We present results from lattice QCD calculations for $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ order cumulants of conserved charge fluctuations and correlations, and compare these with various HRG model calculations. We show that differences between HRG and QCD calculations already show up in the second order cumulants close to the pseudo-critical temperature for the chiral transition in (2+1)-flavor QCD and quickly grow large at higher temperatures. We also show that QCD results for strangeness fluctuations are enhanced over HRG model calculations which are based only on particles listed in the Particle Data Group tables as 3-star resonances. This suggests the importance of contributions from additional strange hadron resonances. We furthermore argue that additional (repulsive) interactions, introduced either through excluded volume (mean field) HRG models or the S-matrix approach, do not improve the quantitative agreement with $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ order cumulants calculated in lattice QCD. HRG based approaches fail to describe the thermodynamics of strongly interacting matter at or shortly above the pseudo-critical temperature of QCD.
Up to 6th order cumulants of fluctuations of net baryon-number, net electric charge and net strangeness as well as correlations among these conserved charge fluctuations are now being calculated in lattice QCD. These cumulants provide a wealth of information on the properties of strong-interaction matter in the transition region from the low temperature hadronic phase to the quark-gluon plasma phase. They can be used to quantify deviations from hadron resonance gas (HRG) model calculations which frequently are used to determine thermal conditions realized in heavy ion collision experiments. Al…
An extension of the ideal hadron resonance gas (HRG) model is constructed which includes the attractive and repulsive van der Waals (VDW) interactions between baryons. This VDW-HRG model yields the nuclear liquid-gas transition at low temperatures and high baryon densities. The VDW parameters $a$ and $b$ are fixed by the ground state properties of nuclear matter, and the temperature dependence of various thermodynamic observables at zero chemical potential are calculated within VDW-HRG model. Compared to the ideal HRG model, the inclusion of VDW interactions between baryons leads to a qualitat…
We present cross-correlators of QCD conserved charges at $μ_B=0$ from lattice simulations and perform a Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model analysis to break down the hadronic contributions to these correlators. We construct a suitable hadronic proxy for the ratio $-χ_{11}^{BS}/χ_2^S$ and discuss the dependence on the chemical potential and experimental cuts. We then perform a comparison to preliminary STAR results and comment on a possible direct comparison of lattice and experiment.
We present here continuum extrapolated results for all 2nd order cumulants using the most recent results obtained by the HotQCD collaboration in (2+1)-flavor QCD. We constrain the applicability of various HRG models by presenting a detailed comparison of our results based on different sets of hadron spectra as well as with virial expansion based model calculations. A comparison with our lattice QCD results for 2nd order cumulants with models that parametrize repulsive interactions among baryons and anti-baryons in a hadron resonance gas through a single excluded volume parameter (EVHRG) is als…
Fluctuations and Correlations of net baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness: A comparison of lattice QCD results with the hadron resonance gas model
Fluctuations of conserved charges allow to study the chemical composition of hadronic matter. A comparison between lattice simulations and the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model suggested the existence of missing strange resonances. To clarify this issue we calculate the partial pressures of mesons and baryons with different strangeness quantum numbers using lattice simulations in the confined phase of QCD. In order to make this calculation feasible, we perform simulations at imaginary strangeness chemical potentials. We systematically study the effect of different hadronic spectra on thermodyna…
Recent Lattice QCD (LQCD) studies suggest that there are missing resonances in the strange sector of the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model. By adopting the continuous Hagedorn mass spectrum, we present how different medium compositions influence the HRG predictions of conserved charge fluctuations. It is shown that missing strange resonances may be partially accounted for by applying the Hagedorn mass spectrum extracted from experimentally established hadrons. On the other hand, the strange-baryonic spectra, extracted from LQCD results for fluctuations, are found to be consistent with the uncon…
Based on recent Lattice QCD (LQCD) results obtained at finite temperature, we discuss modeling of the hadronic phase of QCD in the framework of Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) with discrete and continuous mass spectra. We focus on fluctuations of conserved charges, and show how a common limiting temperature can be used to constrain the Hagedorn exponential mass spectrum in different sectors of quantum number, through a matching of HRG and LQCD. For strange baryons, the extracted spectra are found to be consistent with all known and expected states listed by the Particle Data Group (PDG). The strang…
Ratios of cumulants of conserved net charge fluctuations are sensitive to the degrees of freedom that are carriers of the corresponding quantum numbers in different phases of strong interaction matter. We calculate second and fourth order cumulants of net charm and strange fluctuations and their correlations with other conserved charges such as net baryon number and electric charge. Simulation are performed on $N_τ$=6 and 8 lattices using the Highly Improved Staggered Quark (HISQ) action with a light to strange quark mass ratio of 1/20 and having charm quarks treated in the quenched approximat…
Ratios of cumulants of net proton-number fluctuations measured by the STAR Collaboration show strong deviations from a skellam distribution, which should describe thermal properties of cumulant ratios, if proton-number fluctuations are generated in equilibrium and a hadron resonance gas (HRG) model would provide a suitable description of thermodynamics at the freeze-out temperature. We present some results on sixth order cumulants entering the calculation of the QCD equation of state at non-zero values of the baryon chemical potential (mu_B) and discuss limitations on the applicability of HRG …
We investigate extensions of the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) Model beyond the ideal case by incorporating both attractive and repulsive interactions into the model. When considering additional states exceeding those measured with high confidence by the Particle Data Group, attractive corrections to the overall pressure in the HRG model are imposed. On the other hand, we also apply excluded-volume corrections, which ensure there is no overlap of baryons by turning on repulsive (anti)baryon-(anti)baryon interactions. We emphasize the complementary nature of these two extensions and identify combi…
Like fluctuations, non-diagonal correlators of conserved charges provide a tool for the study of chemical freeze-out in heavy ion collisions. They can be calculated in thermal equilibrium using lattice simulations, and be connected to moments of event-by-event net-particle multiplicity distributions. We calculate them from continuum extrapolated lattice simulations at $μ_B=0$, and present a finite-$μ_B$ extrapolation, comparing two different methods. In order to relate the grand canonical observables to the experimentally available net-particle fluctuations and correlations, we perform a Hadro…
We show that it is possible to isolate a set of kaon fluctuations in lattice QCD. By means of the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model, we calculate the actual kaon second-to-first fluctuation ratio, which receives contribution from primordial kaons and resonance decays, and show that it is very close to the one obtained for primordial kaons in the Boltzmann approximation. The latter only involves the strangeness and electric charge chemical potentials, which are functions of $T$ and $μ_B$ due to the experimental constraint on strangeness and electric charge, and can therefore be calculated on the…
The strange degrees of freedom in QCD at high temperature
我们讨论了最近的结果保守电荷的波动，和他们的方法强子共振气体在温度低于手征交叉（Tc），以及在非常高的温度下的气体的自由夸克。我们将集中在奇怪的自由度，并验证它们是一致的温度T 2Tc的强子的不相关气体<160 MeV and that they can be described by a quasi particle model at best for T>。为了提取这些信息，我们使用所有的累积的净重子数和净奇异涨落和它们的相关性高达四阶。特别是，我们提出的观测值，作为指标的有效性的强子自由度，并表明，分压从不同的奇异部门同意分别与HRG模型的预测。
Higher order net-baryon number cumulants and baryon-strangeness correlations: Comparing QCD results on thepseudo-critical line with RHIC-BES II results on the freeze-out line
研究通过比较 QCD 和 RHIC-BES II 数据，发现高阶累积量在低能下无临界点迹象，且重子-strangeness 相关性在低能下存在偏差，强调了未观测到的 strange 共振子的作用。
The precision reached by recent lattice QCD results allows for the first time to investigate whether the measured hadronic spectrum is missing some additional strange states, which are predicted by the Quark Model but have not yet been detected. This can be done by comparing some sensitive thermodynamic observables from lattice QCD to the predictions of the Hadron Resonance Gas model (with the inclusion of decays [3]). We propose a set of specific observables, defined as linear combinations of conserved charge fluctuations, which allow to investigate this issue for baryons containing one or mo…
