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arXiv 2011.08208astro-ph.GA
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球状星团多星族中产生的Ca(和Sc)过剩:77个银河系球状星团的首次普查

Excess of Ca (and Sc) produced in globular cluster multiple populations: a first census in 77 Galactic globular clusters

Eugenio Carretta, Angela Bragaglia

摘要:

球状星团(GCs)中的多恒星星族由于轻元素丰度的不同而不同。丰度反相关指向核合成起源由于高温H燃烧,但仍有待评估哪种类型的恒星改变原始丰度的GC。特别是,在非常高的温度下形成钾以及钙和钪的变化的机制,已经在NGC 2419和NGC 2808等几个著名的案例中检测到,仍然很少探索。我们开始了一个系统的搜索过量的Ca(和Sc)在GC星相对于未修改的场星的水平。在少数GC(NGC 4833,NGC 6715,NGC 6402,NGC 5296,NGC 5824和NGC 5139/omega Centauri)中发现了这种过量的统计学证据,这些GC加入了先前已知的两个星团。这是我们第一次发现NGC 4833可能存在反相关的K和Mg丰度。所有这些GC都是银河系中最大的GC。我们发现,在3sigma以上的场星分布与钙增强的恒星的分数是一个多元函数的GC质量和金属丰度,在GC中的多人口现象的其他表现形式。我们认为,这些变化,只有少数GC可以复制两个不同的渠道:要么一类普通的恒星,这是共同的所有GC,只在特定的环境中的行为,或开关机制是由一个特殊类型的恒星(或缺乏这样的恒星)的发生。在低金属量区域的渐近巨星分支星的热底部燃烧是第一类的一个很好的候选者。另外,金属丰度的依赖性也预计超大质量恒星,这是预测优先形成大规模的GC。(节略)。

英文摘要:

Multiple stellar populations in globular clusters (GCs) are distinct by their different abundances of light elements. The abundance anti-correlations point towards a nucleosynthesis origin due to high-temperature H burning, but it remains to be assessed which type of stars altered primordial abundances in GCs. In particular, the regime at very high temperature that shapes the variations in potassium as well as calcium and scandium, which has been detected in a few notable cases such as NGC 2419 and NGC 2808, is still poorly explored. We started a systematic search for excess of Ca (and Sc) in GC stars with respect to the level of unmodified field stars. Statistically robust evidence of such excess was found in a small number of GCs (NGC 4833, NGC 6715, NGC 6402, NGC 5296, NGC 5824, and NGC 5139/omega Centauri) that join the previously known two clusters. For the first time we show that NGC 4833 is likely to host anti-correlated K and Mg abundances. All these GCs are among the most massive ones in the Galaxy. We found that the fraction of stars with Ca enhancement at 3sigma above the field star distribution is a multivariate function of the GC mass and metallicity, as in other manifestations of the multiple population phenomenon in GCs. We argue that these alterations in only a few GCs can be reproduced by two different channels: either a class of ordinary stars, that is common to all GCs, acts only in particular environments, or an on-off mechanism is generated by the occurrence of a peculiar type of stars (or lack of such stars). Hot bottom burning in asymptotic giant branch stars in the low-metallicity regime is a good candidate for the first class. Alternatively, a metallicity dependence is also expected for supermassive stars, which are predicted to preferentially form in massive GCs. (abridged).

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