In the Internet of Things (IoT), devices and gateways may be equipped with multiple, heterogeneous network interfaces which should be utilized by a large number of services. In this work, we model the problem of assigning services' resource demands to a device's heterogeneous interfaces and give a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation for it. For meaningful instance sizes the MILP model gives optimal solutions to the presented computationally-hard problem. We provide insightful results discussing the properties of the derived solutions with respect to the splitting of services to different interfaces.
The progress of the network and device technologies enables any device to be connected to the Internet thereby forming an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. Internet-related activities based on the IoT services can inevitably generate a lot of real-time data which leads a big data phenomenon. To efficiently handle such big IoT data, software-defined networking (SDN) techniques could come into play. Among SDN techniques, P4 is a highlevel language for programming protocol-independent packet processors. This paper presents our preliminary work on how we can use P4 to achieve flexible datapat…
In light of the quick proliferation of Internet of things (IoT) devices and applications, fog radio access network (Fog-RAN) has been recently proposed for fifth generation (5G) wireless communications to assure the requirements of ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) for the IoT applications which cannot accommodate large delays. Hence, fog nodes (FNs) are equipped with computing, signal processing and storage capabilities to extend the inherent operations and services of the cloud to the edge. We consider the problem of sequentially allocating the FN's limited resources to the Io…
Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be equipped with multiple heterogeneous network interfaces. An overwhelmingly large amount of services may demand some or all of these interfaces' available resources. Herein, we present a precise mathematical formulation of assigning services to interfaces with heterogeneous resources in one or more rounds. For reasonable instance sizes, the presented formulation produces optimal solutions for this computationally hard problem. We prove the NP-Completeness of the problem and develop two algorithms to approximate the optimal solution for big instance sizes.…
In this paper we address the problem of resource allocation for alarm traffic in industrial Internet of Things networks using massive MIMO. We formulate the general problem of how to allocate pilot signals to alarm traffic such that delivery is guaranteed, while also minimising the number of pilots reserved for alarms, thus maximising the channel resources available for other traffic, such as industrial control traffic. We present an algorithm that fulfils these requirements, and evaluate its performance both analytically and through a simulation study. For realistic alarm traffic characterist…
With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the next generation mobile networks demand for more operating frequency bands. By leveraging the underutilized radio spectrum, the cognitive radio (CR) technology is considered as a promising solution for spectrum scarcity problem of IoT applications. In parallel with the development of CR techniques, Wireless Energy Harvesting (WEH) is considered as one of the emerging technologies to eliminate the need of recharging or replacing the batteries for IoT and CR networks. To this end, we propose to utilize WEH for CR networks in which the…
This work studies a real-time environment monitoring scenario in the industrial Internet of things, where wireless sensors proactively collect environmental data and transmit it to the controller. We adopt the notion of risk-sensitivity in financial mathematics as the objective to jointly minimize the mean, variance, and other higher-order statistics of the network energy consumption subject to the constraints on the age of information (AoI) threshold violation probability and the AoI exceedances over a pre-defined threshold. We characterize the extreme AoI staleness using results in extreme v…
Mobile edge computing (MEC) is one of the promising solutions to process computational-intensive tasks within short latency for emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) use cases, e.g., virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), autonomous vehicle. Due to the coexistence of heterogeneous services in MEC system, the task arrival interval and required execution time can vary depending on services. It is challenging to schedule computation resource for the services with stochastic arrivals and runtime at an edge server (ES). In this paper, we propose a flexible computation offloading framework among …
In this paper, we investigate a key problem of Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) in the context of 5G with Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). We address the challenge that IoT devices may have different priorities when demanding bandwidth for data transmission in specific applications and services. Due to the scarcity of bandwidth in an MEC enabled IoT network, our objective is to optimize bandwidth allocation for a group of NB-IoT devices in a way that the group can work collaboratively to maximize their overall utility. To this end, we design an optimal distributed algorithm and use simulatio…
Edge computing is an emerging solution to support the future Internet of Things (IoT) applications that are delay-sensitive, processing-intensive or that require closer intelligence. Machine intelligence and data-driven approaches are envisioned to build future Edge-IoT systems that satisfy IoT devices' demands for edge resources. However, significant challenges and technical barriers exist which complicate the resource management for such Edge-IoT systems. IoT devices running various applications can demonstrate a wide range of behaviors in the devices' resource demand that are extremely diff…
In recent years, with the explosive growth of visual sensors and a large number of related video applications in Internet of Things (IoT), massive video data is generated by IoT devices. Since the volume of video data is far greater than traditional data in IoT, it is challenging to ensure high Quality of Service (QoS) for video uplinking in IoT. To address this challenge, we integrate non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and scalable video coding (SVC) in IoT. To improve the video quality, we formulate a power allocation problem to maximize the average QoS in the proposed integrated system. …
The Internet of Things (IoT) devices are highly reliant on cloud systems to meet their storage and computational demands. However, due to the remote location of cloud servers, IoT devices often suffer from intermittent Wide Area Network (WAN) latency which makes execution of delay-critical IoT applications inconceivable. To overcome this, service providers (SPs) often deploy multiple fog nodes (FNs) at the network edge that helps in executing offloaded computations from IoT devices with improved user experience. As the FNs have limited resources, matching IoT services to FNs while ensuring min…
With the rapid increase in smart objects forming IoT fabric, it is inevitable to see billions of devices connected together, forming large-scale IoT networks. This expeditious increase in IoT devices is giving rise to increased user requirements and network complexity. Collecting big data from these IoT devices with optimal network utilization and simplicity is becoming more and more challenging. This paper proposes FLIP- FLexible IoT Path Programming Framework for Large-scale IoT. The distinctive feature of FLIP is that it focuses on the IoT fabric from the perspective of user requirements an…
The popularity of cellular internet of things (IoT) is increasing day by day and billions of IoT devices will be connected to the internet. Many of these devices have limited battery life with constraints on transmit power. High user power consumption in cellular networks restricts the deployment of many IoT devices in 5G. To enable the inclusion of these devices, 5G should be supplemented with strategies and schemes to reduce user power consumption. Therefore, we present a novel joint uplink user association and resource allocation scheme for minimizing user transmit power while meeting the q…
Personal IoT data is a new economic asset that individuals can trade to generate revenue on the emerging data marketplaces. Typically, marketplaces are centralized systems that raise concerns of privacy, single point of failure, little transparency and involve trusted intermediaries to be fair. Furthermore, the battery-operated IoT devices limit the amount of IoT data to be traded in real-time that affects buyer/seller satisfaction and hence, impacting the sustainability and usability of such a marketplace. This work proposes to utilize blockchain technology to realize a trusted and transparen…
Energy harvesting technologies offer a promising solution to sustainably power an ever-growing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, due to the weak and transient natures of energy harvesting, IoT devices have to work intermittently rendering conventional routing policies and energy allocation strategies impractical. To this end, this paper, for the very first time, developed a distributed multi-agent reinforcement algorithm known as global actor-critic policy (GAP) to address the problem of routing policy and energy allocation together for the energy harvesting powered IoT syst…
Pareto-Aware Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Online Resource Allocation in RIS-assisted Large-Scale IoT Systems
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)（香港科技大学（广州））；Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学工业工程与决策科学系）；Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学电子及计算机工程学系）
In this Chapter, a software-defined network (SDN)-based framework for future smart cities has been proposed and discussed. It also comprises a distributed addressing scheme to facilitate the allocation of addresses to devices in the smart city dynamically. The framework is dynamic and modules can be added and omitted by a centralized controlling unit without disturbing the other components of the framework and other modules may be updated accordingly. In the proposed addressing scheme, a new Internet of Things (IoT) device will receive an IP address from one of their existing neighboring peer …
Contact tracing promises to help fight the spread of Covid-19 via an early detection of possible contagion events. To this end, most existing solutions share the following architecture: smartphones continuously broadcast random beacons that are intercepted by nearby devices and stored into their local contact logs. In this paper, we propose an IoT-enabled architecture for contact tracing that relaxes the smartphone-centric assumption, and provide a solution that enjoys the following features: (i) it reduces the overhead on the end-user to the bare minimum -- the mobile device only broadcasts i…
Virtualization technology facilitates a dynamic, demand-driven allocation and migration of servers. This paper studies how the flexibility offered by network virtualization can be used to improve Quality-of-Service parameters such as latency, while taking into account allocation costs. A generic use case is considered where both the overall demand issued for a certain service (for example, an SAP application in the cloud, or a gaming application) as well as the origins of the requests change over time (e.g., due to time zone effects or due to user mobility), and we present online and optimal o…
As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices keeps increasing, data is required to be communicated and processed by these devices at unprecedented rates. Cooperation among wireless devices by exploiting Device-to-Device (D2D) connections is promising, where aggregated resources in a cooperative setup can be utilized by all devices, which would increase the total utility of the setup. In this paper, we focus on the resource allocation problem for cooperating IoT devices with multiple heterogeneous applications. In particular, we develop Application-Aware Cooperative Time allocation (AACT) …
Fog computing is becoming a vital component for Internet of things (IoT) applications, acting as its computational engine. Mission-critical IoT applications are highly sensitive to latency, which depends on the physical location of the cloud server. Fog nodes of varying response rates are available to the cloud service provider (CSP) and it is faced with a challenge of forwarding the sequentially received IoT data to one of the fog nodes for processing. Since the arrival times and nature of requests is random, it is important to optimally classify the requests in real-time and allocate availab…
Internet of Things (IoT) application deployment requires the allocation of resources such as virtual machines, storage, and network elements that must be deployed over distinct infrastructures such as cloud computing, Cloud of Things (CoT), datacenters and backbone networks. For massive IoT data acquisition, a gateway-based data aggregation approach is commonly used featuring sensor/ actuator seamless access and providing cache/ buffering and preprocessing functionality. In this perspective , gateways acting as producers need to allocate network resources to send IoT data to consumers. In this…
Internet of Things (IoT) is an Internet-based environment of connected devices and applications. IoT creates an environment where physical devices and sensors are flawlessly combined into information nodes to deliver innovative and smart services for human-being to make their life easier and more efficient. The main objective of the IoT devices-network is to generate data, which are converted into useful information by the data analysis process, it also provides useful resources to the end users. IoT resource management is a key challenge to ensure the quality of end user experience. Many IoT …
Bar-Ilan University（巴伊兰大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；University of Houston（休斯顿大学）；Kyung Hee University（庆熙大学）
We study a decentralized channel allocation problem in an ad-hoc Internet of Things network underlaying on the spectrum licensed to a primary cellular network. In the considered network, the impoverished channel sensing/probing capability and computational resource on the IoT devices make them difficult to acquire the detailed Channel State Information (CSI) for the shared multiple channels. In practice, the unknown patterns of the primary users' transmission activities and the time-varying CSI (e.g., due to small-scale fading or device mobility) also cause stochastic changes in the channel qu…
To support Machine Type Communications (MTC) in next generation mobile networks, NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) has been released by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a promising solution to provide extended coverage and low energy consumption for low cost MTC devices. However, the existing Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) scheme in NB-IoT cannot provide connectivity for a massive number of MTC devices. In parallel with the development of NB-IoT, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), introduced for the fifth generation wireless networks, is deemed to significantly improve the networ…
This paper studies the problem of massive Internet of things (IoT) access in beyond fifth generation (B5G) networks using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. The problem involves massive IoT devices grouping and power allocation in order to respect the low latency as well as the limited operating energy of the IoT devices. The considered objective function, maximizing the number of successfully received IoT packets, is different from the classical sum-rate-related objective functions. The problem is first divided into multiple NOMA grouping subproblems. Then, using competitive ana…
In the industrial Internet of Things domain, applications are moving from the Cloud into the edge, closer to the devices producing and consuming data. This means applications move from the scalable and homogeneous cloud environment into a constrained heterogeneous edge network. Making edge applications reliable enough to fulfill Industrie 4.0 use cases is still an open research challenge. Maintaining operation of an edge system requires advanced management techniques to mitigate the failure of devices. This paper tackles this challenge with a twofold approach: (1) a policy-enabled failure dete…
Internet or things (IoT) is changing our daily life rapidly. Although new technologies are emerging everyday and expanding their influence in this rapidly growing area, many classic theories can still find their places. In this paper, we study the important applications of the classic network coding theory in two important components of Internet of things, including the IoT core network, where data is sensed and transmitted, and the distributed cloud storage, where the data generated by the IoT core network is stored. First we propose an adaptive network coding (ANC) scheme in the IoT core net…
We present a new adaptive resource optimization strategy that jointly allocates the subwindow and transmit power in multi-device terahertz (THz) band Internet of Things (Tera-IoT) networks. Unlike the prior studies focusing mostly on maximizing the sum distance, we incorporate both rate and transmission distance into the objective function of our problem formulation with key features of THz bands, including the spreading and molecular absorption losses. More specifically, as a performance metric of Tera-IoT networks, we adopt the transport capacity (TC), which is defined as the sum of the rate…
Many Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios require communication to and data acquisition from multiple devices with similar functionalities. For such scenarios, group communication in the form of multicasting and broadcasting has proven to be effective. Group Key Management (GKM) involves the handling, revocation, updation and distribution of cryptographic keys to members of various groups. Classical GKM schemes perform inefficiently in dynamic IoT environments, which are those wherein nodes frequently leave or join a network or migrate from one group to another over time. Recently, the `GroupIt'…
Internet-of-Things (IoT) refers to a massively heterogeneous network formed through smart devices connected to the Internet. In the wake of disruptive IoT with a huge amount and variety of data, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) mechanisms will play a pivotal role to bring intelligence to the IoT networks. Among other aspects, ML and DL can play an essential role in addressing the challenges of resource management in large-scale IoT networks. In this article, we conduct a systematic and in-depth survey of the ML- and DL-based resource management mechanisms in cellular wireless and I…
IEEE 802.11 has evolved from 802.11a/b/g/n to 802.11ac to meet rapidly increasing data rate requirements in WLANs. One important technique adopted in 802.11ac is the channel bonding (CB) scheme that combines multiple 20MHz channels for a single transmission in 5GHz band. In order to effectively access channel after a series of contention operations, 802.11ac specifies two different CB operations: Dynamic Channel Bonding (DCB) and Static Channel Bonding (SCB). This paper proposes an optimal channel allocation algorithm to achieve maximal throughputs in DCB WLANs. Specifically, we first adopt a …
Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu（奥卢大学无线通信中心）
The current random access (RA) allocation techniques suffer from congestion and high signaling overhead while serving massive machine type communication (mMTC) applications. To this end, 3GPP introduced the need to use fast uplink grant (FUG) allocation in order to reduce latency and increase reliability for smart internet-of-things (IoT) applications with strict QoS constraints. We propose a novel FUG allocation based on support vector machine (SVM), First, MTC devices are prioritized using SVM classifier. Second, LSTM architecture is used for traffic prediction and correction techniques to o…
Large geographical regions of our planet remain uncovered by terrestrial network connections. Sparse and dense constellations of near-Earth orbit satellites can bridge this gap by providing Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity on a world-wide scale in a flexible and cost-effective manner. This paper presents a novel space-terrestrial integrated IoT network architecture spanning direct- and indirect-to-satellite access from IoT assets on the surface. Framed on the identified requirements, we analyze NB-IoT and LoRa/LoRaWAN features to put these technologies forward as appealing candidates for …
In multi-tiered fog computing systems, to accelerate the processing of computation-intensive tasks for real-time IoT applications, resource-limited IoT devices can offload part of their workloads to nearby fog nodes, whereafter such workloads may be offloaded to upper-tier fog nodes with greater computation capacities. Such hierarchical offloading, though promising to shorten processing latencies, may also induce excessive power consumptions and latencies for wireless transmissions. With the temporal variation of various system dynamics, such a trade-off makes it rather challenging to conduct …
Current IoT services include industry-oriented services, which often require objects to run more than one task. However, the exponential growth of objects in IoT poses the challenge of distributing and managing task allocation among objects. One of the main goals of task allocation is to improve the quality of information and maximize the tasks to be performed. Although there are approaches that optimize and manage the dynamics of nodes, not all consider the quality of information and the distributed allocation over the cluster service. This paper proposes the mechanism CONTASKI for task alloc…
Salvador University (UNIFACS)（萨尔瓦多大学（UNIFACS））；University of Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）
Sensors are being extensively deployed and are expected to expand at significant rates in the coming years. They typically generate a large volume of data on the internet of things (IoT) application areas like smart cities, intelligent traffic systems, smart grid, and e-health. Cloud, edge and fog computing are potential and competitive strategies for collecting, processing, and distributing IoT data. However, cloud, edge, and fog-based solutions need to tackle the distribution of a high volume of IoT data efficiently through constrained and limited resource network infrastructures. This paper…
Fog computing, which provides low-latency computing services at the network edge, is an enabler for the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) systems. In this paper, we study the allocation of fog computing resources to the IoT users in a hierarchical computing paradigm including fog and remote cloud computing services. We formulate a computation offloading game to model the competition between IoT users and allocate the limited processing power of fog nodes efficiently. Each user aims to maximize its own quality of experience (QoE), which reflects its satisfaction of using computing services in t…
In this paper, we propose a federated deep reinforcement learning framework to solve a multi-objective optimization problem, where we consider minimizing the expected long-term task completion delay and energy consumption of IoT devices. This is done by optimizing offloading decisions, computation resource allocation, and transmit power allocation. Since the formulated problem is a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP), we first cast our problem as a multi-agent distributed deep reinforcement learning (DRL) problem and address it using double deep Q-network (DDQN), where the actions are…
Motivated by the need to ensure timely delivery of information (e.g., status updates) in the Internet-of-things (IoT) paradigm, this paper investigates the role of an Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a mobile relay to minimize the average Peak Age-of-information (PAoI) for a source-destination pair. For this setup, we formulate an optimization problem to jointly optimize the UAV's flight trajectory as well as energy and service time allocations for packet transmissions. In order to solve this non-convex problem, we propose an efficient iterative algorithm and establish its convergence analytic…
Due to the high bandwidth requirements and stringent delay constraints of multi-user wireless video transmission applications, ensuring that all video senders have sufficient transmission opportunities to use before their delay deadlines expire is a longstanding research problem. We propose a novel solution that addresses this problem without assuming detailed packet-level knowledge, which is unavailable at resource allocation time. Instead, we translate the transmission delay deadlines of each sender's video packets into a monotonically-decreasing weight distribution within the considered tim…
