Contact tracing promises to help fight the spread of Covid-19 via an early detection of possible contagion events. To this end, most existing solutions share the following architecture: smartphones continuously broadcast random beacons that are intercepted by nearby devices and stored into their local contact logs. In this paper, we propose an IoT-enabled architecture for contact tracing that relaxes the smartphone-centric assumption, and provide a solution that enjoys the following features: (i) it reduces the overhead on the end-user to the bare minimum -- the mobile device only broadcasts its beacons; (ii) it provides the user with a degree of privacy not achieved by competing solutions -- even in the most privacy adverse scenario, the solution provides k-anonymity; and, (iii) it is flexible: the same architecture can be configured to support several models -- ranging from the fully decentralized to the fully centralized ones -- and the system parameters can be tuned to support the tracing of several social interaction models. We also highlight open issues and discuss a number of future research directions.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in incorporating blockchain for the Internet of Things (IoT) to address the inherent issues of IoT, such as single point of failure and data silos. However, blockchain alone cannot ascertain the authenticity and veracity of the data coming from IoT devices. The append-only nature of blockchain exacerbates this issue, as it would not be possible to alter the data once recorded on-chain. Trust and Reputation Management (TRM) is an effective approach to overcome the aforementioned trust issues. However, designing TRM frameworks for blockchain…
IoT cloud enabled societal applications have dramatically increased in the recent past due to the thrust for innovations, notably through startup initiatives, in various sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, industry, and so forth. The existing IoT cloud solutions have led practitioners or researchers to a haphazard clutter of serious security hazards and performance inefficiencies. This paper proposes a blockchain enabled IoT cloud implementation to tackle the existing issues in smart cities. It particularly highlights the implementation of chaincodes for air quality monitoring systems in …
Blockchain (BC), the technology behind the Bitcoin cryptocurrency system, is starting to be adopted for ensuring enhanced security and privacy in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Fervent research is currently being focused in both academia and industry in this domain. Proof of Work (PoW), a cryptographic puzzle, plays a vital role in ensuring BC security by maintaining a digital ledger of transactions, which are considered to be incorruptible. Furthermore, BC uses a changeable Public Key (PK) to record the identity of users, thus providing an extra layer of privacy. Not only in cryptocu…
The prevalence of Internet of Things (IoTs) allows heterogeneous embedded smart devices to collaboratively provide smart services with or without human intervention. While leveraging the large scale IoT based applications like Smart Gird or Smart Cities, IoTs also incur more concerns on privacy and security. Among the top security challenges that IoTs face, access authorization is critical in resource sharing and information protection. One of the weaknesses in today's access control (AC) is the centralized authorization server, which can be the performance bottleneck or the single point of fa…
IoT has enabled the rapid growth of smart remote healthcare applications. These IoT-based remote healthcare applications deliver fast and preventive medical services to patients at risk or with chronic diseases. However, ensuring data security and patient privacy while exchanging sensitive medical data among medical IoT devices is still a significant concern in remote healthcare applications. Altered or corrupted medical data may cause wrong treatment and create grave health issues for patients. Moreover, current remote medical applications' efficiency and response time need to be addressed an…
Future IoT is expected to get ubiquitous connection and access in a global scale. In the meantime, with the empowered communications capability for IoT devices, IoT will evolve to be highly autonomous, even under the help from infrastructure, and thus will gradually establish the smart IoT community. One of the major challenges imposed on the smart IoT communities is the socialization of IoT communications, because massive IoT accesses make centralized control very hard and also face the shortage of spectrum resources. Towards these issues, we in this article first present the overview and dis…
As network size continues to grow exponentially, there has been a proportionate increase in the number of nodes in the corresponding network. With the advent of Internet of things (IOT), it is assumed that many more devices will be connected to the existing network infrastructure. As a result, monitoring is expected to get more complex for administrators as networks tend to become more heterogeneous. Moreover, the addressing for IOTs would be more complex given the scale at which devices will be added to the network and hence monitoring is bound to become an uphill task due to management of la…
- The Internet of Things (IoT) is the result of many different enabling technologies such as embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, cloud computing, big-data, etc. used to gather, process, infer, and transmit data. Integrating all these technologies requires a comprehensive and holistic research effort to address all the challenges imposed by these technologies, especially for sensing and delivering information from physical world to cloud-hosted services. In this paper, we outline the most important issues related to standardization efforts, mobility of objects, networking and gateway ac…
The 6G wireless technology is visualized to revolutionize multiple customer services with the Internet of Things (IoT), thereby contributing to a ubiquitous intelligent society comprising autonomous systems. In this chapter, we conduct a detailed survey on the IoT networks with 6G wireless networks and investigate the trending possibilities provided by the 6G technology within the IoT networks and the related utilization; Firstly, we detail the breakthrough IoT technologies and the technological drivers which are anticipated to strengthen IoT networks in future. Next, we present the relevant u…
University of Guelph（圭尔夫大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
Over the years, the popularity and usage of wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices in several healthcare services are increased. Among the services that benefit from the usage of such devices is predictive analysis, which can improve early diagnosis in e-health. However, due to the limitations of wearable IoT devices, challenges in data privacy, service integrity, and network structure adaptability arose. To address these concerns, we propose a platform using federated learning and private blockchain technology within a fog-IoT network. These technologies have privacy-preserving features se…
Despite its technological benefits, Internet of Things (IoT) has cyber weaknesses due to the vulnerabilities in the wireless medium. Machine learning (ML)-based methods are widely used against cyber threats in IoT networks with promising performance. Advanced persistent threat (APT) is prominent for cybercriminals to compromise networks, and it is crucial to long-term and harmful characteristics. However, it is difficult to apply ML-based approaches to identify APT attacks to obtain a promising detection performance due to an extremely small percentage among normal traffic. There are limited s…
Privacy-preserving Blockchain-enabled Parametric Insurance via Remote Sensing and IoT
School of Computing, Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学计算学院）；Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University（莫纳什大学信息技术学院）；Data61, CSIRO（CSIRO数据61）
The Internet of Things (IoT) has started to empower the future of many industrial and mass-market applications. Localization techniques are becoming key to add location context to IoT data without human perception and intervention. Meanwhile, the newly-emerged Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have advantages such as long-range, low power consumption, low cost, massive connections, and the capability for communication in both indoor and outdoor areas. These features make LPWAN signals strong candidates for mass-market localization applications. However, there are various error s…
Fog computing in 5G networks has played a significant role in increasing the number of users in a given network. However, Internet-of-Things (IoT) has driven system designers towards designing heterogeneous networks to support diverse demands (tasks with different priority values) with different latency and data rate constraints. In this paper, our goal is to maximize the total number of tasks served by a heterogeneous network, labeled task throughput, in the presence of data rate and latency constraints and device preferences regarding computational needs. Since our original problem is intrac…
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have received significant attention in recent years by encompassing a set of technologies that enable a variety of heterogeneous physical objects, called things, to interact and communicate through efficient networking protocols. These technologies have already been used in several domains such as in manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, etc. Another domain in which IoT can be applicable and useful, is that of supply chain tracing, where products are monitored throughout the whole supply chain. IoT data collection can enable the proliferation of applicat…
Several networking technologies targeting the IoT application space currently compete within the smart city domain, both in outdoor and indoor deployments. However, up till now, there is no clear winner, and results from real-world deployments have only recently started to surface. In this paper, we present a comparative study of 2 popular IoT networking technologies, LoRa and IEEE 802.15.4, within the context of a research-oriented IoT deployment inside school buildings in Europe, targeting energy efficiency in education. We evaluate the actual performance of these two technologies in real-wo…
The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) applications that leverage ubiquitous connectivity and big data are facilitating the realization of smart everything initiatives. IoT-enabled infrastructures have naturally a multi-layer system architecture with an overlaid or underlaid device network and its coexisting infrastructure network. The connectivity between different components in these two heterogeneous interdependent networks plays an important role in delivering real-time information and ensuring a high-level situational awareness. However, IoT-enabled infrastructures face cyber threats due t…
In this paper, we study how to optimize the federated edge learning (FEEL) in UAV-enabled Internet of things (IoT) for B5G/6G networks, from a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach. The federated learning is an effective framework to train a shared model between decentralized edge devices or servers without exchanging raw data, which can help protect data privacy. In UAV-enabled IoT networks, latency and energy consumption are two important metrics limiting the performance of FEEL. Although most of existing works have studied how to reduce the latency and improve the energy efficiency, fe…
The development of mobile communication technology, hardware, distributed computing, and artificial intelligence (AI) technology has promoted the application of edge computing in the field of heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT). In order to overcome the defects of the traditional cloud computing model in the era of big data. In this article, we first propose a new AIenabled smart edge with heterogeneous IoT architecture which combines edge computing, caching, and communication. Then, we propose the Smart-Edge-CoCaCo algorithm. To minimize total delay and confirm the computation offloading d…
-Recent advances in microelectronics have enabled the realization of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). However , the massive growth in wireless devices and the push for interconnecting these devices to form an Internet of Things (IoT) can be challenging for WBANs; hence robust communication is necessary through careful medium access arbitration. In this paper, we propose a new protocol to enable WBAN operation within an IoT. Basically, we leverage the emerging Bluetooth Low Energy technology (BLE) and promote the integration of a BLE transceiver and a Cognitive Radio module (CR) within the …
A new framework for a secure and robust consensus in blockchain-based IoT networks is proposed using machine learning. Hyperledger fabric, which is a blockchain platform developed as part of the Hyperledger project, though looks very apt for IoT applications, has comparatively low tolerance for malicious activities in an untrustworthy environment. To that end, we propose AI-enabled blockchain (AIBC) with a 2-step consensus protocol that uses an outlier detection algorithm for consensus in an IoT network implemented on hyperledger fabric platform. The outlier-aware consensus protocol exploits a…
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) opens up a challenging research area towards improving secure data sharing which currently has several limitations. Primarily, the lack of inbuilt guarantees of honest behavior of participating, such as end-users or cloud behaving maliciously may result in disputes. Given such challenges, we propose a fair, accountable, and secure data sharing scheme, $\textit{FairShare}$ for IIoT. In this scheme, data collected from IoT devices are processed and stored in cloud servers with intermediate fog nodes facilitating computation. Authorized clients can access this…
Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as one of the key features of the next generation wireless networks, where timely delivery of status update packets is essential for many real-time IoT applications. To provide users with context-aware services and lighten the transmission burden, the raw data usually needs to be preprocessed before being transmitted to the destination. However, the effect of computing on the overall information freshness is not well understood. In this work, we first develop an analytical framework to investigate the information freshness, in terms of peak age of informati…
Robust Base Station Placement in Agricultural IoT via Bayesian Optimization
National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra（库鲁克谢特拉国家理工学院）；Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology（塔帕尔工程与技术学院）；KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）
With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the next generation mobile networks demand for more operating frequency bands. By leveraging the underutilized radio spectrum, the cognitive radio (CR) technology is considered as a promising solution for spectrum scarcity problem of IoT applications. In parallel with the development of CR techniques, Wireless Energy Harvesting (WEH) is considered as one of the emerging technologies to eliminate the need of recharging or replacing the batteries for IoT and CR networks. To this end, we propose to utilize WEH for CR networks in which the…
Synchronized Random Access Channel (RACH) attempts by Internet of Things (IoT) devices could result in Radio Access Network (RAN) overload in LTE-A. 3GPP adopted Barring Bitmap Enabled-Extended Access Barring (EAB-BB) mechanism that announces the EAB information (i.e., a list of barred Access Classes) through a barring bitmap as the baseline solution to mitigate the RAN overload. EAB-BB was analyzed for its optimal performance in a recent work. However, there has been no work that analyzes Barring Factor Enabled-Extended Access Barring (EAB-BF), an alternative mechanism that was considered dur…
Thanks to rapid technological advances in the Internet of Things (IoT), a smart public safety (SPS) system has become feasible by integrating heterogeneous computing devices to collaboratively provide public protection services. While a service oriented architecture (SOA) has been adopted by IoT and cyber-physical systems (CPS), it is difficult for a monolithic architecture to provide scalable and extensible services for a distributed IoT based SPS system. Furthermore, traditional security solutions rely on a centralized authority, which can be a performance bottleneck or single point failure.…
Caching has been regarded as a promising technique to alleviate energy consumption of sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) networks by responding to users' requests with the data packets stored in the edge caching node (ECN). For real-time applications in caching enabled IoT networks, it is essential to develop dynamic status update strategies to strike a balance between the information freshness experienced by users and energy consumed by the sensor, which, however, is not well addressed. In this paper, we first depict the evolution of information freshness, in terms of age of information (AoI…
DevOps describes a method to reorganize the way different disciplines in software engineering work together to speed up software delivery. However, the introduction of DevOps-methods to organisations is a complex task. A successful introduction results in a set of structured process descriptions. Despite the structure, this process leaves margin for error: Especially security issues are addressed in individual stages, without consideration of the interdependence. Furthermore, applying DevOps-methods to distributed entities, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) is difficult as the architecture …
IoT emerges as an unprecedented paradigm with great potential for changing how people interact, think and live. It is making existing Internet services feasible in ways that were previously impossible, as well as paving the way for new situation-awareness applications suitable for smart cities, such as realtime video surveillance, traffic control, and emergency management. These applications will typically rely on large numbers of IoT devices to collect and collaboratively process streamed data to enable real-time decision making. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Semantic Virtual Spa…
The agricultural sector is still lagging behind from all other sectors in terms of using the newest technologies. For production, the latest machines are being introduced and adopted. However, pre-harvest and post-harvest processing are still done by following traditional methodologies while tracing, storing, and publishing agricultural data. As a result, farmers are not getting deserved payment, consumers are not getting enough information before buying their product, and intermediate person/processors are increasing retail prices. Using blockchain, smart contracts, and IoT devices, we can fu…
One of the most promising applications of the IoT is the Smart Grid (SG). Integrating SG's data communications network into the power grid allows gathering and analyzing information from power lines, distribution power stations, and end users. A smart grid (SG) requires a prompt and dependable connection to provide real-time monitoring through the IoT. Hence 5G could be considered a catalyst for upgrading the existing power grid systems. Nonetheless, the additional attack surface of information infrastructure has been brought about by the widespread adoption of ubiquitous connectivity in 5G, t…
University of Science and Technology Beijing（北京科技大学）；Beijing Engineering Research Center for Cyberspace Data Analysis and Applications（北京网络空间数据分析与应用工程研究中心）；Ulster University（阿尔斯特大学）；University of Cagliari（卡利亚里大学）；Stevens Institute of Technology（史蒂文斯理工学院）
With the recent advances of the Internet of Things, and the increasing accessibility of ubiquitous computing resources and mobile devices, the prevalence of rich media contents, and the ensuing social, economic, and cultural changes, computing technology and applications have evolved quickly over the past decade. They now go beyond personal computing, facilitating collaboration and social interactions in general, causing a quick proliferation of social relationships among IoT entities. The increasing number of these relationships and their heterogeneous social features have led to computing an…
Fog computing is becoming a vital component for Internet of things (IoT) applications, acting as its computational engine. Mission-critical IoT applications are highly sensitive to latency, which depends on the physical location of the cloud server. Fog nodes of varying response rates are available to the cloud service provider (CSP) and it is faced with a challenge of forwarding the sequentially received IoT data to one of the fog nodes for processing. Since the arrival times and nature of requests is random, it is important to optimally classify the requests in real-time and allocate availab…
Guangzhou University（广州大学）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦玛丽女王大学）
In this paper, we investigate how to deploy computational intelligence and deep learning (DL) in edge-enabled industrial IoT networks. In this system, the IoT devices can collaboratively train a shared model without compromising data privacy. However, due to limited resources in the industrial IoT networks, including computational power, bandwidth, and channel state, it is challenging for many devices to accomplish local training and upload weights to the edge server in time. To address this issue, we propose a novel multi-exit-based federated edge learning (ME-FEEL) framework, where the deep …
Anomaly detection for the Internet of Things (IoT) is a major intelligent service required by many fields, including intrusion detection, device-activity analysis, and security supervision. However, the heterogeneous distribution of data and resource-constrained end nodes present challenges for existing anomaly detection models. Due to the advantages of flexible deployment and multi-dimensional resources, high altitude platform stations (HAPSs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are important components of vertical heterogeneous networks (VHetNets), have significant potential for sensi…
Activity-tracking applications and location-based services using short-range communication (SRC) techniques have been abruptly demanded in the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for automated contact tracing. The attention from both public and policy keeps raising on related practical problems, including \textit{1) how to protect data security and location privacy? 2) how to efficiently and dynamically deploy SRC Internet of Thing (IoT) witnesses to monitor large areas?} To answer these questions, in this paper, we propose a decentralized and permissionless blockchain protocol, named \textit{Bychai…
University of Murcia（穆尔西亚大学）；European Commission, Joint Research Centre（欧盟委员会联合研究中心）
The application of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to the well-known intrusion detection systems (IDS) is key to cope with increasingly sophisticated cybersecurity attacks through an effective and efficient detection process. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), most ML-enabled IDS approaches use centralized approaches where IoT devices share their data with data centers for further analysis. To mitigate privacy concerns associated with centralized approaches, in recent years the use of Federated Learning (FL) has attracted a significant interest in different sectors, including hea…
We consider a resource-constrained IoT network, where multiple users make on-demand requests to a cache-enabled edge node to send status updates about various random processes, each monitored by an energy harvesting sensor. The edge node serves users' requests by deciding whether to command the corresponding sensor to send a fresh status update or retrieve the most recently received measurement from the cache. Our objective is to find the best actions of the edge node to minimize the average age of information (AoI) of the received measurements upon request, i.e., average on-demand AoI, subjec…
The freshness of status information is of great importance for time-critical Internet of Things (IoT) applications. A metric measuring status freshness is the age-of-information (AoI), which captures the time elapsed from the status being generated at the source node (e.g., a sensor) to the latest status update.However, in intelligent IoT applications such as video surveillance, the status information is revealed after some computation intensive and time-consuming data processing operations, which would affect the status freshness. In this paper, we propose a novel metric, age-of-processing (A…
Abnormality detection is essential to the performance of safety-critical and latency-constrained systems. However, as systems are becoming increasingly complicated with a large quantity of heterogeneous data, conventional statistical change point detection methods are becoming less effective and efficient. Although Deep Learning (DL) and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are increasingly employed to handle heterogeneous data, they still lack theoretic assurable performance and explainability. This paper integrates zero-bias DNN and Quickest Event Detection algorithms to provide a holistic framework …
