5G new radio (NR) introduced flexible numerology to provide the necessary flexibility for multiplexing the communication of heterogeneous services on a shared channel. One of the fundamental challenges of 5G NR is to develop resource allocation schemes to efficiently exploit such flexibility to optimize resource allocation of ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) in coexistence with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) while ensuring their colliding performance requirements. To address this challenge, we present a new formulation of 5G NR resource allocation to accommodate eMBB and URLLC services, by considering their interplay. The objective of the formulated problem is to meet throughput quality of service (QoS) requirements probabilistically when the optimal global solution is infeasible. To this end, we express the problem as an integer linear program and consider two formulations with hard and soft URLLC throughput constraints. Furthermore, we propose a low-complexity two-step heuristic approach, inspired by an instance of bin packing optimization, to provide a trade-off between resource allocation efficiency and computational complexity. Finally, performance results are provided and demonstrate that the proposed approaches can provide low-complexity resource allocation solutions, in balance with the performance targets of the services.
Service Function Chaining (SFC) is a crucial technology for future Internet. It aims to overcome the limitation of current deployment models which is rigid and static. Application of this technology relies on algorithms that can optimally mapping SFC to substrate network. This category of algorithms is referred as "Service Function Chaining Resource Allocation (SFC-RA)" algorithms or "VNF placement (VNFP)" algorithms. This paper presents a survey of current researches in SFC-RA algorithms. After presenting the formulation and related problems, several variants of SFC-RA problem are summarized.…
This paper introduces the Hybrid Architecture of Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in the hierarchical network combining centralized and distributed architecture to get optimum allocation of radio resources. It can limit the interference by interacting dynamically and enhance the spectrum efficiency while maintaining the desired QoS in the network. This paper presented dynamic framework for the interaction. The proposed architecture employed simple learning rule based on hebbian learning for sensing the primary network and allocating the spectrum.
In the Internet of Things (IoT), devices and gateways may be equipped with multiple, heterogeneous network interfaces which should be utilized by a large number of services. In this work, we model the problem of assigning services' resource demands to a device's heterogeneous interfaces and give a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation for it. For meaningful instance sizes the MILP model gives optimal solutions to the presented computationally-hard problem. We provide insightful results discussing the properties of the derived solutions with respect to the splitting of services to dif…
The next generation of mobile networks, namely 5G, and the Internet of Things (IoT) have brought a large number of delay sensitive services. In this context Cloud services are migrating to the edge of the networks to reduce latency. The notion of Fog computing, where the edge plays an active role in the execution of services, comes to meet the need for the stringent requirements. Thus, it becomes of a high importance to elegantly formulate and optimize this problem of mapping demand to supply. This work does exactly that, taking into account two key aspects of a service allocation problem in t…
In this paper, we consider the service caching and the computing resource allocation in edge computing (EC) enabled networks. We introduce a random service caching design considering multiple types of latency sensitive services and the base stations (BSs)' service caching storage. We then derive a successful service probability (SSP). We also formulate a SSP maximization problem subject to the service caching distribution and the computing resource allocation. Then, we show that the optimization problem is nonconvex and develop a novel algorithm to obtain the stationary point of the SSP maximi…
Shaping subscriber traffic based on token bucket filter (TBF) by Internet service providers (ISPs) results in waste of network resources in shared access when there are few active subscribers, because it cannot allocate excess bandwidth in the long term. New traffic control schemes have been recently proposed to allocate excess bandwidth among active subscribers proportional to their token generation rates. In this paper we report the current status of our research on designing flexible yet practical service plans exploiting excess bandwidth allocation enabled by the new traffic control scheme…
We study joint spectrum allocation and user association in heterogeneous cellular networks with multiple tiers of base stations. A stochastic geometric approach is applied as the basis to derive the average downlink user data rate in a closed-form expression. Then, the expression is employed as the objective function in jointly optimizing spectrum allocation and user association, which is of non-convex programming in nature. A computationally efficient Structured Spectrum Allocation and User Association (SSAUA) approach is proposed, solving the optimization problem optimally when the density o…
This paper studies a federated learning (FL) system, where \textit{multiple} FL services co-exist in a wireless network and share common wireless resources. It fills the void of wireless resource allocation for multiple simultaneous FL services in the existing literature. Our method designs a two-level resource allocation framework comprising \emph{intra-service} resource allocation and \emph{inter-service} resource allocation. The intra-service resource allocation problem aims to minimize the length of FL rounds by optimizing the bandwidth allocation among the clients of each FL service. Base…
The information and communication technology, ICT, a domain of the global economy, consumes more and more energy, what is the effect of continuously increasing wireless data traffic. Thus, there is a need for more energy-efficient and sustainable network and resource management, and such a goal can be achieved by the utilization of renewable energy sources. This paper proposes a novel user allocation scheme applicable to the heterogeneous radio access networks supplied with renewable energy sources. Presented results proved that high-energy efficiency can be accomplished by reallocating some t…
Indoor cell phone users often suffer from poor connectivity. One promising solution, femtocell technology, has been rapidly developed and deployed over the past few years. One of the biggest challenges for femtocell deployment is lack of a clear business model. This paper investigates the economic incentive for the cellular operator (also called macrocell operator) to enable femtocell service by leasing spectrum resource to an independent femtocell operator. On the one hand, femtocell services can increase communication service quality and thus increase the efficiency of the spectrum resource.…
In wireless caching networks, a user generally has a concrete purpose of consuming contents in a certain preferred category, and requests multiple contents in sequence. While most existing research on wireless caching and delivery has focused only on one-shot requests, the popularity distribution of contents requested consecutively is definitely different from the one-shot request and has been not considered. Also, especially from the perspective of the service provider, it is advantageous for users to consume as many contents as possible. Thus, this paper proposes two cache allocation policie…
Service Function Chaining (SFC) allows the forwarding of a traffic flow along a chain of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs, e.g., IDS, firewall, and NAT). Software Defined Networking (SDN) solutions can be used to support SFC reducing the management complexity and the operational costs. One of the most critical issues for the service and network providers is the reduction of energy consumption, which should be achieved without impact to the quality of services. In this paper, we propose a novel resource (re)allocation architecture which enables energy-aware SFC for SDN-based networks. To this en…
Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be equipped with multiple heterogeneous network interfaces. An overwhelmingly large amount of services may demand some or all of these interfaces' available resources. Herein, we present a precise mathematical formulation of assigning services to interfaces with heterogeneous resources in one or more rounds. For reasonable instance sizes, the presented formulation produces optimal solutions for this computationally hard problem. We prove the NP-Completeness of the problem and develop two algorithms to approximate the optimal solution for big instance sizes.…
The heterogeneous wireless networks where coexistence of different Radio access technology (RAT) are widely deployed for various services and support various traffic demand, channel allocation. Under heterogeneous wireless networks, a user can send data through a single or multi RATs simultaneous. The objective of this paper is to choose the optimal bandwidth for the services and power allocation to that bandwidth. The proposed distributed joint allocation algorithm using modified Newton method is adopted to maximize the total system capacity. We validate the performance of the proposed algori…
Ethernet-based Passive optical network (E-PON) is the key for next generation access networks. It must have the property of high efficiency, low cost, and support quality of service (QoS). We present a novel media access control (MAC) protocol that maximizes network efficiency by using dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm suitable for E-PON. This protocol minimizes packet delay and delay variation for high priority traffic to ensure QoS. Simulation results show excellent network throughput. Simulation results also show low packet delay and packet delay variation for high priority traff…
This paper studies the problem of scheduling in single-hop wireless networks with real-time traffic, where every packet arrival has an associated deadline and a minimum fraction of packets must be transmitted before the end of the deadline. Using optimization and stochastic network theory we propose a framework to model the quality of service (QoS) requirements under delay constraints. The model allows for fairly general arrival models with heterogeneous constraints. The framework results in an optimal scheduling algorithm which fairly allocates data rates to all flows while meeting long-term …
Next generation wireless networks face the challenge of increasing energy consumption while satisfying the unprecedented increase in the data rate demand. To address this problem, we propose a utility-based energy-efficient resource allocation algorithm for the downlink transmissions in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). We consider the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) method in order to mitigate the intra- and inter-cell interference. The proposed algorithm divides the resource allocation problem into frequency and power assignment problems and sequentially solves them. The proposed power cont…
Network slicing is a key to supporting different quality-of-service requirements for users and application in the 5G network. However, allocating network slices efficiently while providing a minimum guaranteed level of service in a mobile core is challenging. To address this question, in our previous work we proposed an optimization model to allocate slices. It provided a static and manual allocation of slices. In this paper, we extend our work to dynamically allocated slices. We propose a dynamic slice allocation framework for the 5G core network. The proposed framework provides user-interact…
Due to the fact that Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are not as stringent for non-real-time traffic types, as opposed to real-time traffic, more calls can be accommodated by releasing some bandwidth from the existing non-real-time traffic calls. If the released bandwidth to accept a handover call is larger than to accept a new call, then the probability of dropping a call is smaller than the probability of blocking a call. In this paper we propose an efficient Call Admission Control (CAC) that relies on adaptive multi-level bandwidth-allocation scheme for non-real-time calls. The feature…
Mobile edge computing (MEC) is one of the promising solutions to process computational-intensive tasks within short latency for emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) use cases, e.g., virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), autonomous vehicle. Due to the coexistence of heterogeneous services in MEC system, the task arrival interval and required execution time can vary depending on services. It is challenging to schedule computation resource for the services with stochastic arrivals and runtime at an edge server (ES). In this paper, we propose a flexible computation offloading framework among …
Virtualization technology facilitates a dynamic, demand-driven allocation and migration of servers. This paper studies how the flexibility offered by network virtualization can be used to improve Quality-of-Service parameters such as latency, while taking into account allocation costs. A generic use case is considered where both the overall demand issued for a certain service (for example, an SAP application in the cloud, or a gaming application) as well as the origins of the requests change over time (e.g., due to time zone effects or due to user mobility), and we present online and optimal o…
The mounting content sharing among users has resulted in a considerable rise in wireless data traffic, pressurizing the cellular networks to undergo a suitable upheaval. A competent technology of the fifth-generation networks (5G) for efficiently supporting proximity-based applications is Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, underlaying cellular networks. Significant advances have been made till date, for allocating resources to D2D users in cellular networks, such that sharing of spectral resources between cellular and D2D users is carried out in a coordinated manner. In this paper, a sector…
IIoT services focused on industry-oriented services often require objects run more than one task. IIoT objects poses the challenge of distributing and managing task allocation among them. The fairness of task allocation brings flexible network reconfiguration and maximizes the tasks to be performed. Although existing approaches optimize and manage the dynamics of objects, not all them consider both co-relationship between tasks and object capabilities and the distributed allocation over the cluster service. This paper introduces the ACADIA mechanism for task allocation in IIoT networks in orde…
Leveraging recent advances on mobile edge computing (MEC), edge intelligence has emerged as a promising paradigm to support mobile artificial intelligence (AI) applications at the network edge. In this paper, we consider the AI service placement problem in a multi-user MEC system, where the access point (AP) places the most up-to-date AI program at user devices to enable local computing/task execution at the user side. To fully utilize the stringent wireless spectrum and edge computing resources, the AP sends the AI service program to a user only when enabling local computing at the user yield…
Higher energy consumption of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet), compared to Macro Only Networks (MONET), raises a great concern about the energy efficiency of HetNets. In this work we study a dynamic activation strategy, which changes the state of small cells between Active and Idle according to the dynamically changing user traffic, in order to increase the energy efficiency of HetNets. Moreover, we incorporate dynamic inter-tier bandwidth allocation to our model. The proposed Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation and Dynamic Activation (DBADA) strategy is applied in cell-edge deployment of small cells,…
In the next generation wireless networks, the growing demand for new wireless applications is accompanied with high expectations for better quality of service (QoS) fulfillment especially for multimedia applications. Furthermore, the coexistence of future unlicensed users with existing licensed users is becoming a challenging task in the next generation communication systems to overcome the underutilization of the spectrum. A QoS and interference aware resource allocation is thus of special interest in order to respond to the heterogeneous constraints of the next generation networks. In this w…
Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) are introduced by the 3GPP as an emerging technology to provide high network coverage and capacity. The HetNets are the combination of multilayer networks such as macrocell, small cell (picocell and femtocell) networks. In such networks, users may suffer significant cross-layer interference. To manage the interference the 3GPP has introduced Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) techniques, Almost Blank SubFrame (ABSF) is one of the time-domain technique in the eICIC solutions. In this thesis, we propose a dynamically optimal ABSF framework to e…
One of the main goals of 5G networks is to support the technological and business needs of various industries (the so-called verticals), which wish to offer to their customers a wide range of services characterized by diverse performance requirements. In this context, a critical challenge lies in mapping in an automated manner the requirements of verticals into decisions concerning the network infrastructure, including VNF placement, resource assignment, and traffic routing. In this paper, we seek to make such decisions jointly, accounting for their mutual interaction, and efficiently. To this…
The importance of real-time notification has been growing for social services and Intelligent Transporting System (ITS). As an advanced version of Pub/Sub systems, publish-process-subscribe systems, where published messages are spooled and processed on edge servers, have been proposed to achieve data-driven intelligent notifications. In this paper, we present a system that allows a topic to be managed on multiple edge servers so that messages are processed near the publishers, even when publishers are spread over a wide area. Duplicating messages on geographically distributed servers could ena…
Good quality video services always require higher bandwidth. Hence, to provide the video services e.g., multicast/broadcast services (MBS) and unicast services along with the existing voice, internet, and other background traffic services over the wireless cellular networks, it is required to efficiently manage the wireless resources in order to reduce the overall forced call termination probability, to maximize the overall service quality, and to maximize the revenue. Fixed bandwidth allocation for the MBS sessions either reduces the quality of the MBS videos and bandwidth utilization or incr…
Multimedia conferencing is the conversational exchange of multimedia content between multiple parties. It has a wide range of applications (e.g., Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) and distance learning). Media handling services (e.g., video mixing, transcoding, and compressing) are critical to multimedia conferencing. However, efficient resource usage and scalability still remain important challenges. Unfortunately, the cloud-based approaches proposed so far have several deficiencies in terms of efficiency in resource usage and scaling, while meeting Quality of Service (QoS) requireme…
In wireless mesh network (WMN), multiple service providers (SPs) can cooperate to share resources (e.g., relay nodes and spectrum), to serve their collective subscribed customers for better service. As a reward, SPs are able to achieve more individual benefits, i.e., increased revenue or decreased cost, through efficient utilization of shared network resources. However, this cooperation can be realized only if fair allocation of aggregated payoff, which is the sum of the payoff of all the cooperative SPs, can be achieved. We first formulate such cooperation as a coalitional game with transfera…
An edge computing environment features multiple edge servers and multiple service clients. In this environment, mobile service providers can offload client-side computation tasks from service clients' devices onto edge servers to reduce service latency and power consumption experienced by the clients. A critical issue that has yet to be properly addressed is how to allocate edge computing resources to achieve two optimization objectives: 1) minimize the service cost measured by the service latency and the power consumption experienced by service clients; and 2) maximize the service capacity me…
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an emerging paradigm to make industrial operations more efficient and intelligent by deploying a massive number of wireless devices to industry scenes. However, due to the limited computing capability and batteries, the Industrial Internet of Things Devices (IIoTDs) can't perform the computation-intensive or delay-sensitive tasks well and provide long-term services in practical. To tackle these challenges, we present an effective global joint resource allocation scheme for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) service of Pervasive Edge Computing (PEC) in Ind…
Mobility-aware Seamless Service Migration and Resource Allocation in Multi-edge IoV Systems
College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University（福州大学计算机与数据科学学院）；University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学）；School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（重庆邮电大学通信与信息工程学院）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系）；University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）
We consider the problem of rate allocation among multiple simultaneous video streams sharing multiple heterogeneous access networks. We develop and evaluate an analytical framework for optimal rate allocation based on observed available bit rate (ABR) and round-trip time (RTT) over each access network and video distortion-rate (DR) characteristics. The rate allocation is formulated as a convex optimization problem that minimizes the total expected distortion of all video streams. We present a distributed approximation of its solution and compare its performance against H-infinity optimal contr…
In future networks, an operator may employ a wide range of access points using diverse radio access technologies (RATs) over multiple licensed and unlicensed frequency bands. This paper studies centralized user association and spectrum allocation across many access points in such a heterogeneous network (HetNet). Such centralized control is on a relatively slow timescale to allow information exchange and joint optimization over multiple cells. This is in contrast and complementary to fast timescale distributed scheduling. A queueing model is introduced to capture the lower spectral efficiency,…
Interference coordination between high-power macros and low-power picos deeply impacts the performance of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). It should deal with three challenges: user association with macros and picos, the amount of almost blank subframe (ABS) that macros should reserve for picos, and resource block (RB) allocation strategy in each eNB. We formulate the three issues jointly for sum weighted logarithmic utility maximization while maintaining proportional fairness of users. A class of distributed algorithms are developed to solve the joint optimization problem. Our framework can …
Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Guangdong University of Technology（广东工业大学）；Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Sungkyunkwan University（成均馆大学）
Emerging with the support of computing and communications technologies, Metaverse is expected to bring users unprecedented service experiences. However, the increase in the number of Metaverse users places a heavy demand on network resources, especially for Metaverse services that are based on graphical extended reality and require rendering a plethora of virtual objects. To make efficient use of network resources and improve the Quality-of-Experience (QoE), we design an attention-aware network resource allocation scheme to achieve customized Metaverse services. The aim is to allocate more net…
In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), how to improve spectrum efficiency is a crucial issue. Meanwhile increased energy consumption inspires network operators to deploy renewable energy sources as assistance to traditional electricity. Based on above aspects, we allow base stations (BSs) to share their licensed spectrum resource with each other and adjust transmission power to adapt to the renewable energy level. Considering the sharing fairness among BSs, we formulate a multi-person bargaining problem as a stochastic optimization problem. We divide the optimization problem into three parts: da…
This letter considers the problem of joint user association (UA), sub-channel assignment, antenna selection (AS), and power control in the uplink (UL) of a heterogeneous network such that the data rate of small cell users can be maximized while the macro-cell users are protected by imposing a threshold on the cross-tier interference. The considered problem is a non-convex mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP). To tackle the problem, we decompose the original problem into two sub-problems: (i) joint UA, sub-channel assignment, and AS, and (ii) power control. Then, we iteratively solve th…
Nowadays IoT applications consist of a collection of loosely coupled modules, namely microservices, that can be managed and placed in a heterogeneous environment consisting of private and public resources. It follows that distributing the application logic introduces new challenges in guaranteeing performance and reducing costs. However, most existing solutions are focused on reducing pay-per-use costs without considering a microservice-based architecture. We propose a cost-effective workload allocation for microservice-based applications. We model the problem as an integer programming problem…
Driven by great demands on low-latency services of the edge devices (EDs), mobile edge computing (MEC) has been proposed to enable the computing capacities at the edge of the radio access network. However, conventional MEC servers suffer disadvantages such as limited computing capacity, preventing the computation-intensive tasks to be processed in time. To relief this issue, we propose the heterogeneous MEC (HetMEC) where the data that cannot be timely processed at the edge are allowed be offloaded to the upper-layer MEC servers, and finally to the cloud center (CC) with more powerful computin…
Mobile traffic explosion causes spectrum shortage and polarization of data usage among users, which will eventually decrease user welfare in mobile communication services. Governments around the world are planning to make more spectrum available for mobile broadband use, and the key policy issue is to find an efficient spectrum allocation method that will improve user welfare. In this paper, we propose a data subsidy scheme where the regulator offers a spectrum price discount to mobile network operators (MNOs) in return for imposing the responsibility of providing a predefined data amount to u…
As Communication Service Providers (CSPs) adopt the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) paradigm, they need to transition their network function capacity to a virtualized infrastructure with different Network Functions running on a set of heterogeneous servers. This abstract describes a novel technique for allocating server resources (compute, storage and network) for a given set of Virtual Network Function (VNF) requirements. Our approach helps the telco providers decide the most effective way to run several VNFs on servers with different performance characteristics. Our analysis of prior V…
Terahertz (THz) communications and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have been recently proposed to enable various powerful indoor applications, such as wireless virtual reality (VR). For an efficient servicing of VR users, an efficient THz path allocation solution becomes a necessity. Assuming the RIS component is the most critical one in enabling the service, we investigate the impact of RIS hardware failure on path allocation performance. To this end, we study a THz network that employs THz operated RISs acting as base stations, serving VR users. We propose a Semi-Markov decision P…
This paper studies the joint user association and resource allocation in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) from a novel perspective, motivated by and generalizing the idea of fractional frequency reuse. By treating the multi-cell multi-user resource allocation as resource partitioning among multiple reuse patterns, we propose a unified framework to analyze and compare a wide range of user association and resource allocation strategies for HetNets, and provide an optimal benchmark for network performance. The enabling mechanisms are a novel formulation to consider all possible interference patte…
Inspired by a new feature in 5G NR called bandwidth part (BWP), this paper presents a bandwidth allocation (BA) model that allows one to adapt the bandwidth allocated to users depending on their data rate needs. Specifically, in adaptive BA, a wide bandwidth is divided into chunks of smaller bandwidths and the number of bandwidth chunks allocated to a user depends on its needs or type. Although BWP in 5G NR mandates allocation of a set of contiguous bandwidth chunks, our BA model also allows other assumptions on chunk allocation such as the allocation of any set of bandwidth chunks, as in, e.g…
The virtualization of compute and network resources enables an unseen flexibility for deploying network services. A wide spectrum of emerging technologies allows an ever-growing range of orchestration possibilities in cloud-based environments. But in this context it remains challenging to rhyme dynamic cloud configurations with deterministic performance. The service operator must somehow map the performance specification in the Service Level Agreement (SLA) to an adequate resource allocation in the virtualized infrastructure. We propose the use of a VNF profile to alleviate this process. This …
The explosive growth of content-on-the-move, such as video streaming to mobile devices, has propelled research on multimedia broadcast and multicast schemes. Multi-rate transmission strategies have been proposed as a means of delivering layered services to users experiencing different downlink channel conditions. In this paper, we consider Point-to-Multipoint layered service delivery across a generic cellular system and improve it by applying different random linear network coding approaches. We derive packet error probability expressions and use them as performance metrics in the formulation …
