In this Chapter, a software-defined network (SDN)-based framework for future smart cities has been proposed and discussed. It also comprises a distributed addressing scheme to facilitate the allocation of addresses to devices in the smart city dynamically. The framework is dynamic and modules can be added and omitted by a centralized controlling unit without disturbing the other components of the framework and other modules may be updated accordingly. In the proposed addressing scheme, a new Internet of Things (IoT) device will receive an IP address from one of their existing neighboring peer devices. This allows devices in the city to act as a proxy and generate a set of unique IP addresses from their own IP addresses, which can then be assigned to new (joining) devices; hence, reducing addressing overhead and latency, as well as avoiding the need to send broadcast messages during the address allocation process. Thus, it achieves considerable bandwidth and energy savings for the IoT devices.
The adoption of Software Defined Networking (SDN) within traditional networks has provided operators the ability to manage diverse resources and easily reconfigure networks as requirements change. Recent research has extended this concept to IEEE 802.15.4 low-power wireless networks, which form a key component of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the multiple traffic patterns necessary for SDN control makes it difficult to apply this approach to these highly challenging environments. This paper presents Atomic-SDN, a highly reliable and low-latency solution for SDN in low-power wireless. …
The flexible and programmable architectural model offered by Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has re-imagined modern networks. Supported by powerful hardware and high-speed communications between devices and the controller, SDN provides a means to virtualize control functionality and enable rapid network reconfiguration in response to dynamic application requirements. However, recent efforts to apply SDN's centralized control model to the Internet of Things (IoT) have identified significant challenges due to the constraints faced by embedded low-power devices and networks that reside at the I…
Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an increasingly attractive target for cybercriminals. We observe that many attacks to IoTs are launched in a collusive way, such as brute-force hacking usernames and passwords, to target at a particular victim. However, most of the time our defending mechanisms to such kind of attacks are carried out individually and independently, which leads to ineffective and weak defense. To this end, we propose to leverage Software Defined Networks (SDN) to enable cooperative security for legacy IP-based IoT devices. SDN decouples control plane and data plane, and can …
Recent standardization efforts in IEEE 802.15.4-2015 Time Scheduled Channel Hopping (TSCH) and the IETF 6TiSCH Working Group (WG), aim to provide deterministic communications and efficient allocation of resources across constrained Internet of Things (IoT) networks, particularly in Industrial IoT (IIoT) scenarios. Within 6TiSCH, Software Defined Networking (SDN) has been identified as means of providing centralized control in a number of key situations. However, implementing a centralized SDN architecture in a Low Power and Lossy Network (LLN) faces considerable challenges: not only is control…
Software Defined Networking (SDN) offers a flexible and scalable architecture that abstracts decision making away from individual devices and provides a programmable network platform. However, implementing a centralized SDN architecture within the constraints of a low-power wireless network faces considerable challenges. Not only is controller traffic subject to jitter due to unreliable links and network contention, but the overhead generated by SDN can severely affect the performance of other traffic. This paper addresses the challenge of bringing high-overhead SDN architecture to IEEE 802.15…
The Internet of Things (IoT) is advancing and the adoption of internet-connected devices in everyday use is constantly growing. This increase not only affects the traffic from other sources in the network, but also the communication quality requirements, like Quality of Service (QoS), for the IoT devices and applications. With the rise of dynamic network management and dynamic network programming technologies like Software-Defined Networking (SDN), traffic management and communication quality requirements can be tailored to fit niche use cases and characteristics. We propose a publish/subscrib…
The convergence of IT and OT technologies results in the need for efficient network management solutions for automotive and industrial automation environments. However, configuring real-time Ethernet networks while maintaining the desired QoS is challenging due to the dynamic nature of OT networks and the high configuration parameters. This paper introduces an SDN-based self-configuration framework for the fully automated configuration of TSN networks. Unlike standard TSN configuration, we remove end-host-related dependencies and put flows initially on default paths to extract traffic characte…
The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has opened new research lines that focus on applying IoT applications to domains further beyond basic user-grade applications, such as Industry or Healthcare. These domains demand a very high Quality of Service (QoS), mainly a very short response time. In order to meet these demands, some works are evaluating how to modularize and deploy IoT applications in different nodes of the infrastructure (edge, fog, cloud), as well as how to place the network controllers, since these decisions affect the response time of the application. Some works in the literat…
Wireless connectivity for the Internet of Things (IoT) requires combining low latency and high reliability with power and cost constraints. On top of that, diverse applications and end-to-end services with very different performance requirements should ideally share the same network infrastructure. Software defined networks (SDN) were defined to allow this coexistence, but they have seen very limited adoption in IoT systems due to the inherent resource constrained nature of the wireless devices. Additionally, the low-power nature of IoT communication standards does not usually allow for physic…
Detecting cyber attacks in the network environments used by Internet-of-things (IoT) and preventing them from causing physical perturbations play an important role in delivering dependable services. To achieve this goal, we propose in-network Honeypot based on Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to disrupt and mislead adversaries into exposures while they are in an early stage of preparing an attack. Different from traditional Honeypot requiring dedicated hardware setup, the in-network Honeypot directly reroutes traffic from suspicious nodes and intelligently spoofs the network traffic to them b…
The progress of the network and device technologies enables any device to be connected to the Internet thereby forming an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. Internet-related activities based on the IoT services can inevitably generate a lot of real-time data which leads a big data phenomenon. To efficiently handle such big IoT data, software-defined networking (SDN) techniques could come into play. Among SDN techniques, P4 is a highlevel language for programming protocol-independent packet processors. This paper presents our preliminary work on how we can use P4 to achieve flexible datapat…
Synchronous Flooding (SF) protocols can enhance the wireless connectivity between Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, existing SF solutions fail to introduce sufficient security measures due to strict time synchronisation requirements, making them vulnerable to malicious actions. Our paper presents a design paradigm for encrypted SF communications. We describe a mechanism for synchronising encryption parameters in a network-wide fashion. Our solution operates with minimal overhead and without compromising communication reliability. Evaluating our paradigm on a real-world, large-scale Io…
In this paper, we propose an approach for the automated translation of application-level requirements regarding the logical workflow and its QoS into a configuration of the underlying network substrate. Our goal is to facilitate the integration of QoS constraints in the development of industrial IoT applications to make them more reliable. We follow an approach based on two semantic models: The first model allows to design the workflow of an IoT application and to express application-level QoS requirements on its interactions. The second model captures the configuration of a network and can be…
Recent literature suggests that the Internet of Things (IoT) scales much better in an Information-Centric Networking (ICN) model instead of the current host-centric Internet Protocol (IP) model. In particular, the Named Data Networking (NDN) project (one of the ICN architecture flavors) offers features exploitable by IoT applications, such as stateful forwarding, in- network caching, and built-in assurance of data provenance. Though NDN-based IoT frameworks have been proposed, none have adequately and holistically addressed concerns related to secure onboarding and routing. Additionally, emerg…
Recently, edge computing has emerged as a promising paradigm to support mobile access in IoT multinetworks. However, coexistence of heterogeneous wireless communication schemes brings about new challenges to the mobility management and access control in such networks. To maintain its computing continuum, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architecture can be applied to the distributed edge networks, which provides consistent frameworks for mobility management and creates secure mechanisms for access control. In this paper, we first review the state-of-the-art SDN technology and its applications…
IoT emerges as an unprecedented paradigm with great potential for changing how people interact, think and live. It is making existing Internet services feasible in ways that were previously impossible, as well as paving the way for new situation-awareness applications suitable for smart cities, such as realtime video surveillance, traffic control, and emergency management. These applications will typically rely on large numbers of IoT devices to collect and collaboratively process streamed data to enable real-time decision making. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Semantic Virtual Spa…
Programmable management framework have paved the way for managing devices in the network. Lately, emerging paradigm of Software Defined Networking (SDN) have revolutionized programmable networks. Designers of networking applications i.e. Internet of things (IoT) have started investigating potentials of SDN paradigm in improving network management. IoT envision interconnecting various embedded devices surrounding our environment with IP to enable internet connectivity. Unlike traditional network architectures, IoT are characterized by constraint in resources and heterogeneous inter connectivity…
Everything in the world is being connected, and things are becoming interactive. The future of the interactive world depends on the future Internet of Things (IoT). Software-defined networking (SDN) technology, a new paradigm in the networking area, can be useful in creating an IoT because it can handle interactivity by controlling physical devices, transmission of data among them, and data acquisition. However, digital signage can be one of the promising technologies in this era of technology that is progressing toward the interactive world, connecting users to the IoT network through device-…
Data sensing and gathering is an essential task for various information-driven services in smart cities. On the one hand, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors can be deployed at certain fixed locations to capture data reliably but suffer from limited sensing coverage. On the other hand, data can also be gathered dynamically through crowdsensing contributed by voluntary users but suffer from its unreliability and the lack of incentives for users' contributions. In this paper, we explore an integrated paradigm called "hybrid sensing" that harnesses both IoT-sensing and crowdsensing in a complementar…
Smart city technology is making cities more effective which is necessary for the rapid growth in urban population. With the rapid increase in advanced metering infrastructure and other digital technologies, Smart cities have become smarter with efficient electronic devices and embedded sensors based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the smart cities concept with its components and applications. Moreover, technologies of IoT used in smart cities infrastructure and some practically implemented smart cities in the world are mentioned as exemplary imple…
On the Optimizing of Wireless Networks and toward improving the future 5th Generation mobile Network Infrastructure, we propose a novel infrastructure that can be the next Smart City Network. Our proposed Infrastructure takes into consideration most future demands and challenges, includes Capacity, Reliability, Scalability, and Flexibility. To deal with this issues we propose a wireless network infrastructure that is based on latest technologies of Massive MIMO systems. We further extend our infrastructure with many smart features, to be capable of coping with Cloud Computing, Smartphones, IoT…
The communication network context in actual systems like 5G, cloud and IoT (Internet of Things), presents an ever-increasing number of users, applications, and services that are highly distributed with distinct and heterogeneous communications requirements. Resource allocation in this context requires dynamic, efficient, and customized solutions and Bandwidth Allocation Models (BAMs) are an alternative to support this new trend. This paper proposes the BAMSDN (Bandwidth Allocation Model through Software-Defined Networking) framework that dynamically allocates resources (bandwidth) for a MPLS (…
With the rapid increase in smart objects forming IoT fabric, it is inevitable to see billions of devices connected together, forming large-scale IoT networks. This expeditious increase in IoT devices is giving rise to increased user requirements and network complexity. Collecting big data from these IoT devices with optimal network utilization and simplicity is becoming more and more challenging. This paper proposes FLIP- FLexible IoT Path Programming Framework for Large-scale IoT. The distinctive feature of FLIP is that it focuses on the IoT fabric from the perspective of user requirements an…
The smart city is an emerging notion that is leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) technique to achieve more comfortable, smart and controllable cities. The communications crossing domains between smart cities is indispensable to enhance collaborations. However, crossing-domain communications are more vulnerable since there are in different domains. Moreover, there are huge different devices with different computation capabilities, from sensors to the cloud servers. In this paper, we propose a lightweight two-layer blockchain mechanism for reliable crossing-domain communication in smart citi…
A smart city improves operational efficiency and comfort of living by harnessing techniques such as the Internet of Things (IoT) to collect and process data for decision making. To better support smart cities, data collected by IoT should be stored and processed appropriately. However, IoT devices are often task-specialized and resource-constrained, and thus, they heavily rely on online resources in terms of computing and storage to accomplish various tasks. Moreover, these cloud-based solutions often centralize the resources and are far away from the end IoTs and cannot respond to users in ti…
Smart city projects aim to enhance the management of city infrastructure by enabling government entities to monitor, control and maintain infrastructure efficiently through the deployment of Internet-of-things (IoT) devices. However, the financial burden associated with smart city projects is a detriment to prospective smart cities. A noteworthy factor that impacts the cost and sustainability of smart city projects is providing cellular Internet connectivity to IoT devices. In response to this problem, this paper explores the use of public transportation network nodes and mules, such as bus-st…
Rapid urbanization burdens city infrastructure and creates the need for local governments to maximize the usage of resources to serve its citizens. Smart city projects aim to alleviate the urbanization problem by deploying a vast amount of Internet-of-things (IoT) devices to monitor and manage environmental conditions and infrastructure. However, smart city projects can be extremely expensive to deploy and manage. A significant portion of the expense is a result of providing Internet connectivity via 5G or WiFi to IoT devices. This paper proposes the use of delay tolerant networks (DTNs) as a …
To effectively tackle the security threats towards the Internet of things, we propose a SOM-based DDoS defense mechanism using software-defined networking (SDN) in this paper. The main idea of the mechanism is to deploy a SDN-based gateway to protect the device services in the Internet of things. The gateway provides DDoS defense mechanism based on SOM neural network. By means of SOM-based DDoS defense mechanism, the gateway can effectively identify the malicious sensing devices in the IoT, and automatically block those malicious devices after detecting them, so that it can effectively enforce…
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to connect billions of smart objects to the Internet, which can bring a promising future to smart cities. These objects are expected to generate large amounts of data and send the data to the cloud for further processing, specially for knowledge discovery, in order that appropriate actions can be taken. However, in reality sensing all possible data items captured by a smart object and then sending the complete captured data to the cloud is less useful. Further, such an approach would also lead to resource wastage (e.g. network, storage, etc.). The Fog (Edge) c…
The recent demographic trends indicate towards a rapidly increasing population growth and a significant portion of this increased population now prefer to live mostly in cities. In connection with this, it has become the responsibility of the government to ensure a quality standard of living in the cities and also make sure that these facilities trickle down to the next generation. A program named Smart City Mission has been started for this purpose. With an extremely diverse population, that is only second to China in the world in terms of size, the Indian government has engaged in serious th…
The Tactile Internet (TI) is an emerging technology next to the Internet of Things (IoT). It is a revolution to develop the smart cities, communities and cultures in the future. This technology will allow the real-time interaction between human and machines as well as machine-to-machine with the 1ms challenge to achieve in round trip latency. The term TI is defined by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in August 2014. The TI provides fast, reliable, secure and available internet network that is the requirements of the smart cities in 5G. Tactile internet can develop the part of world …
Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing for "Edge-IoT" systems, converged with machine intelligence, has the potentials of enabling a wide range of applications in smart homes, factories and cities. Edge-IoT can connect many diverse devices and the IoT asset owners can run heterogeneous IoT systems supported by various vendors or service providers (SPs), using either cloud or local edge computing (or both) for resource assistance. The existing methods typically manage the systems as separate vertical "silos", or in a vendor/SP-centric way, which suffers from significant challen…
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to overcome the deployment constraint of Internet of Things (IoT) in remote or rural area. Wirelessly powered communications (WPC) can address the battery limitation of IoT devices through transferring wireless power to IoT devices. The integration of UAVs and WPC, namely UAV-enabled Wireless Powering IoT (Ue-WPIoT) can greatly extend the IoT applications from cities to remote or rural areas. In this article, we present a state-of-the-art overview of Ue-WPIoT by first illustrating the working flow of Ue-WPIoT and discussing the challenges. We …
Besides enabling an enhanced mobile broadband, next generation of mobile networks (5G) are envisioned for the support of massive connectivity of heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT)s. These IoTs are envisioned for a large number of use-cases including smart cities, environment monitoring, smart vehicles, etc. Unfortunately, most IoTs have very limited computing and storage capabilities and need cloud services. Hence, connecting these devices through 5G systems requires huge spectrum resources in addition to handling the massive connectivity and improved security. This article discusses the c…
With the rise in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, home network management and security are becoming complex. There is an urgent requirement to make smart home network management efficient. This work proposes an SDN-based architecture to secure smart home networks through K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) based device classifications and malicious traffic detection. The efficiency is further enhanced by offloading the computation-intensive KNN model to Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), which offers parallel processing power of GPU platforms at lower costs and higher efficiencies, and can be used t…
The Internet of Things (IoT) enables numerous business opportunities in fields as diverse as e-health, smart cities, smart homes, among many others. The IoT incorporates multiple long-range, short-range, and personal area wireless networks and technologies into the designs of IoT applications. Localisation in indoor positioning systems plays an important role in the IoT. Location Based IoT applications range from tracking objects and people in real-time, assets management, agriculture, assisted monitoring technologies for healthcare, and smart homes, to name a few. Radio Frequency based system…
Internet of Things (IoT) is the utmost assuring framework to facilitate human life with quality and comfort. IoT has contributed significantly to numerous application areas. The stormy expansion of smart devices and their credence for data transfer using wireless mechanics boosts their susceptibility to cyber-attacks. Consequently, the rate of cybercrime is increasing day by day. Hence, the study of IoT security threats and possible corrective measures can benefit the researchers to identify appropriate solutions to deal with various challenges in cybercrime investigation. IoT forensics plays …
Connectivity is probably the most basic building block of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Up to know, the two main approaches to provide data access to the \emph{things} have been based either on multi-hop mesh networks using short-range communication technologies in the unlicensed spectrum, or on long-range, legacy cellular technologies, mainly 2G/GSM, operating in the corresponding licensed frequency bands. Recently, these reference models have been challenged by a new type of wireless connectivity, characterized by low-rate, long-range transmission technologies in the unlicensed sub-…
Mobile devices have shown to be very useful during and post disaster. If the communication infrastructure breaks down, however, they become almost useless as most services rely on Internet connectivity. Building post-disaster networks based purely on smartphones remains a challenging task, and, as of today, no practical solutions exist. The rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) offers the possibility to improve this situation. With an increase in smart spaces such as smart homes and smart offices, we move towards digital cities that are deeply penetrated by IoT technology. Many IoT devices …
With the advancement of IoT technology, various domains such as smart factories, smart cities and smart cars use the IoT to provide value-added services. In addition, technologies such as MEC and network slicing provide another opportunity for the IoT to support more advanced and real-time services that could not have been previously supported. However, the simple integration of such technologies into the IoT does not take full advantage of MEC and network slicing or the reduction of latency and traffic prioritization, respectively. Therefore, there is a strong need for an efficient integratio…
The Internet of Things (IoT) incorporates multiple long-range, short-range, and personal area wireless networks and technologies into the designs of IoT applications. This enables numerous business opportunities in fields as diverse as e-health, smart cities, smart homes, among many others. This research analyses some of the major evolving and enabling wireless technologies in the IoT. Particularly, it focuses on ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, LoRa, and the different versions of Wi-Fi including the recent IEEE 802.11ah protocol. The studies evaluate the capabilities and behaviours of t…
The evolving of Fifth Generation (5G) networks isbecoming more readily available as a major driver of the growthof new applications and business models. Vehicular Ad hocNetworks (VANETs) and Software Defined Networking (SDN)represent the key enablers of 5G technology with the developmentof next generation intelligent vehicular networks and applica-tions. In recent years, researchers have focused on the integrationof SDN and VANET, and look at different topics related to thearchitecture, the benefits of software-defined VANET servicesand the new functionalities to adapt them. However, securitya…
Almost 46% of the world's population resides in a rural landscape. Smart villages, alongside smart cities, are in need of time for future economic growth, improved agriculture, better health, and education. The smart village is a concept that improves the traditional rural aspects with the help of digital transformation. The smart village is built up using heterogeneous digital technologies pillared around the Internet-of-Thing (IoT). There exist many opportunities in research to design a low-cost, secure, and efficient technical ecosystem. This article identifies the key application areas, wh…
University of South Florida（南佛罗里达大学）；Electrical Engineering Department, University of South Florida（南佛罗里达大学电气工程系）；University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA（南佛罗里达大学，美国佛罗里达州坦帕市，邮编33620）
Intelligent vehicular systems and smart city applications are the fastest growing Internet of things (IoT) implementations at a compound annual growth rate of 30%. In view of the recent advances in IoT devices and the emerging new breed of IoT applications driven by artificial intelligence (AI), fog radio access network (F-RAN) has been recently introduced for the fifth generation (5G) wireless communications to overcome the latency limitations of cloud-RAN (C-RAN). We consider the network slicing problem of allocating the limited resources at the network edge (fog nodes) to vehicular and smar…
The Internet of Things (IoT) and Distributed ledger technology (DLT) have significantly changed our daily lives. Due to their distributed operational environment and naturally decentralized applications, the convergence of these two technologies indicates a more lavish arrangement for the future. This article develops a comprehensive survey to investigate and illustrate state-of-the-art DLT for various IoT use cases, from smart homes to autonomous vehicles and smart cities. We develop a novel framework for conducting a systematic and comprehensive review of DLT over IoT by extending the knowle…
