The GRAVITY Young Stellar Object survey IV. The CO overtone emission in 51 Oph at sub-au scales
GRAVITY Collaboration, M. Koutoulaki, R. Garcia Lopez, A. Natta, R. Fedriani, A. Caratti oGaratti, T. P. Ray, D. Coffey, W. Brandner, C. Dougados, P. J. V Garci… 展开作者
GRAVITY Collaboration, M. Koutoulaki, R. Garcia Lopez, A. Natta, R. Fedriani, A. Caratti oGaratti, T. P. Ray, D. Coffey, W. Brandner, C. Dougados, P. J. V Garcia, L. Klarmann, L. Labadie, K. Perraut, J. Sanchez-Bermudez, C. -C. Lin, A. Amorim, M. Bauböck, M. Benisty, J. P. Berger, A. Buron, P. Caselli, Y. Clénet, V. Coudé du Foresto, P. T. de Zeeuw, G. Duvert, W. de Wit, A. Eckart, F. Eisenhauer, M. Filho, F. Gao, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, S. Gillessen, R. Grellmann, M. Habibi, X. Haubois, F. Haussmann, T. Henning, S. Hippler, Z. Hubert, M. Horrobin, A. Jimenez Rosales, L. Jocou, P. Kervella, J. Kolb, S. Lacour, J. -B. Le Bouquin, P. Léna, H. Linz, T. Ott, T. Paumard, G. Perrin, O. Pfuhl, M. C. Ramírez-Tannus, C. Rau, G. Rousset, S. Scheithauer, J. Shangguan, J. Stadler, O. Straub, C. Straubmeier, E. Sturm, E. van Dishoeck, F. Vincent, S. von Fellenberg, F. Widmann, E. Wieprecht, M. Wiest, E. Wiezorrek, S. Yazici, G. Zins
51 Oph is a Herbig Ae/Be star that exhibits strong near-infrared CO ro-vibrational emission at 2.3 micron, most likely originating in the innermost regions of a circumstellar disc. We aim to obtain the physical and geometrical properties of the system by spatially resolving the circumstellar environment of the inner gaseous disc. We used the second-generation VLTI/GRAVITY to spatially resolve the continuum and the CO overtone emission. We obtained data over 12 baselines with the auxiliary telescopes and derive visibilities, and the differential and closure phases as a function of wavelength. We used a simple LTE ring model of the CO emission to reproduce the spectrum and CO line displacements. Our interferometric data show that the star is marginally resolved at our spatial resolution, with a radius of 10.58+-2.65 Rsun.The K-band continuum emission from the disc is inclined by 63+-1 deg, with a position angle of 116+-1 deg, and 4+-0.8 mas (0.5+-0.1 au) across. The visibilities increase within the CO line emission, indicating that the CO is emitted within the dust-sublimation radius.By modelling the CO bandhead spectrum, we derive that the CO is emitted from a hot (T=1900-2800 K) and dense (NCO=(0.9-9)x10^21 cm^-2) gas. The analysis of the CO line displacement with respect to the continuum allows us to infer that the CO is emitted from a region 0.10+-0.02 au across, well within the dust-sublimation radius. The inclination and position angle of the CO line emitting region is consistent with that of the dusty disc. Our spatially resolved interferometric observations confirm the CO ro-vibrational emission within the dust-free region of the inner disc. Conventional disc models exclude the presence of CO in the dust-depleted regions of Herbig AeBe stars. Ad hoc models of the innermost disc regions, that can compute the properties of the dust-free inner disc, are therefore required.
We report the discovery of two methane dwarfs in the dark cloud L 1688 of the Rho Oph star-forming region. The two objects were among the T dwarf candidates with possible methane absorption and cool atmospheres, as diagnosed by infrared colors using deep WIRCam/CFHT HK plus CH4ON images, and IRAC/Spitzer c2d data. Follow-up spectroscopic observations with the FLAMINGOS-2/Gemini South confirmed the methane absorption at 1.6 micron. Compared with spectral templates of known T dwarfs in the field, i.e., of the old populations, Oph J162738-245240 (Oph-T3) is a T0/T1 type, whereas Oph J162645-24194…
We present spatial and kinematic correlation between the young stellar population and the cloud clumps in the Ophiuchus star-forming region. The stellar sample consists of known young objects at various evolutionary stages, taken from the literature, some of which are diagnosed with Gaia EDR3 parallax and proper-motion measurements. The molecular gas is traced by the 850 $μ$m Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array-2 image, reaching $\sim$2.3 mJy beam$^{-1}$, the deepest so far for the region, stacked from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope/Transient program aiming to detect submillimeter out…
We present near-IR spectra of a sample of T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be, and FU Ori objects. Using the FSPEC instrument on the Bok 90-inch telescope, we obtained K-band spectra with a resolution of ~3500. Here we present spectra of the v=2->0 and v=3->1 bandheads of ro-vibrational transitions of carbon monoxide. We observed these spectra over multiple epochs spaced by a few days and approximately one month. Several of our targets show CO emission or absorption features. However we see little evidence of variability in these features across multiple epochs. We compare our results with previous observat…
SONYC - Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters - is a survey program to investigate the frequency and properties of substellar objects with masses down to a few times that of Jupiter in nearby star-forming regions. For the ~1Myr old rho Ophiuchi cluster, in our earlier paper we reported deep, wide-field optical and near-infrared imaging using Subaru, combined with 2MASS and Spitzer photometry, as well as follow-up spectroscopy confirming three likely cluster members, including a new brown dwarf with a mass close to the deuterium-burning limit. Here we present the results of extensive new …
To date, there is no explanation as to why disc-tracing CO first overtone (or `bandhead') emission is not a ubiquitous feature in low- to medium-resolution spectra of massive young stellar objects, but instead is only detected toward approximately 25 per cent of their spectra. In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis that only certain mass accretion rates result in detectable bandhead emission in the near infrared spectra of MYSOs. Using an analytic disc model combined with an LTE model of the CO emission, we find that high accretion rates ($\gtrsim 10^{-4}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}{\mathrm{yr}}^{-…
We conducted an infrared search for faint companions around 351 young stellar objects in the rho Ophiucus molecular cloud and the Serpens molecular cloud. Nine objects in the Spitzer/IRAC archival images were identified as young stellar companion candidates. They showed an intrinsic infrared excess; one object was extremely red both in the [3.6] - [4.5] color and in the [4.5] - [5.8] color, and two objects were red in the [4.5] - [5.8] color. They were as faint as 15 mag in the [3.6] band. Follow-up K-band spectroscopy revealed that three objects had deep water absorption bands, indicative of …
We present ALMA continuum and spectral line observations of the young Brown Dwarf rho-Oph 102 at about 0.89 mm and 3.2 mm. We detect dust emission from the disk at these wavelengths and derive an upper limit on the radius of the dusty disk of ~ 40 AU. The derived variation of the dust opacity with frequency in the mm provides evidence for the presence of mm-sized grains in the disk outer regions. This result demonstrates that mm-grains are found even in the low density environments of Brown Dwarf disks and challenges our current understanding of dust evolution in disks. The CO map at 345 GHz c…
Keck Observations in the INfrared of Taurus and $ρ$ Oph Exoplanets And Ultracool dwarfs (KOINTREAU) II: Two Young Bound Companions to Ophiuchus Stars
Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa（夏威夷大学马诺阿分校天文研究所）；Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院天文学系）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学天文研究所）；Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院凯尔天文与天体物理中心）；P.E.S., Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur（蔚蓝海岸观测站）；California State University Northridge（北岭加州州立大学）
We report the discovery of a young planetary-mass brown dwarf in the rho Oph cloud core. The object was identified as such with the aid of a 1.5-2.4 micron low-resolution spectrum obtained using the NIRC instrument on the Keck I telescope. Based on the COND model, the observed spectrum is consistent with a reddened (Av ~ 15-16) brown dwarf whose effective temperature is in the range 1200-1800 K. For an assumed age of 1 Myr, comparison with isochrones further constrains the temperature to ~ 1400 K and suggests a mass of ~ 2-3 Jupiter masses. The inferred temperature is suggestive of an early T …
Context. Young and embedded stellar populations are important probes of the star formation process. Paradoxically, we have a better census of nearby embedded young populations than the slightly more evolved optically visible young populations. The high accuracy measurements and all-sky coverage of Gaia data are about to change this situation. Aims. This work aims to construct the most complete sample to date of YSOs in the $ρ$ Oph region. Methods. We compile a catalog of 1114 Ophiuchus YSOs from the literature and crossmatch it with the Gaia EDR3, Gaia-ESO and APOGEE-2 surveys. We apply a mult…
We present high resolution (R~50,000) spectroastrometry over the CO 1st overtone bandhead of a sample of seven intermediate/massive young stellar objects. These are primarily drawn from the red MSX source (RMS) survey, a systematic search for young massive stars which has returned a large, well selected sample of such objects. The mean luminosity of the sample is approximately 5 times 10^4 L_\odot, indicating the objects typically have a mass of ~15 solar masses. We fit the observed bandhead profiles with a model of a circumstellar disc, and find good agreement between the models and observati…
We present the discovery of a planetary-mass companion to CFHTWIR-Oph 98, a low-mass brown dwarf member of the young Ophiuchus star-forming region, with a wide 200-au separation (1.46 arcsec). The companion was identified using Hubble Space Telescope images, and confirmed to share common proper motion with the primary using archival and new ground-based observations. Based on the very low probability of the components being unrelated Ophiuchus members, we conclude that Oph 98 AB forms a binary system. From our multi-band photometry, we constrain the primary to be an M9-L1 dwarf, and the faint …
We present measurements of the orbital positions and flux ratios of 17 binary and triple systems in the Ophiuchus star forming region and the Upper Centaurus-Lupus cluster based on adaptive optics imaging at the Keck Observatory. We report the detection of visual companions in MML 50 and MML 53 for the first time, as well as the possible detection of a third component in WSB 21. For six systems in our sample, our measurements provide a second orbital position following their initial discoveries over a decade ago. For eight systems with sufficient orbital coverage, we analyze the range of orbit…
Star formation in molecular clouds can be triggered by the dynamical action of winds from massive stars. Furthermore, X-ray and UV fluxes from massive stars can influence the life time of surrounding circumstellar disks. We present the results of a 53 ks XMM-Newton observation centered on the Rho Ophiuchi A+B binary system. Rho Ophiiuchi lies in the center of a ring of dust, likely formed by the action of its winds. This region is different from the dense core of the cloud (L1688 Core F) where star formation is at work. X-rays are detected from Rho Ophiuchi as well as a group of surrounding X-…
We report the orbital parameters for ROXR1 14 and RX J1622.7-2325Nw, two young, low-mass, and double-lined spectroscopic binaries recently discovered in the Ophiuchus star forming region. Accurate orbital solutions were determined from over a dozen high-resolution spectra taken with the Keck II and Gemini South telescopes. These objects are T Tauri stars with mass ratios close to unity and periods of ~5 and ~3 days, respectively. In particular, RX J1622.7-2325Nw shows a non-circularized orbit with an eccentricity of 0.30, higher than any other short-period pre-main sequence spectroscopic binar…
We report here our search for molecular outflows from young very low mass stars and brown dwarfs in Taurus and rho Ophiuchi. Using the Submillimeter Array (SMA) and the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), we have observed 4 targets at 1.3 mm wavelength (230 GHz) to search for CO J=2-->1 outflows. A young very low mass star MHO 5 (in Taurus) with an estimated mass of 90 M_J, which is just above the hydrogen-burning limit, shows two gas lobes that are likely outflows. While the CO map of MHO 5 does not show a clear structure of outflow, possibly due to environment g…
SONYC - Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters - is a survey program to investigate the frequency and properties of brown dwarfs down to masses below the Deuterium burning limit in nearby star forming regions. In this second paper, we present results on the ~1 Myr old cluster Rho Ophiuchi, combining our own deep optical and near-infrared imaging using Subaru with photometry from the 2-Micron All Sky Survey and the Spitzer Space Telescope. Of the candidates selected from iJKs photometry, we have confirmed three -- including a new brown dwarf with a mass close to the Deuterium limit -- as l…
The study of the properties of disks around young brown dwarfs can provide important clues on the formation of these very low-mass objects and on the possibility of forming planetary systems around them. The presence of warm dusty disks around brown dwarfs is well known, based on near- and mid-infrared studies. High angular resolution observations of the cold outer disk are limited; we used ALMA to attempt a first survey of young brown dwarfs in the $ρ$-Oph star-forming region. All 17 young brown dwarfs in our sample were observed at 890 $μ$m in the continuum at $\sim0.\!^{\prime\prime}5$ angu…
ISO-Oph-50 is a young low-mass object in the ~Myr old Ophiuchus star forming region undergoing dramatic changes in its optical/near/mid-infrared brightness by 2-4 mag. We present new multi-band photometry and near-infrared spectra, combined with a synopsis of the existing literature data. Based on the spectroscopy, the source is confirmed as a mid M dwarf, with evidence for ongoing accretion. The near-infrared lightcurves show large-scale variations, with 2-4 mag amplitude in the bands IJHK, with the object generally being bluer when faint. Near its brightest state, the object shows colour cha…
The origin of the lowest mass free-floating objects -- brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects -- is one of the major unsolved problems in star formation. Establishing a census of young substellar objects is a fundamental prerequisite for distinguishing between competing theoretical scenarios. Such a census allows us to probe the initial mass function (IMF), binary statistics, and properties of accretion disks. Our SONYC (Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters) survey relies on extremely deep wide-field optical and near-infrared imaging, with follow-up spectroscopy, in combination with Sp…
We present large-scale ($\sim$ 2000 square arcminutes), deep ($\sim$ 20 $μ$Jy), high-resolution ($\sim$ 1$''$) radio observations of the Ophiuchus star-forming complex obtained with the Karl G.\ Jansky Very Large Array at $λ$ = 4 and 6 cm. In total, 189 sources were detected, 56 of them associated with known young stellar sources, and 4 with known extragalactic objects; the other 129 remain unclassified, but most of them are most probably background quasars. The vast majority of the young stars detected at radio wavelengths have spectral types K or M, although we also detect 4 objects of A/F/B…
We present near infrared spectroscopy of the recurrent nova RS Oph obtained on several occasions after its latest outburst in 2006 February. The 1-5 mircon spectra are dominated by the red giant, but the H I, He I, and coronal lines present during the eruption are present in all our observations. From the fits of the computed infrared spectral energy distributions to the observed fluxes we find T_eff=4200+/-200,K for the red giant. The first overtone CO bands at 2.3 micron, formed in the atmosphere of the red giant, are variable. The spectra clearly exhibit an infrared excess due to dust emiss…
We present the design and implementation of a medium-band near-IR filter tailored for detecting low-mass stars and brown dwarfs from the summit of Maunakea. The W-band filter is centered at 1.45 micron with a bandpass width of 6%, designed to measure the depth of the H2O water absorption prominent in objects with spectral types of M6 and later. When combined with standard J- and H-band photometry, the W-band filter is designed to determine spectral types to $\approx$1.4 subtypes for late-M and L dwarfs, largely independent of surface gravity and reddening. This filter's primary application is …
Observations of young stellar objects (YSOs) in centimeter bands can probe the continuum emission from growing dust grains, ionized winds, and magnetospheric activity, which are intimately connected to the evolution of protoplanetary disks and the formation of planets. We have carried out sensitive continuum observations toward the Ophiuchus A star-forming region using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at 10 GHz over a field-of-view of 6$'$ with a spatial resolution of $θ_{maj}$ $\times$ $θ_{min}$ $\sim$ 0.4$''$ $\times$ 0.2$''$. We achieved a 5 $μ$Jy beam$^{-1}$ root-mean-square noise…
The $K2$ Mission has photometrically monitored thousands of stars at high precision and cadence in a series of $\sim$80-day campaigns focused on sections of the ecliptic plane. During its second campaign, $K2$ targeted over 1000 young stellar objects (YSOs) in the $\sim$1-3 Myr $ρ$ Ophiuchus and 5-10 Myr Upper Scorpius regions. From this set, we have carefully vetted photometry from {\em WISE} and {\em Spitzer} to identify those YSOs with infrared excess indicative of primordial circumstellar disks. We present here the resulting comprehensive sample of 288 young disk-bearing stars from B throu…
We investigate the internal and relative motions of the Taurus and Ophiuchus star-forming regions using a sample of young stars with accurately measured radial velocities and proper motions. We find no evidence for expansion or contraction of the Taurus complex, but a clear indication for a global rotation, resulting in velocity gradients, this suggests a common origin, possibly related to that of Gould's Belt.
The infrared [Ne II] and [Ne III] fine structure lines at 12.81um and 15.55um are predicted to trace the circumstellar disk gas subject to X-ray heating and ionization. We investigate the origin of these lines by comparing observations with models of X-ray irradiated disks and by searching for empirical correlations between the line luminosities and stellar and circumstellar parameters. We measure neon line fluxes and X-ray luminosities for 28 young stellar objects in the Rho Ophiuchi star formation region for which good quality infrared spectra and X-ray data have been obtained, the former wi…
The formation of spectroscopic binaries (SB) may be a natural byproduct of star formation. The early dynamical evolution of multiple stellar systems after the initial fragmentation of molecular clouds leaves characteristic imprints on the properties of young, multiple stars. The discovery and the characterization of the youngest SB will allow us to infer the mechanisms and timescales involved in their formation. Our work aims to find spectroscopic companions around young stellar objects (YSO). We present a near-IR high-resolution (R ~ 60000) multi-epoch radial velocity survey of 7 YSO in the s…
We have performed a survey for new members of the Ophiuchus cloud complex using high-precision astrometry from the second data release of Gaia, proper motions measured with multi-epoch images from the Spitzer Space Telescope, and color-magnitude diagrams constructed with photometry from various sources. Through spectroscopy of candidates selected with those data, we have identified 155 new young stars. Based on available measurements of kinematics, we classify 102, 47, and six of those stars as members of Ophiuchus, Upper Sco, and other populations in Sco-Cen, respectively. We have also assess…
We have analyzed Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle 4 Band 6 data toward two young stellar objects (YSOs), Oph-emb5 and Oph-emb9, in the Ophiuchus star-forming region. The YSO Oph-emb5 is located in a relatively quiescent region, whereas Oph-emb9 is irradiated by a nearby bright Herbig Be star. Molecular lines from $cyclic$-C$_{3}$H$_{2}$ ($c$-C$_{3}$H$_{2}$), H$_{2}$CO, CH$_{3}$OH, $^{13}$CO, C$^{18}$O, and DCO$^{+}$ have been detected from both sources, while DCN is detected only in Oph-emb9. Around Oph-emb5, $c$-C$_{3}$H$_{2}$ is enhanced at the west side, relative to…
Recent studies have identified several young stellar objects (YSOs) which exhibit significant mid-infrared (mid-IR) variability. A wide range of physical mechanisms may be responsible for these variations, including changes in a YSO's accretion rate or in the extinction or emission from the inner disk. We have obtained and analyzed multi-epoch near-infrared (NIR) spectra for five actively accreting YSOs in the $ρ$ Oph star-forming region along with contemporaneous mid-IR light curves obtained as part of the YSOVAR Spitzer/IRAC survey. Four of the five YSOs exhibit mid-IR light curves with mode…
We report the results of the first deep, wide-field, near-infrared methane imaging survey of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud core to search for T dwarfs. Among the 6587 objects detected, 22 were identified as T dwarf candidates. Brown dwarf models indicate that at the age and distance of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud, these T dwarf candidates have masses between 1 and 2 Jupiter masses. If confirmed as genuine T dwarfs, these objects would be the youngest, lowest mass, and lowest gravity free-floating objects ever directly observed. The existence of these candidates suggests that the initial mass function of t…
The Gaia ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey (GES) is providing the astronomical community with high-precision measurements of many stellar parameters including radial velocities (RVs) of stars belonging to several young clusters and star-forming regions. One of the main goals of the young cluster observations is to study of their dynamical evolution and provide insight into their future, revealing if they will eventually disperse to populate the field, rather than evolve into bound open clusters. In this paper we report the analysis of the dynamical state of L1688 in the $ρ$~Ophiuchi molecular cl…
We present ten young ($\lesssim$10 Myr) late-K and M dwarf stars observed in K2 Campaign 2 that host protoplanetary disks and exhibit quasi-periodic or aperiodic dimming events. Their optical light curves show $\sim$10-20 dips in flux over the 80-day observing campaign with durations of $\sim$0.5-2 days and depths of up to $\sim$40%. These stars are all members of the $ρ$ Ophiuchus ($\sim$1 Myr) or Upper Scorpius ($\sim$10 Myr) star-forming regions. To investigate the nature of these "dippers" we obtained: optical and near-infrared spectra to determine stellar properties and identify accretion…
We attempt to determine the molecular composition of disks around young low-mass stars in the $ρ$ Oph region and to compare our results with a similar study performed in the Taurus-Auriga region. We used the IRAM 30 m telescope to perform a sensitive search for CN N=2-1 in 29 T Tauri stars located in the $ρ$ Oph and upper Scorpius regions. $^{13}$CO J=2-1 is observed simultaneously to provide an indication of the level of confusion with the surrounding molecular cloud. The bandpass also contains two transitions of ortho-H$_2$CO, one of SO, and the C$^{17}$O J=2-1 line, which provides complemen…
We present the results of an optical photometry and high-resolution spectroscopy campaign for a modest sample of X-ray selected stars in the Chamaeleon and Rho Ophiuchus star forming regions. With R~50000 optical spectra, we establish kinematic membership of the parent association and confirm stellar youth for each star in our sample. With the acquisition of new standardized BVIc photometry, in concert with near-infrared data from the literature, we derive age and mass from stellar positions in model-dependent Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams. We compare isochronal ages derived using colour-depend…
We present a systematic search for Fe Kalpha emission from young stellar objects of the rho Ophiuchi star forming region observed in the Deep Rho Ophiuchi XMM-Newton Observation (DROXO).
Young stars interact with their accretion disk through their strong magnetosphere. We investigate the magnetospheric accretion process in the young stellar system DoAr 44. We monitored the system over several rotational cycles, combining high-resolution optical and near-IR spectropolarimetry with long-baseline near-IR interferometry and multicolor photometry. DoAr 44 is a young 1.2 solar mass star, moderately accreting from its disk, and seen at a low inclination. We derive a rotational period of 2.96 d from the system's light curve. Several optical and near-IR line profiles probing the accret…
We present ALMA $^{12}$CO (2-1), $^{13}$CO (2-1), C$^{18}$O (2-1) molecular line observations of a very young proto-brown dwarf system, ISO-OPH 200. We have conducted physical+chemical modelling of the complex internal structure for this system using the core collapse simulations for brown dwarf formation. The model at an age of $\sim$6000 yr can provide a good fit to the observed kinematics, spectra, and reproduce the complex structures seen in the moment maps. Results from modelling indicate that $^{12}$CO emission is tracing an extended ($\sim$1000 au) molecular outflow and a bright shock k…
We present new ATCA observations at 3.3 mm of 27 young stellar objects in the rho-Oph young cluster. 25 of these sources have been detected. We analyze the sub-millimeter and millimeter SED for a subsample of 17 isolated class II protoplanetary disks and derive constraints on the grain growth and total dust mass in the disk outer regions. All the disks in our sample show a mm slope of the SED which is significantly shallower than the one observed for the ISM at these long wavelengths. This indicates that 1) class II disks in Ophiuchus host grains grown to mm/cm-sizes in their outer regions, 2)…
We have completed an optical spectroscopic survey of an unbiased, extinction-limited sample of candidate young stars covering 1.3 square degrees of the Rho Ophiuchi star forming region. While infrared, X-ray, and optical surveys of the cloud have identified many young stellar objects (YSOs), these surveys are biased towards particular stages of stellar evolution and are not optimal for studies of the disk frequency and initial mass function.We have obtained over 300 optical spectra to help identify 135 association members based on the presence of H-alpha in emission, lithium absorption, X-ray …
We present low-resolution Keck I/LRIS spectra spanning from 3200-9000 A of nine young brown dwarfs and three low-mass stars in the TW Hya Association and in Upper Sco. The optical spectral types of the brown dwarfs range from M5.5-M8.75, though two have near-IR spectral types of early L-dwarfs. We report new accretion rates derived from excess Balmer continuum emission for the low-mass stars TW Hya and Hen 3-600A and the brown dwarfs 2MASS J12073347-3932540, UScoCTIO 128, SSSPM J1102-3431, UScoJ160606.29-233513.3, DENIS-P J160603.9-205644, and Oph J162225-240515B, and upper limits on accretion…
X-rays from very young stars are powerful probes to investigate the mechanisms at work in the very first stages of the star formation and the origin of X-ray emission in very young stars. We present results from a 500 ks long observation of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud with a XMM-Newton large program named DROXO, aiming at studying the X-ray emission of deeply embedded Young Stellar Objects (YSOs). The data acquired during the DROXO program were reduced with SAS software, and filtered in time and energy to improve the signal to noise of detected sources; light curves and spectra were obtained. We de…
The physical processes leading to the disappearance of disks around young stars are not well understood. A subclass of transitional disks, the so-called cold disks with large inner dust holes, provide a crucial laboratory for studying disk dissipation processes. IRS 48 has a 30 AU radius hole previously measured from dust continuum imaging at 18.7 micron. Using new optical spectra, we determine that IRS 48 is a pre-main sequence A0 star. In order to characterize this disk's gas distribution, we obtained AO-assisted VLT CRIRES high resolution (R ~100,000) spectra of the CO fundamental rovibrati…
In early 2008, the young low-mass star EX Lupi, the prototype of the EXor class of eruptive variables, optically brightened by over five magnitudes for a period of 7 months. The previous time a change of such amplitude had been observed in EX Lup was over 50 years ago. In this Letter we present new optical and near-IR high resolution spectroscopy of EX~Lup during the 2008 outburst. We investigate the physical characteristics of the outburst both soon after it began and some four months later, and consider the energetics and kinematics observed. Emission line strengths, widths, and profiles cha…
A search for young substellar objects in the rho Oph cloud core region has been made using the deep-integration Combined Calibration Scan images of the 2MASS extended mission in J, H and Ks bands, and Spitzer IRAC images at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 microns. The field of view of the combined observations was 1 deg x 9.3 arcmin, and the 5 sigma limiting magnitude at J was 20.5. Comparison of the observed SEDs with the predictions of the COND and DUSTY models, for an assumed age of 1 Myr, supports the identification of many of the sources with brown dwarfs, and enables the estimation of effective te…
Transition disc systems are young stars that appear to be on the verge of dispersing their protoplanetary discs. We explore the nature of these systems by comparing the stellar accretion rates and disc masses of transition discs and normal T Tauri stars in Taurus and Ophiuchus. After controlling for the known dependencies of stellar accretion rate and disc mass and on age, stellar accretion rate on stellar mass, and disc mass on the presence of stellar or sub-stellar companions, we find that the normal T Tauri stars show a trend of stellar accretion rate increasing with disc mass. The transiti…
We present a comprehensive study of the variability properties of young disk-bearing stars in the Taurus star-forming region, paralleling our previous investigation in rho Oph and Upper Sco. A sample of 99 confirmed Taurus association members is placed in the diagnostic Q-M plane of flux asymmetry (M) and quasi-periodicity (Q), which guides our assignment of variability classes. We find a similar proportion of flux-symmetric variables in Taurus, but more bursters and fewer dippers relative to Upper Sco. The regions also differ in that the amplitudes for periodic and quasi-periodic sources are …
Circumstantial evidence suggests that magnetism and enhanced X-ray emission are likely correlated in early B-type stars: similar fractions of them ($\sim$ 10 %) are strong and hard X-ray sources and possess strong magnetic fields. It is also known that some B-type stars have spots on their surface. Yet up to now no X-ray activity associated with spots on early-type stars was detected. In this Letter we report the detection of a magnetic field on the B2V star $ρ$ Oph A. Previously, we assessed that the X-ray activity of this star is associated with a surface spot, herewith we establish its magn…
Classical T Tauri stars are young low-mass systems still accreting material from their disks. These systems are dynamic on timescales of hours to years. The observed variability can help us infer the physical processes that occur in the circumstellar environment. We aim at understanding the dynamics of the magnetic interaction between the star and the inner accretion disk in young stellar objects. We present the case of the young stellar system V2129 Oph, which is a well-known T Tauri star. We performed a time series analysis of this star using high-resolution spectroscopic data at optical and…
Unveiling Stellar Feedback and Cloud Structure in the $ρ$ Ophiuchi A Region with ALMA and JWST: Discovery of Substellar Cores, C$^{18}$O Striations, and Protostellar Outflows
We present analysis of near-infrared, high-resolution spectroscopy towards the Flat-spectrum YSO (Young Stellar Object) ESO H$α$ 279a (1.5 solar mass) in the Serpens star forming region, at the distance of 429 pc. Using the Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrometer (IGRINS, R=45,000), we detect emission lines originating from the accretion channel flow, jet, and inner disk. Specifically, we identify hydrogen Brackett series recombination, [Fe II], [Fe III], [Fe IV], Ca I, Na I, H2, H2O and CO overtone emission lines. By modeling five bands of CO overtone emission lines, and the symmetric double-…
We investigate to what degree local physical and chemical conditions are related to the evolutionary status of various objects in star-forming media. rho Oph A displays the entire sequence of low-mass star formation in a small volume of space. Using spectrophotometric line maps of H2, H2O, NH3, N2H+, O2, OI, CO, and CS, we examine the distribution of the atomic and molecular gas in this dense molecular core. The physical parameters of these species are derived, as are their relative abundances in rho Oph A. Using radiative transfer models, we examine the infall status of the cold dense cores f…
We present 29 likely members of the young $ρ$ Oph or Upper Sco regions of recent star formation that exhibit "accretion burst" type light curves in $K2$ time series photometry. The bursters were identified by visual examination of their ~80 day light curves, though all satisfy the $M < -0.25$ flux asymmetry criterion for burst behavior defined by Cody et al. (2014). The burst sources represent $\approx$9% of cluster members with strong infrared excess indicative of circumstellar material. Higher amplitude burster behavior is correlated with larger inner disk infrared excesses, as inferred from…
A JWST, ALMA and VLA survey of the Ophiuchus-A star-forming region: Unveiling hidden dust mass and connecting infrared outflows to their radio origins
University of Leeds（利兹大学）；Universitat de Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学）；Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚空间研究所）；National Sun Yat-Sen University（国立中山大学）；National Taiwan Normal University（国立台湾师范大学）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）
We report the likely detection of near-infrared 2.29 $μ$m first overtone Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission from the young supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A). The continuum-subtracted CO filter map reveals CO knots within the ejecta-rich reverse shock. We compare the first overtone CO emission with that found in the well-studied supernova, SN 1987A and find $\sim$30 times less CO in Cas A. The presence of CO suggests that molecule mixing is small in the SN ejecta and that astrochemical processes and molecule formation may continue at least ~300 years after the initial explosion.
We aim at performing a kinematic census of young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Rho Ophiuchi F core and partially in the E core of the L1688 dark cloud. We run a proper motion program at the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) with the Son of ISAAC (SOFI) instrument over nine years in the near-infrared. We complemented these observations with various public image databases to enlarge the time base of observations and the field of investigation to 0.5 deg X 0.5 deg. We derived positions and proper motions for 2213 objects. From these, 607 proper motions were derived from SOFI observations with a …
Our general understanding of multiple star and planet formation is primarily based on observations of young multiple systems in low density regions like Tau-Aur and Oph. Since many, if not most, of the stars are born in clusters, observational constraints from young binaries in those environments are fundamental for understanding both the formation of multiple systems and planets in multiple systems throughout the Galaxy. We build upon the largest survey for young binaries in the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) which is based on Hubble Space Telescope observations to derive both stellar and circums…
