with r.c.a.i. should be studied in terms of a certain left ideal of a C*-algebra. We study operator algebras and their multiplier algebras from the perspective of `Hamana theory' and using the multiplier algebras introduced by the first author.
Operator systems and positive extensions over discrete groups
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens（雅典国立卡波迪斯特里安大学）；Max Planck Institute for Mathematics（马克斯·普朗克数学研究所）；University of Delaware（特拉华大学）；Radboud University Nijmegen（奈梅亨拉德堡德大学）
