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arXiv 2009.02309hep-phastro-ph.COhep-lat
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轻子味不对称下早期宇宙的π凝聚及其引力波特征

Pion condensation in the early Universe at nonvanishing lepton flavor asymmetry and its gravitational wave signatures

Volodymyr Vovchenko, Bastian B. Brandt, Francesca Cuteri, Gergely Endrődi, Fazlollah Hajkarim, Jürgen Schaffner-Bielich

摘要:

我们研究了在非零轻子味不对称值下,早期宇宙中可能形成玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚相的π介子。基于非零同位旋密度下的第一性原理格点量子色动力学模拟,采用一个具有π介子相互作用的强子共振气体模型,计算了满足总轻子不对称性约束的电子、μ子和τ轻子不对称性的宇宙轨道.如果电子和μ子的不对称性足够大,宇宙轨道可以通过π凝聚相:$|l_e + l_μ| \gtrsim 0.1$,对单个味不对称性之间的差异$l_e - l_μ$几乎不敏感。因此,未来对单个轻子味不对称值的限制将能够确认或排除宇宙QCD时期的π介子凝聚。我们证明了π凝聚相在QCD尺度上对原初引力波谱和原初黑洞的质量分布都留下了印记,例如最近的LIGO事件GW 190521中的黑洞双星可以在该凝聚相中形成.

英文摘要:

We investigate the possible formation of a Bose-Einstein condensed phase of pions in the early Universe at nonvanishing values of lepton flavor asymmetries. A hadron resonance gas model with pion interactions, based on first-principle lattice QCD simulations at nonzero isospin density, is used to evaluate cosmic trajectories at various values of electron, muon, and tau lepton asymmetries that satisfy the available constraints on the total lepton asymmetry. The cosmic trajectory can pass through the pion condensed phase if the combined electron and muon asymmetry is sufficiently large: $|l_e + l_μ| \gtrsim 0.1$, with little sensitivity to the difference $l_e - l_μ$ between the individual flavor asymmetries. Future constraints on the values of the individual lepton flavor asymmetries will thus be able to either confirm or rule out the condensation of pions during the cosmic QCD epoch. We demonstrate that the pion condensed phase leaves an imprint both on the spectrum of primordial gravitational waves and on the mass distribution of primordial black holes at the QCD scale e.g. the black hole binary of recent LIGO event GW190521 can be formed in that phase.

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