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arXiv 2009.14142astro-ph.EP
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三维恒星辐照吸积盘中的间隙开放行星迁移

Migration of gap-opening planets in 3D stellar-irradiated accretion disks

Ondřej Chrenko, David Nesvorný

备注：
Accepted for publication in A&A, 17 pages, 15 figures
发表信息：
A&A 642, A219 (2020)
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摘要：

上下文中等间距的巨行星$\simeq$ $1$ $-$ $10$ au的起源仍然没有被完全理解，因为对原行星盘中II型迁移的数值研究经常预测半长轴的衰变太快。根据最近的2D模拟，如果外部间隙边缘被来自中央恒星的辐射加热并膨胀，则间隙开放行星的向内迁移可以减缓甚至逆转。目标。在这里，我们研究如何恒星辐射减少磁盘驱动的扭矩，并影响迁移更现实的3D磁盘。方法.利用三维流体动力学模拟与辐射传输，我们研究了静态扭矩作用在一个单一的间隙开放的行星嵌入被动加热吸积盘。结果我们的模拟证实，建立在照射外间隙边缘的温度反转和局部增加的规模高度降低了负外部Lindblad扭矩的大小。然而，温度超出小于2D模拟中假设的，并且扭矩减小仅在特定参数下变得突出。对于粘度$α=10^{-3}$，行星质量从$0.1$到$0.7$木星质量范围内的总扭矩减少，对于土星质量的行星，最大的减少是$-0.17$的因子（意味着向外迁移）。对于一个质量为1000亿的行星，扭矩减小随着$α$的增加而变得更强（当$α=5\times10^{-3}$时扭矩减半）。结论.我们的结论是，行星打开适度宽和深的差距受到最大的扭矩修改和他们的II型迁移可以停滞，由于间隙边缘照明。然后，我们认为，扭矩减少可以帮助稳定的轨道形成的巨行星在$\gtrsim$ $1$ au。

英文摘要：

Context. The origin of giant planets at moderate separations $\simeq$$1$$-$$10$ au is still not fully understood because numerical studies of Type II migration in protoplanetary disks often predict a decay of the semi-major axis that is too fast. According to recent 2D simulations, inward migration of a gap-opening planet can be slowed down or even reversed if the outer gap edge becomes heated by irradiation from the central star, and puffed up. Aims. Here we study how stellar irradiation reduces the disk-driven torque and affects migration in more realistic 3D disks. Methods. Using 3D hydrodynamic simulations with radiation transfer, we investigated the static torque acting on a single gap-opening planet embedded in a passively heated accretion disk. Results. Our simulations confirm that a temperature inversion is established at the irradiated outer gap edge and the local increase of the scale height reduces the magnitude of the negative outer Lindblad torque. However, the temperature excess is smaller than assumed in 2D simulations and the torque reduction only becomes prominent for specific parameters. For the viscosity $α=10^{-3}$, the total torque is reduced for planetary masses ranging from $0.1$ to $0.7$ Jupiter mass, with the strongest reduction being by a factor of $-0.17$ (implying outward migration) for a Saturn-mass planet. For a Jupiter-mass planet, the torque reduction becomes stronger with increasing $α$ (the torque is halved when $α=5\times10^{-3}$). Conclusions. We conclude that planets that open moderately wide and deep gaps are subject to the largest torque modifications and their Type II migration can be stalled due to gap edge illumination. We then argue that the torque reduction can help to stabilize the orbits of giant planets forming at $\gtrsim$$1$ au.

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