Tom Ward, Andrew Bolt, Nik Hemmings, Simon Carter, Manuel Sanchez, Ricardo Barreira, Seb Noury, Keith Anderson, Jay Lemmon, Jonathan Coe, Piotr Trochim, Tom Handley, Adrian Bolton
In the pursuit of artificial general intelligence, our most significant measurement of progress is an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments. Existing platforms for constructing such environments are typically constrained by the technologies they are founded on, and are therefore only able to provide a subset of scenarios necessary to evaluate progress. To overcome these shortcomings, we present our use of Unity, a widely recognized and comprehensive game engine, to create more diverse, complex, virtual simulations. We describe the concepts and components developed to simplify the authoring of these environments, intended for use predominantly in the field of reinforcement learning. We also introduce a practical approach to packaging and re-distributing environments in a way that attempts to improve the robustness and reproducibility of experiment results. To illustrate the versatility of our use of Unity compared to other solutions, we highlight environments already created using our approach from published papers. We hope that others can draw inspiration from how we adapted Unity to our needs, and anticipate increasingly varied and complex environments to emerge from our approach as familiarity grows.
Recent advances in artificial intelligence have been driven by the presence of increasingly realistic and complex simulated environments. However, many of the existing environments provide either unrealistic visuals, inaccurate physics, low task complexity, restricted agent perspective, or a limited capacity for interaction among artificial agents. Furthermore, many platforms lack the ability to flexibly configure the simulation, making the simulated environment a black-box from the perspective of the learning system. In this work, we propose a novel taxonomy of existing simulation platforms a…
Ithaca is a Fuzzy Logic (FL) plugin for developing artificial intelligence systems within the Unity game engine. Its goal is to provide an intuitive and natural way to build advanced artificial intelligence systems, making the implementation of such a system faster and more affordable. The software is made up by a C\# framework and an Application Programming Interface (API) for writing inference systems, as well as a set of tools for graphic development and debugging. Additionally, a Fuzzy Control Language (FCL) parser is provided in order to import systems previously defined using this standa…
The Alan Turing Institute（艾伦·图灵研究所）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）
Cybercriminals are rapidly developing new malicious tools that leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to enable new classes of adaptive and stealthy attacks. New defensive methods need to be developed to counter these threats. Some cybersecurity professionals are speculating AI will enable corresponding new classes of active cyber defence measures -- is this realistic, or currently mostly hype? The Alan Turing Institute, with expert guidance from the UK National Cyber Security Centre and Defence Science Technology Laboratory, published a research roadmap for AI for ACD last year. This position …
World Models in Artificial Intelligence: Sensing, Learning, and Reasoning Like a Child
TECNALIA, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)（泰克纳利亚，巴斯克研究与技术联盟（BRTA））；University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)（巴斯克大学（UPV/EHU））；Medical University Graz（格拉茨医科大学）；University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna（维也纳自然资源与生命科学大学）
Business intelligence (BI) is any knowledge derived from existing data that may be strategically applied within a business. Data mining is a technique or method for extracting BI from data using statistical data modeling. Finding relationships or correlations between the various data items that have been collected can be used to boost business performance or at the very least better comprehend what is going on. Root cause analysis (RCA) is discovering the root causes of problems or events to identify appropriate solutions. RCA can show why an event occurred and this can help in avoiding occurr…
Artificial Intelligence is a central topic in the computer science curriculum. From the year 2011 a project-based learning methodology based on computer games has been designed and implemented into the intelligence artificial course at the University of the Bio-Bio. The project aims to develop software-controlled agents (bots) which are programmed by using heuristic algorithms seen during the course. This methodology allows us to obtain good learning results, however several challenges have been founded during its implementation. In this paper we show how linguistic descriptions of data can he…
Can Requirements Engineering Support Explainable Artificial Intelligence? Towards a User-Centric Approach for Explainability Requirements
Institute of Software Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany Email；Institute of Software Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany
Artificial intelligence (AI) is supposed to help us make better choices. Some of these choices are small, like what route to take to work, or what music to listen to. Others are big, like what treatment to administer for a disease or how long to sentence someone for a crime. If AI can assist with these big decisions, we might think it can also help with hard choices, cases where alternatives are neither better, worse nor equal but on a par. The aim of this paper, however, is to show that this view is mistaken: the fact of parity shows that there are hard limits on AI in decision making and cho…
Inserm（法国国家健康与医学研究院）；Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3（图卢兹第三大学）；GIS Genotoul（Genotoul科学研究集团）；Université Fédérale de Toulouse（图卢兹联邦大学）；Groupement d’Intérêt Public e.santé Occitanie（奥克西塔尼电子健康公共利益集团）；IRIT-CNRS（图卢兹信息研究所-法国国家科学研究中心）
This paper proposes a comprehensive analysis of existing concepts coming from different disciplines tackling the notion of intelligence, namely psychology and engineering, and from disciplines aiming to regulate AI innovations, namely AI ethics and law. The aim is to identify shared notions or discrepancies to consider for qualifying AI systems. Relevant concepts are integrated into a matrix intended to help defining more precisely when and how computing tools (programs or devices) may be qualified as AI while highlighting critical features to serve a specific technical, ethical and legal asse…
Use of What-if Scenarios to Help Explain Artificial Intelligence Models for Neonatal Health
College of Health Solutions（健康解决方案学院）；School of Computing（计算学院）；Augmented Intelligence Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA（增强智能亚利桑那州立大学凤凰城亚利桑那州美国）；Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University（佐治亚医学学院（亚特兰大大学））；College of Health Solutions Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA（健康解决方案学院亚利桑那州立大学凤凰城亚利桑那州美国）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
University of Science and Technology Beijing（北京科技大学）；Beijing Engineering Research Center for Cyberspace Data Analysis and Applications（北京网络空间数据分析与应用工程研究中心）；China University of Petroleum（中国石油大学）；Ulster University（阿尔斯特大学）
Along with the development of modern computing technology and social sciences, both theoretical research and practical applications of social computing have been continuously extended. In particular with the boom of artificial intelligence (AI), social computing is significantly influenced by AI. However, the conventional technologies of AI have drawbacks in dealing with more complicated and dynamic problems. Such deficiency can be rectified by hybrid human-artificial intelligence (H-AI) which integrates both human intelligence and AI into one unity, forming a new enhanced intelligence. H-AI i…
These notes describe how the "SP theory of intelligence", and its embodiment in the "SP machine", may help to realise cognitive computing, as described in the book "Smart Machines". In the SP system, information compression and a concept of "multiple alignment" are centre stage. The system is designed to integrate such things as unsupervised learning, pattern recognition, probabilistic reasoning, and more. It may help to overcome the problem of variety in big data, it may serve in pattern recognition and in the unsupervised learning of structure in data, and it may facilitate the management an…
KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）；AI Sustainability Center（人工智能可持续发展中心）；Saxion University of Applied Sciences（萨克逊应用科学大学）
We discuss our insights into interpretable artificial-intelligence (AI) models, and how they are essential in the context of developing ethical AI systems, as well as data-driven solutions compliant with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We highlight the potential of extracting truly-interpretable models from deep-learning methods, for instance via symbolic models obtained through inductive biases, to ensure a sustainable development of AI.
Humans are increasingly coming into contact with artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. Human-centered artificial intelligence is a perspective on AI and ML that algorithms must be designed with awareness that they are part of a larger system consisting of humans. We lay forth an argument that human-centered artificial intelligence can be broken down into two aspects: (1) AI systems that understand humans from a sociocultural perspective, and (2) AI systems that help humans understand them. We further argue that issues of social responsibility such as fairness, accountability, i…
This paper contributes towards better understanding the energy consumption trade-offs of HPC scale Artificial Intelligence (AI), and more specifically Deep Learning (DL) algorithms. For this task we developed benchmark-tracker, a benchmark tool to evaluate the speed and energy consumption of DL algorithms in HPC environments. We exploited hardware counters and Python libraries to collect energy information through software, which enabled us to instrument a known AI benchmark tool, and to evaluate the energy consumption of numerous DL algorithms and models. Through an experimental campaign, we …
International Digital Economy Academy (IDEA)（国际数字经济研究院（IDEA））
Artificial intelligence (AI) has a history of nearly a century from its inception to the present day. We have summarized the development trends and discovered universal rules, including both success and failure. We have analyzed the reasons from both technical and philosophical perspectives to help understand the reasons behind the past failures and current successes of AI, and to provide a basis for thinking and exploring future development. Specifically, we have found that the development of AI in different fields, including computer vision, natural language processing, and machine learning,…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；NVIDIA（英伟达）；Vector Institute（向量研究所）
In this paper, we introduce Watch-And-Help (WAH), a challenge for testing social intelligence in agents. In WAH, an AI agent needs to help a human-like agent perform a complex household task efficiently. To succeed, the AI agent needs to i) understand the underlying goal of the task by watching a single demonstration of the human-like agent performing the same task (social perception), and ii) coordinate with the human-like agent to solve the task in an unseen environment as fast as possible (human-AI collaboration). For this challenge, we build VirtualHome-Social, a multi-agent household envi…
Colorado State University（科罗拉多州立大学）；Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere（大气研究合作研究所）
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently attracted great attention in geoscience due to their ability to capture non-linear system behavior and extract predictive spatiotemporal patterns. Given their black-box nature however, and the importance of prediction explainability, methods of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) are gaining popularity as a means to explain the CNN decision-making strategy. Here, we establish an intercomparison of some of the most popular XAI methods and investigate their fidelity in explaining CNN decisions for geoscientific applications. Our goal is to…
University of Augsburg（奥格斯堡大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）
Charisma is considered as one's ability to attract and potentially also influence others. Clearly, there can be considerable interest from an artificial intelligence's (AI) perspective to provide it with such skill. Beyond, a plethora of use cases opens up for computational measurement of human charisma, such as for tutoring humans in the acquisition of charisma, mediating human-to-human conversation, or identifying charismatic individuals in big social data. A number of models exist that base charisma on various dimensions, often following the idea that charisma is given if someone could and …
University of Maryland, Baltimore County（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校）
Due to the advancement in technologies, the next-generation wireless network will be very diverse, complicated, and according to the changed demands of the consumers. The current network operator methodologies and approaches are traditional and cannot help the next generation networks to utilize their resources most appropriately. The limited capability of the traditional tools will not allow the network providers to fulfill the demands of the network's subscribers in the future. Therefore, this paper will focus on machine learning, automation, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics f…
As with other commodities, markets could help us efficiently produce machine intelligence. We propose a market where intelligence is priced by other intelligence systems peer-to-peer across the internet. Peers rank each other by training neural networks which learn the value of their neighbors. Scores accumulate on a digital ledger where high ranking peers are monetarily rewarded with additional weight in the network. However, this form of peer-ranking is not resistant to collusion, which could disrupt the accuracy of the mechanism. The solution is a connectivity-based regularization which exp…
Interest in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence has been growing for decades and has accelerated recently. As Artificial Intelligence models have become more complex, and often more opaque, with the incorporation of complex machine learning techniques, explainability has become more critical. Recently, researchers have been investigating and tackling explainability with a user-centric focus, looking for explanations to consider trustworthiness, comprehensibility, explicit provenance, and context-awareness. In this chapter, we leverage our survey of explanation literature in Artifi…
In September 2016, Stanford's "One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence" project (AI100) issued the first report of its planned long-term periodic assessment of artificial intelligence (AI) and its impact on society. It was written by a panel of 17 study authors, each of whom is deeply rooted in AI research, chaired by Peter Stone of the University of Texas at Austin. The report, entitled "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030," examines eight domains of typical urban settings on which AI is likely to have impact over the coming years: transportation, home and service robots, healt…
We explain some key features of quantum computing via three heuristics and apply them to argue that a deep understanding of quantum computing is unlikely to be helpful to address current bottlenecks in Artificial Intelligence Alignment. Our argument relies on the claims that Quantum Computing leads to compute overhang instead of algorithmic overhang, and that the difficulties associated with the measurement of quantum states do not invalidate any major assumptions of current Artificial Intelligence Alignment research agendas. We also discuss tripwiring, adversarial blinding, informed oversight…
Electronic Intelligence (ELINT), often known as E-Intelligence, is intelligence obtained through electronic sensors. Other than personal communications, ELINT intelligence is usually obtained. The goal is usually to determine a target's capabilities, such as radar placement. Active or passive sensors can be employed to collect data. A provided signal is analyzed and contrasted to collected data for recognized signal types. The information may be stored if the signal type is detected; it can be classed as new if no match is found. ELINT collects and categorizes data. In a military setting (and …
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；University of Montreal（蒙特利尔大学）；University of Louisville（路易斯维尔大学）
With almost daily improvements in capabilities of artificial intelligence it is more important than ever to develop safety software for use by the AI research community. Building on our previous work on AI Containment Problem we propose a number of guidelines which should help AI safety researchers to develop reliable sandboxing software for intelligent programs of all levels. Such safety container software will make it possible to study and analyze intelligent artificial agent while maintaining certain level of safety against information leakage, social engineering attacks and cyberattacks fr…
Northeastern University（东北大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）
In the task abstraction phase of the visualization design process, including in "design studies", a practitioner maps the observed domain goals to generalizable abstract tasks using visualization theory in order to better understand and address the users needs. We argue that this manual task abstraction process is prone to errors due to designer biases and a lack of domain background and knowledge. Under these circumstances, a collaborator can help validate and provide sanity checks to visualization practitioners during this important task abstraction stage. However, having a human collaborato…
A Taxonomy of Omnicidal Futures Involving Artificial Intelligence
Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UC Berkeley（人类兼容人工智能中心，电气工程与计算机科学系，伯克利大学）；University of Toronto, Department of Mathematics（多伦多大学，数学系）
How Simulation Helps Autonomous Driving:A Survey of Sim2real, Digital Twins, and Parallel Intelligence
Hubei University（湖北大学）；Worcester Polytechnic Institute（伍斯特理工学院）；Beijing Huairou Academy of Parallel Sensing（北京怀柔平行传感研究院）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；Waytous Inc.（驭势科技（北京）有限公司）
There is a significant lack of unified approaches to building generally intelligent machines. The majority of current artificial intelligence research operates within a very narrow field of focus, frequently without considering the importance of the 'big picture'. In this document, we seek to describe and unify principles that guide the basis of our development of general artificial intelligence. These principles revolve around the idea that intelligence is a tool for searching for general solutions to problems. We define intelligence as the ability to acquire skills that narrow this search, d…
Little by little, newspapers are revealing the bright future that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is building. Intelligent machines will help everywhere. However, this bright future has a dark side: a dramatic job market contraction before its unpredictable transformation. Hence, in a near future, large numbers of job seekers will need financial support while catching up with these novel unpredictable jobs. This possible job market crisis has an antidote inside. In fact, the rise of AI is sustained by the biggest knowledge theft of the recent years. Learning AI machines are extracting knowledge f…
ETH Learning and Teaching Journal（ETH 学习与教学期刊）；Letterkenny Institute of Technology（莱特肯尼理工学院）
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a discipline of computer science that deals with machine intelligence. It is essential to bring AI into the context of learning because it helps in analysing the enormous amounts of data that is collected from individual students, teachers and academic staff. The major priorities of implementing AI in education are making innovative use of existing digital technologies for learning, and teaching practices that significantly improve traditional educational methods. The main problem with traditional learning is that it cannot be suited to every student in class. S…
Cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases to humans, and yet no permanent cure has been developed for it. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types. According to the National Breast Cancer foundation, in 2020 alone, more than 276,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer and more than 48,000 non-invasive cases were diagnosed in the US. To put these figures in perspective, 64% of these cases are diagnosed early in the disease's cycle, giving patients a 99% chance of survival. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have been used effectively in detection and treatment of severa…
Assessing risk for voluminous legal documents such as request for proposal; contracts is tedious and error prone. We have developed "risk-o-meter", a framework, based on machine learning and natural language processing to review and assess risks of any legal document. Our framework uses Paragraph Vector, an unsupervised model to generate vector representation of text. This enables the framework to learn contextual relations of legal terms and generate sensible context aware embedding. The framework then feeds the vector space into a supervised classification algorithm to predict whether a para…
Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Medical University of Vienna（维也纳医科大学人工智能研究所）
Research in artificial intelligence (AI) is addressing a growing number of tasks through a rapidly growing number of models and methodologies. This makes it difficult to keep track of where novel AI methods are successfully -- or still unsuccessfully -- applied, how progress is measured, how different advances might synergize with each other, and how future research should be prioritized. To help address these issues, we created the Intelligence Task Ontology and Knowledge Graph (ITO), a comprehensive, richly structured and manually curated resource on artificial intelligence tasks, benchmark …
California State University（加利福尼亚州立大学）；University of Kansas（堪萨斯大学）；M Health Information Systems, Inc.（3M健康信息系统公司）
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in Intensive Care Units (ICU). The strategy for treating sepsis involves the infusion of intravenous (IV) fluids and administration of antibiotics. Determining the optimal quantity of IV fluids is a challenging problem due to the complexity of a patient's physiology. In this study, we develop a data-driven optimization solution that derives the optimal quantity of IV fluids for individual patients. The proposed method minimizes the probability of severe outcomes by controlling the prescribed quantity of IV fluids and utilizes human-in-the-loop artif…
Artificial Intelligence for Collective Intelligence: A National-Scale Research Strategy
University of Bath（巴斯大学）；Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）；University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）；University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学）；University of Bristol（布里斯托尔大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Ulster University（阿尔斯特大学）
Nowadays, considering the speed of the processes and the amount of data used in cyber defense, it cannot be expected to have an effective defense by using only human power without the help of automation systems. However, for the effective defense against dynamically evolving attacks on networks, it is difficult to develop software with conventional fixed algorithms. This can be achieved by using artificial intelligence methods that provide flexibility and learning capability. The likelihood of developing cyber defense capabilities through increased intelligence of defense systems is quite high…
Much of the existing research on the social and ethical impact of Artificial Intelligence has been focused on defining ethical principles and guidelines surrounding Machine Learning (ML) and other Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms [IEEE, 2017, Jobin et al., 2019]. While this is extremely useful for helping define the appropriate social norms of AI, we believe that it is equally important to discuss both the potential and risks of ML and to inspire the community to use ML for beneficial objectives. In the present article, which is specifically aimed at ML practitioners, we thus focus more…
Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health（哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院）；Vienna University of Economics and Business（维也纳经济与商业大学）；University of Strasbourg（斯特拉斯堡大学）；University of Lorraine（洛林大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Quantum DataLab（量子数据实验室）
School of Information Technology, National University of Mongolia（蒙古国立大学信息技术学院）
Many methods have been developed to secure the network infrastructure and communication over the Internet. Intrusion detection is a relatively new addition to such techniques. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are used to find out if someone has intrusion into or is trying to get it the network. One big problem is amount of Intrusion which is increasing day by day. We need to know about network attack information using IDS, then analysing the effect. Due to the nature of IDSs which are solely signature based, every new intrusion cannot be detected; so it is important to introduce artificial in…
