We present low-resolution Keck I/LRIS spectra spanning from 3200-9000 A of nine young brown dwarfs and three low-mass stars in the TW Hya Association and in Upper Sco. The optical spectral types of the brown dwarfs range from M5.5-M8.75, though two have near-IR spectral types of early L-dwarfs. We report new accretion rates derived from excess Balmer continuum emission for the low-mass stars TW Hya and Hen 3-600A and the brown dwarfs 2MASS J12073347-3932540, UScoCTIO 128, SSSPM J1102-3431, UScoJ160606.29-233513.3, DENIS-P J160603.9-205644, and Oph J162225-240515B, and upper limits on accretion for the low-mass star Hen 3-600B and the brown dwarfs UScoCTIO 112, Oph J162225-240515A, and USco J160723.82-221102.0. For the six brown dwarfs in our sample that are faintest at short wavelengths, the accretion luminosity or upper limit is measurable only when the image is binned over large wavelength intervals. This method extends our sensivity to accretion rate down to ~1e-13 solar masses/year for brown dwarfs. Since the ability to measure an accretion rate from excess Balmer continuum emission depends on the contrast between excess continuum emission and the underlying photosphere, for objects with earlier spectral types the upper limit on accretion rate is much higher. Absolute uncertainties in our accretion rate measurements of ~3-5 include uncertainty in accretion models, brown dwarf masses, and distance. The accretion rate of 2e-12 solar masses/year onto 2MASS J12073347-3932540 is within 15% of two previous measurements, despite large changes in the H-alpha flux.
我们提出了敏感的3.0厘米JVLA无线电连续观测六个地区的低质量恒星形成,包括12个年轻的棕矮星和4个年轻的棕矮星候选人。我们在观测场中共探测到49个致密射电源,其中24个没有报告对应物,被认为是新的探测。其中12个射电源显示出数周至数月的时间尺度的变化,这表明回旋同步辐射产生于活跃的磁层。只有一个目标褐矮星FU Tau A被探测到。然而,我们探测到了与两颗褐矮星候选者WL 20S和CHLT 2相关的无线电发射。与这些褐矮星候选者相关的源的无线电通量密度比预期的褐矮星大一个数量级以上,并建议对其分类进行修订。相比之下,FU Tau A落在射电光度和热光度之间众所周知的相关性上,这表明发射来自热喷流,并且这颗褐矮星似乎正在形成低质量恒星的缩小版本。
We present spectroscopic follow-up observations of 68 red, faint candidates from our multi-epoch, multi-wavelength, previously published survey of NGC 2264. Using near-infrared spectra from VLT/KMOS, we measure spectral types and extinction for 32 young low-mass sources. We confirm 13 as brown dwarfs in NGC 2264, with spectral types between M6 and M8, corresponding to masses between 0.02 and 0.08$M_{\odot}$. These are the first spectroscopically confirmed brown dwarfs in this benchmark cluster. 19 more objects are found to be young M-type stars of NGC 2264 with masses of 0.08 to 0.3$\,M_{\odot…
We report the discovery of the youngest brown dwarf with a disk at 102 pc from the Sun, WISEA~J120037.79-784508.3 (W1200-7845), via the Disk Detective citizen science project. We establish that W1200-7845 is located in the 3.7$\substack{+4.6 \\ -1.4}$ Myr-old $\varepsilon$~Cha association. Its spectral energy distribution (SED) exhibits clear evidence of an infrared (IR) excess, indicative of the presence of a warm circumstellar disk. Modeling this warm disk, we find the data are best fit using a power-law description with a slope $α= -0.94$, which suggests it is a young, Class II type disk. U…
Wide-field near-infrared (NIR) polarimetry was used to examine disk systems around two brown dwarfs (BD) and two young stellar objects (YSO) embedded in the Heiles Cloud 2 (HCl2) dark molecular cloud in Taurus as well as numerous stars located behind HCl2. Inclined disks exhibit intrinsic NIR polarization due to scattering of photospheric light which is detectable even for unresolved systems. After removing polarization contributions from magnetically aligned dust in HCl2 determined from the background star information, significant intrinsic polarization was detected from the disk systems of o…
Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters (SONYC) II: The Brown Dwarf Population of Rho Ophiuchi
SONYC(Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters)是一个调查计划,旨在调查附近恒星形成区域中质量低于氘燃烧极限的褐矮星的频率和性质。在这第二篇论文中,我们提出的结果~ 100万年前的星团蛇夫座ρ,结合我们自己的深光学和近红外成像使用斯巴鲁测光从2微米全天巡天和斯皮策太空望远镜。在从iJK测光中选择的候选者中,我们已经通过低分辨率红外光谱确认了三个-包括一个质量接近氘极限的新棕矮星-作为可能的集群成员。我们还确定了27个亚恒星候选人与中红外过量一致的磁盘发射,其中16个是新的,11个是以前光谱确认的棕矮星。高消光率和多变的消光率使得在该区域获得完整的亚恒星星族很困难。然而,目前的数据表明,它的低质量恒星与褐矮星的比例与其他几个星团的报告相似,尽管高于Scholz等人2009年发现的NGC 1333。
Planck cold clumps in the $λ$ Orionis complex: I. Discovery of an extremely young Class 0 protostellar object and a proto-brown dwarf candidate in a bright rimmed clump PGCC G192.32-11.88
我们正在用地面望远镜对$λ$ Orionis复合体中的普朗克银河系冷团(PGCC)进行一系列观测,以系统地研究恒星反馈的影响。在PGCC G192.32-11.88的特殊情况下,我们发现了一个非常年轻的0类原恒星天体(G192 N)和一个原棕矮星候选天体(G192 S)。G192 N和G192 S位于一个受重力束缚的亮边团块中。在CO同位素谱线发射中观察到的速度和温度梯度表明PGCC G192.32-11.88受到外部加热和压缩。与猎户座复合体中其他年轻的0级源(例如PACS亮红源(PBRs))相比,G192 N可能具有最低的热光度($\sim0.8$ L $_{\sun}$)和吸积速率(6.3 $\times10^{-7}$ M $_{\sun}$ ~yr $^{-1}$)。它的内部光度($0.21\pm0.01$ L $_{\sun}$)和外流速度($\sim$ 14 km~s $^{-1}$)比第一流体静力学核心(FHSC)的预测值稍大。G192 N可能是最年轻的0级源之一,比FHSC稍微进化。考虑到它的低内部光度($0.08\pm0.01$ L $_{\odot}$)和吸积速率(2.8 $\times10^{-8}$ M $_{\sun}$ ~yr $^{-1}$),G192 S是一颗理想的原棕矮星候选者。PGCC G192.32-11.88中的恒星形成效率($\sim$ …
The enigmatic young brown dwarf binary FU Tau: accretion and activity
富头星属于一个罕见的年轻宽棕矮星双星。我们在钱德拉X射线观测中解决了该系统,并仅检测到了主要的FU Tau A。硬X射线发射,可能来自日冕,但出乎意料的是,我们还检测到来自FU Tau A的强烈和异常柔软的成分。它的X射线特性,迄今为止在褐矮星中是独一无二的,与金牛座T星TW Hya的X射线特性非常相似。与TW Hya的类比表明,占主导地位的软X射线成分可以解释为吸积冲击的发射。然而,褐矮星的典型自由落体速度太低,无法将观测到的X射线温度解释为激波后区域。另一方面,超过自由落体速度的速度来自档案光学光谱学,并在光学光度学中发现了FU Tau A强吸积的独立证据。FU Tau A的高X射线光度与高辐射热光度相吻合,证实了年轻棕矮星中一种无法解释的趋势。事实上,FU头A是overloughly相对于进化模型,而FU头B是在1万年的等时线表明非同期形成的两个组成部分的二进制。FU Tau A的极端年轻可能是其特殊X射线特性的原因,就非典型的磁活动或吸积而言。或者,旋转和磁场效应可能会降低对流的效率,这又会影响FU Tau A的有效温度和半径,使其在HR图中的位置发生偏移。虽然有没有直接证明后一种情况下,到目前为止,我们提出的论据,其可扩展性。
Linking atmospheric characteristics of planets to their formation pathways is a central theme in the study of extrasolar planets. Although the 12C/13C isotope ratio shows little variation in the solar system, the atmosphere of a super-Jupiter was recently shown to be rich in 13CO, possibly as a result of dominant ice accretion beyond the CO snowline during its formation. In this paper we aim to measure the 12CO/13CO isotopologue ratio of a young, isolated brown dwarf. While the general atmospheric characteristics of young, low mass brown dwarfs are expected to be very similar to those of super…
Detection of circumstellar disks around nearby young brown dwarf candidates
International University, Ho Chi Minh City(胡志明市国际大学);Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City(越南国立大学胡志明市分校);Australian National University(澳大利亚国立大学);Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias(加那利群岛天体物理学研究所)
The Pan-STARRS1 Proper-motion Survey for Young Brown Dwarfs in Nearby Star-forming Regions. I. Taurus Discoveries and a Reddening-free Classification Method for Ultracool Dwarfs
我们正在进行一项基于泛星1 3 $π$巡天的金牛座-御夫座分子云中年轻棕矮星的自行巡天。我们的搜索使用多波段测光和天体测量来选择候选者,并且比以前的搜索更宽(370度$^{2}$)和更深($\approx$ 3 M $_{\rm Jup}$)。我们在这里介绍我们的搜索方法和光谱跟踪我们的高优先级候选人。由于消光使光谱分类复杂化,我们开发了一种新的方法,使用低分辨率($R \approx 100$)近红外光谱来量化M中期至L晚期超冷矮星(金牛座的$\approx 100-3$ M $_{\rm Jup}$)的无红化光谱类型、消光和重力分类。我们已经发现了金牛座的25个低重力(VL-G)和前11个中等重力(INT-G)亚恒星(M6-L1)成员,这是迄今为止金牛座褐矮星数量增加最多的一次。我们还发现了一个新的昴星团成员和13个英仙座OB 2星协的新成员,包括一个候选的非常宽的分离(58 kAU)的二进制。我们对所有以前已知的金牛座褐矮星的光谱类型和灭绝进行了均匀的重新分类。总之,我们的发现使金牛座的亚恒星数量增加了$\approx 40\%$,并增加了三个L型成员($\approx 5-10$ M $_{\rm Jup}$)。最值得注意的是,我们的发现揭示了金牛座中一个更古老($>$ 1000万年)的低质量人口,与最近对高质量恒星成员的研究一致。质量函数似乎在年轻和年老的金牛座群体之间存…
We present CFHT photometry and IRTF spectroscopy of low-mass candidate members of Serpens South and Serpens Core ($\sim$430 pc, $\sim$0.5 Myr), identified using a novel combination of photometric filters, known as the W-band method. We report SC182952+011618, SS182959-020335 and SS183032-021028 as young, low-mass Serpens candidate members, with spectral types in the range M7-M8, M5-L0 and M5-M6.5 respectively. Best-fit effective temperatures and luminosities imply masses of $<$ 0.12M$_{\odot}$ for all three candidate cluster members. We also present Hubble Space Telescope imaging data (F127M, …
Young brown dwarfs are analogs to giant exoplanets, as they share effective temperatures, near-infrared colors, and surface gravities. Thus, the detailed characterization of young brown dwarfs might shed light on the study of giant exoplanets, that we are currently unable to observe with sufficient signal-to-noise to allow precise characterization of their atmospheres. 2MASS J22081363+2921215 is a young L3 brown dwarf, member of the beta-Pictoris young moving group (23 +/-3 Myr), that shares its effective temperature and mass with the beta Pictoris b giant exoplanet. We performed a ~2.5 hr spe…
We present a study of the radial distribution of dust species in young brown dwarf disks. Our work is based on a compositional analysis of the 10 and 20 micron silicate emission features for brown dwarfs in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region. A fundamental finding of our work is that brown dwarfs exhibit stronger signs of dust processing in the cold component of the disk, compared to the higher mass T Tauri stars in Taurus. For nearly all of our targets, we find a flat disk structure, which is consistent with the stronger signs of dust processing observed in these disks. For the case of one…
We aim at building a method that efficiently identifies young low-mass stars and brown dwarfs from low-resolution near-infrared spectra, by studying gravity-sensitive features and their evolution with age. We built a dataset composed of all publicly available ($\sim$2800) near-infrared spectra of dwarfs with spectral types between M0 and L3. First, we investigate methods for the derivation of the spectral type and extinction using comparison to spectral templates, and various spectral indices. Then, we examine gravity-sensitive spectral indices and apply machine learning methods, in order to e…