The discovery in 2008 of high-energy gamma-rays from Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies (NLS1s) made it clear that there were active galactic nuclei (AGN) other than blazars and radio galaxies that can eject powerful relativistic jets. In addition to NLS1s, the great performance of the Fermi Large Area Telescope made it possible to discover MeV-GeV photons emitted from more classes of AGN, like Seyferts, Compact Steep Spectrum Gigahertz Peaked Sources (CSS/GPS), and disk-hosted radio galaxies. Although observations indicate a variety of objects, their physical characteristics point to a central engine powered by a relatively small-mass black hole (but, obviously, there are interpretations against this view). This essay critically reviews the literature published on these topics during the last eight years and analyses the perspectives for the forthcoming years.
SDSS J163401.94$+$480940.2 is a non-jetted radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy. Optical monitoring of this object was carried out in two intra-night sessions each $\geq$ 3 hrs with 3.6m DOT. Intra-night optical variability (INOV) characterization is presented for the first time for this source. We have detected an unexpected remarkable flare in one of two monitoring sessions of SDSS J163401.94$+$480940.2, whose rapid brightening phase implied a minute like doubling time of $\sim$ 22 minutes, thereby approaching to the extremely fast minute like variability, observed from FSRQ PKS 1…
To quantify the role of radio jets for Intra-Night Optical Variability (INOV) in Radio-Loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (RLNLSy1) galaxies, we report the first systematic comparative INOV study of 23 RLNLSy1 galaxies, with 15 RLNLSy1s having confirmed detection of jets (jetted) and the remaining 8 RLNLSy1s having no detection of jets (non-jetted) based on their Very Long Baseline Array observations. We have monitored these two samples, respectively, in 37 and 16 sessions of a minimum 3-hour duration each. Based upon F$^η$-test at 99\% confidence level with a typical INOV amplitude ($ψ$) detection th…
We study a sample of Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1) in their optical and radio features, in order to understand the differences between their radio silent, radio-loud and radio-quiet subclasses. We first show that the different redshift and mass distributions of radio-loud and -quiet NLS1s could be ascribed to observational biases. We then present a geometrical model according to which most of the different observational features of radio-loud and radio-quiet NLS1s are ascribed to the orientation of an intrinsically structured jet. We estimate the fraction of intrinsically jetted source…
Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) is one of the few classes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) harboring powerful relativistic jets and detected in $γ$ rays. NLS1s are well-known X-ray sources. While in non-jetted sources the origin of this X-ray emission may be a hot corona surrounding the accretion disk, in jetted objects, especially beamed ones, the contribution of corona and relativistic jet is difficult to disentangle without a proper sampling of the hard X-ray emission. For this reason, we observed with \textit{NuSTAR} the first four NLS1s detected at high energy $γ$ rays. These data, …
We are compiling a new list of gamma-ray jetted active galactic nuclei (AGN), starting from the fourth catalog of point sources of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). Our aim is to prepare a list of jetted AGN with known redshifts and classifications to be used to calibrate jet power. We searched in the available literature for all the published optical spectra and multiwavelength studies useful to characterize the sources. We found new, missed, or even forgotten information leading to a substantial change in the redshift values and classification of many sources. We present here the prelimi…
We considered the fourth catalog of gamma-ray point sources produced by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and selected only jetted active galactic nuclei (AGN) or sources with no specific classification, but with a low-frequency counterpart. Our final list is composed of 2980 gamma-ray point sources. We then searched for optical spectra in all the available literature and publicly available databases, to measure redshifts and to confirm or change the original LAT classification. Our final list of gamma-ray emitting jetted AGN is composed of BL Lac Objects (40%), flat-spectrum radio quasars …
We collect a large sample with a reliable redshift detected by the Fermi satellite after 10 years of data (4FGL-DR2), including blazars, $γ$-ray Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies ($γ$NLS1s), and radio galaxies. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these Fermi sources are fitted by using a second-degree polynomial, and some important parameters including spectral curvature, synchrotron peak frequency, and peak luminosity are obtained. Based on those parameters, we discuss the Fermi blazar sequence and the particle acceleration mechanism. Our main results are as follows:(i) By studying the r…
The issue of the difference between optical and UV properties of radio-quiet and radio-loud (relativistically "jetted") active galactic nuclei (AGN) is a long standing one, related to the fundamental question of why a minority of powerful AGN possess strong radio emission due to relativistic ejections. This paper examines a particular aspect: the singly-ionized iron emission in the spectral range 4400 -- 5600 A, where the prominent HI H$β$ and [OIII] 4959, 5007 lines are also observed. We present a detailed comparison of the relative intensity of Fe II multiplets in the spectral types of the q…
Radio-Loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s), especially the extremely radio-loud ones, are widely accepted as the jetted versions of NLS1s. We explore the radio-loud fraction for NLS1s with recently released LoTSS DR1 at 150 MHz. The radio detection rate is about 28\% for LoTSS DR1. The radio detected NLS1s have lower redshift than the non-detected ones. Moreover, the 150 MHz radio luminosity of NLS1s detected by LoTSS are about two orders of magnitude weaker than that of the previous samples. By defining the radio loudness with the ratio between 150 MHz radio flux and SDSS \textit{r} ba…
The correlation between the kinetic jet power $P_{\rm jet}$, intrinsic $γ$-ray luminosity ($L^{\rm int}$) and accretion ($L_{\rm disk}$) may reveal the underlying jet physics in various black hole systems. We study the relation between kinetic jet power, intrinsic $γ$-ray luminosity, and accretion by using a large sample of jetted AGN, including flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs), gamma-ray Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies ($γ$NLS1s) and radio galaxies. Our main results are as follows: (1) The slope indices of the relation between $P_{\rm jet}$ and $L^{\rm int}$ a…
We present the first data release of high-resolution ($\leq0.2$ arcsec) 1.5-GHz radio images of 103 nearby galaxies from the Palomar sample, observed with the eMERLIN array, as part of the LeMMINGs survey. This sample includes galaxies which are active (LINER and Seyfert) and quiescent (HII galaxies and Absorption line galaxies, ALG), which are reclassified based upon revised emission-line diagrams. We detect radio emission $\gtrsim$ 0.2 mJy for 47/103 galaxies (22/34 for LINERS, 4/4 for Seyferts, 16/51 for HII galaxies and 5/14 for ALGs) with radio sizes typically of $\lesssim$100 pc. We iden…
Flagging Super-Eddington Candidates among Jetted, γ-Ray-Emitting AGN
Astronomical Observatory of Padova, National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)（帕多瓦天文台，意大利国家天体物理研究所）；Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)（布雷拉天文台，意大利国家天体物理研究所）
The concept of the evolutionary sequence of jetted active galactic nuclei (AGNs) has been challenged in the last few decades since AGN subclasses are considered to be different due to their viewing angle. In this paper, we collected a sample of 1108 blazars (472 flat-spectrum radio quasars, FSRQs and 636 BL Lacertae objects, BL Lacs) and 120 Seyfert galaxies (SGs) with available redshifts and spectral properties in radio, optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray bands in order to compare the properties of SGs and the blazar subclasses and also explore their possible unification through evolution. It is f…
Several narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) have now been detected in gamma rays, providing firm evidence that at least some of this class of active galactic nuclei (AGN) produce relativistic jets. The presence of jets in NLS1s is surprising, as these sources are typified by comparatively small black hole masses and near- or super-Eddington accretion rates. This challenges the current understanding of the conditions necessary for jet production. Comparing the properties of the jets in NLS1s with those in more familiar jetted systems is thus essential to improve jet production models. We pre…
What determines the nuclear radio emission in local galaxies? We combine optical [O III] line emission, robust black hole (BH) mass estimates, and high-resolution e-MERLIN 1.5-GHz data, from the LeMMINGs survey, of a statistically-complete sample of 280 nearby, optically active (LINER and Seyfert) and inactive HII and Absorption line galaxies [ALG]) galaxies. Using [O III] luminosity ($L_{\rm [O~III]}$) as a proxy for the accretion power, local galaxies follow distinct sequences in the optical-radio planes of BH activity, which suggest different origins of the nuclear radio emission for the op…
Our understanding of the unification of jetted AGNs has advanced greatly as the size of extragalactic sources increased. In the present paper, based on the large sample of radio sources, we compiled 680 blazars (279 FSRQs and 401 BL Lacs) from the 3FGL sample and 64 Seyfert galaxies (3 Narrow-line, 34 and 27 regular Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 respectively) from the INTEGRAL survey to statistically test the relationship between Seyfert galaxies and the blazar samples of FSRQs and BL Lacs. We compute the synchrotron (SS), Compton (CS) and inverse Compton (IC) continuous spectra from the low energy …
Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1) are active galactic nuclei (AGN) known to have small masses of the central black hole and high accretion rates. NLS1s are generally radio-quiet, but a small part of them (about 7\%) are radio-loud. The recent discovery of powerful relativistic jets in radio-loud NLS1s (RLNLS1s), emitting at high-energy $γ$-rays, opened intriguing questions. The observed luminosity of the jet is generally weak, smaller than blazars, although when rescaled for the mass of the central black hole, it becomes of the same order of magnitude of the latter. The weak luminosity, an…
We construct samples of jetted active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with low-frequency radio data from the recent released TGSS AD1 catalog at 150 MHz. With these samples, we compare the properties of jet power for blazars, radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (RL-NLS1s), young radio sources (YRSs) and radio galaxies. The jet-disk connection, and the unification of jetted AGNs are explored. On the Eddington ratio --- Eddington-scaled jet power plane, jetted AGNs can be generally divided into two populations. Low power radio galaxies, low excitation FR IIs (LEG/FR IIs), and most YRSs show larger …
NOCTURNE. I. The radio spectrum of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
European Southern Observatory (ESO)（欧洲南方天文台）；Texas Tech University（德克萨斯理工大学）；Technion（以色列理工学院）；Università di Padova（帕多瓦大学）；Aalto University（阿尔托大学）；University of Hertfordshire（赫特福德大学）；Università degli Studi di Torino（都灵大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino（意大利国家天体物理研究所都灵天文台）；International Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab（国际双子座观测站/美国国家光学红外天文实验室）；University of Trieste（的里雅斯特大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste（意大利国家天体物理研究所的里雅斯特天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）
We have monitored the R-band optical linear polarisation of ten jetted NLSy1 galaxies with the aim to quantify their variability and search for candidate long rotation of the polarisation plane. In all cases for which adequate datasets are available we observe significant variability of both the polarisation fraction and angle. In the best-sampled cases we identify candidate long rotations of the polarisation plane. We present an approach that assesses the probability that the observed phenomenology is the result of pure noise. We conclude that although this possibility cannot be excluded it i…
Recent radio VLBI observations of the ~parsec-scale nuclear region of the narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051 hint toward the presence of outflowing plasma. From available literature we have collected high-quality, high-resolution broadband spectral energy distribution data of the nuclear region of NGC 4051 spanning from radio through X-rays, to test whether the broadband SED can be explained within the framework of a relativistically outflowing jet model. We show that once the contribution from the host galaxy is taken into account, the broadband emission from the active galactic nucleus of…
Simultaneous observations of X-rays and radio luminosities have been well studied in accreting stellar-mass black holes. These observations are performed in order to understand how mass accretion rates and jetted outflows are linked in these individual systems. Such contemporaneous studies in supermassive black holes (SMBH) are harder to perform, as viscous times scale linearly with mass. However, as NGC 4395 is the lowest known mass Seyfert galaxy, we have used it to examine the simultaneous X-ray (Swift) and radio (VLA) correlation in a SMBH in a reasonably timed observing campaign. We find …
In the past decade, high sensitivity radio surveys have revealed that the local radio AGN population is dominated by moderate-to-low power sources with emission that is compact on galaxy scales. High-excitation radio galaxies (HERGs) with intermediate radio powers (22.5 $<$ log(L$_{\rm 1.4GHz}$) $<$ 25.0 W Hz$^{-1}$) form an important sub-group of this population, since there is strong evidence that they also drive multi-phase outflows on the scales of galaxy bulges. Here, we present high-resolution VLA observations at 1.5, 4.5 and 7.5 GHz of a sample of 16 such HERGs in the local universe ($z…
We present the second data release of high-resolution ($\leq0.2$ arcsec) 1.5-GHz radio images of 177 nearby galaxies from the Palomar sample, observed with the e-MERLIN array, as part of the LeMMINGs (Legacy e-MERLIN Multi-band Imaging of Nearby Galaxy Sample) survey. Together with the 103 targets of the first LeMMINGs data release, this represents a complete sample of 280 local active (LINER and Seyfert) and inactive galaxies HII galaxies and Absorption Line Galaxies, ALG). This large program is the deepest radio survey of the local Universe, $\gtrsim$10$^{17.6}$ W Hz$^{-1}$, regardless of th…
The shape of the ambient circumnuclear medium (ACM) density profile can probe the history of accretion onto the central supermassive black hole in galaxies and the circumnuclear environment. However, due to the limitation of the instrument resolution, the density profiles of the ACM for most of galaxies remain largely unknown. In this work, we propose a novel method to measure the ACM density profile of active galactic nucleus (AGN) by the equilibrium between the radiation pressure on the warm absorbers (WAs, a type of AGN outflows) and the drag pressure from the ACM. We study the correlation …
Using a month-long X-ray lightcurve from ${\it RXTE}$/PCA and 1.5 month long UV continuum lightcurves from ${\it IUE}$ spectra in 1220$-$1970 $Å$, we performed a detailed time-lag study of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469. Our cross-correlation analysis confirms previous results showing that the X-rays are delayed relative to the UV continuum at 1315 $Å$ by 3.49 $\pm$ 0.22 days which is possibly caused by either propagating fluctuation or variable comptonisation. However, if variations slower than 5 days are removed from the X-ray lightcurve, the UV variations then lag behind the X-rays variation…
Narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) are believed to be powered by accretion of matter onto low mass black holes (BHs) in spiral host galaxies with BH masses M_BH of 10^6 - 10^8 M_sun . However, the broad band spectral energy distribution of the gamma-ray emitting NLS1s are found to be similar to flat spectrum radio quasars. This challenges our current notion of NLS1s having low M_BH . To resolve this tension of low M_BH values in NLS1s, we fitted the observed optical spectrum of a sample of radio-loud NLS1s (RL-NLS1s), radio-quiet NLS1s (RQ-NLS1s) and radio-quiet broad line Seyfert 1 galaxi…
We present the first NuSTAR observation of a 'true' Type 2 Seyfert galaxy. The 3-40 keV X-ray spectrum of NGC3147 is characterised by a simple power-law, with a standard Γ~1.7 and an iron emission line, with no need for any further component up to ~40 keV. These spectral properties, together with significant variability on time-scales as short as weeks (as shown in a 2014 Swift monitoring campaign), strongly support an unobscured line-of-sight for this source. An alternative scenario in terms of a Compton-thick source is strongly disfavoured, requiring an exceptional geometrical configuration,…
We present a broadband spectral study of the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H~0323+342 based on multi-epoch observations performed with NuSTAR on 2014 March 15, and two simultaneous observations performed with Suzaku and Swift on 2009 July 26 and 2013 March 1. We found the presence of a strong soft X-ray excess emission, a broad but weak Fe line and hard X-ray excess emission. We used the blurred reflection (relxill) and the intrinsic disc Comptonization (optxagnf), two physically motivated models, to describe the broadband spectra and to disentangle the disk/corona and jet emission.…
X-ray unabsorbed Seyfert 2 galaxies appear to have X-ray absorption column densities that are too low (NH < 10^22 cm-2) to explain the absence of broad emission lines in their optical spectra, challenging the standard AGN unification model. In this paper we report Suzaku exposure on the X-ray unabsorbed Seyfert 2 galaxy IRAS F01475-0740, in which a hidden broad line region was detected through spectropolarimetric observation. The X-ray data show rapid and significant variations on time scales down to 5 ks, indicating that we are viewing its central engine directly. A newly obtained optical spe…
We present joint \textit{XMM-Newton} and \textit{NuSTAR} observations of the `bare' narrow line Seyfert 1 Ton S180 ($z=0.062$), carried out in 2016 and providing the first hard X-ray view of this luminous galaxy. We find that the 0.4--30 keV band cannot be self-consistently reproduced by relativistic reflection models, which fail to account simultaneously for the soft and hard X-ray emission. The smooth soft excess prefers extreme blurring parameters, confirmed by the nearly featureless nature of the RGS spectrum, while the moderately broad Fe K line and the modest hard excess above 10 keV app…
RE J2248-511 is one of only 14 non-blazar AGN detected in the far ultraviolet by the ROSAT Wide Field Camera implying a large ultrasoft X-ray flux. This soft X-ray excess is strongly variable on year timescales, a common property of Narrow Line Seyfert 1s, yet its optical linewidths classify this source as a broad-lined Seyfert 1. We use four nearly simultaneous optical--X-ray SEDs spanning 7 years to study the spectral shape and long term variability of RE J2248-511. Here we show that the continuum SED for the brightest epoch dataset is consistent with the mean SED of a standard quasar, and m…
Accretion disks and coronae around massive black holes have been studied extensively, and they are known to be coupled. Over a period of 30 years, however, the X-ray (coronal) flux of Mrk 817 increased by a factor of 40 while its UV (disk) flux remained relatively steady. Recent high-cadence monitoring finds that the X-ray and UV continua in Mrk 817 are also decoupled on time scales of weeks and months. These findings could require mechanical beaming of the innermost accretion flow, and/or an absorber that shields the disk and/or broad line region (BLR) from the X-ray corona. Herein, we report…
1ES 1927+654 is an active galactic nucleus (AGN) that appears to defy the unification model. It exhibits a type-2 optical spectrum, but possesses little X-ray obscuration. XMM-Newton and Suzaku observations obtained in 2011 are used to study the X-ray properties of 1ES 1927+654. The spectral energy distribution derived from simultaneous optical-to-X-ray data obtained with XMM-Newton shows the AGN has a typical Eddington ratio (L/L_Edd = 0.014-0.11). The X-ray spectrum and rapid variability are consistent with originating from a corona surrounding a standard accretion disc. Partial covering mod…
We report on radio-to-gamma-ray observations during 2011 May-September of PMN J0948+0022, the first narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy detected in gamma-rays by Fermi-LAT. Strong variability was observed in gamma-rays, with two flaring periods peaking on 2011 June 20 and July 28. The variability observed in optical and near-infrared seems to have no counterpart in gamma-rays. This different behaviour could be related to a bending and inhomogeneous jet or a turbulent extreme multi-cell scenario. The radio spectra showed a variability pattern typical of relativistic jets. The XMM spectrum show…
We present an analysis of a sample of Seyfert 1 galaxies observed with Suzaku. The aim of this work is to examine critically the evidence for a relativistic Fe K alpha line in the X-ray spectra of these AGN. The sample was compiled from those sources in which a relativistic component was missing in at least one XMM-Newton observation. We analysed the Suzaku spectra of these objects in order to have more constraints on the high energy emission, including the Compton reflection hump. The results show that the relativistic Fe K alpha line is detected (at >95% confidence) in all sources observed w…
Reverberation in the Narrow Fe K$α$ Line in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 4151 with XRISM
University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；The University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；NASA/GSFC（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；CRESST II, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（CRESST II，美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；SRON Space Research Organization Netherlands（荷兰空间研究所）；Technion（以色列理工学院）；Center for Astrophysics | Harvard-Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森天体物理中心）；Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学安顿·范·科克天文学研究所）
The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLS1) Mrk 335 has been continuously monitored with Swift since May 2007 when it fell into a long-lasting, X-ray low-flux interval. Results from the nearly 11 years of monitoring are presented here. Structure functions are used to measure the UV-optical and X-ray power spectra. The X-ray structure function measured between 10-100 days is consistent with the flat, low-frequency part of the power spectrum measured previously in Mrk 335. The UV-optical structure functions of Mrk 335 are comparable with those of other Seyfert 1 galaxies and of Mrk 335 itself when i…
We present the results of the Suzaku observation of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 4507. This source is one of the X-ray brightest Compton-thin Seyfert 2s and a candidate for a variable absorber. Suzaku caught NGC 4507 in a highly absorbed state characterised by a high column density (NH \sim8 x10^23 cm^-2), a strong reflected component (R\sim 1.9) and a high equivalent width Fe K alpha emission line (EW\sim 500 eV). The Fe K alpha emission line is unresolved at the resolution of the Suzaku CCDs (sigma < 30 eV or FWHM < 3000 km s^-1) and most likely originates in a distant absorber. The Fe K beta em…
We present a detailed timing and spectral study of an extremely variable narrow-line Seyfert~1 galaxy NGC 4748 using observations in the year 2017 and 2014 performed with AstroSat and XMM-Newton, respectively. Both observations show extremely variable soft and hard X-ray emission that are correlated with each other. In the 2014 data set, the source retains its general behaviour of "softer when brighter" while the 2017 observation exhibits a "harder when brighter" nature. Such changing behaviour is rare in AGNs and is usually observed in the black hole binary systems. The "harder when brighter"…
Using the 3XMM catalogue of serendipitous X-ray sources, and the SDSS-DR9 spectroscopic catalogue, we have obtained a new sample of X-ray selected narrow emission line galaxies. The standard optical diagnostic diagram and selection by hard X-ray luminosity expose a mismatch between the optically-based and X-ray-based classifications. The nature of these misclassified elusive AGN can be understood in terms of their broader X-ray and optical properties and leads to a division of this sub-sample into two groups. A little more than half are likely to be narrow-line Seyfert 1s (NLS1s), so misclassi…
Blueshifted absorption lines in the X-ray spectra of AGN show that ultra-fast outflows with typical velocities $v \sim 0.1c$ are a common feature of these luminous objects. Such powerful AGN winds offer an explanation of the observed M-$σ$ relation linking the mass of the supermassive black hole and the velocity dispersion in the galaxy's stellar bulge. An extended XMM-Newton study of the luminous Seyfert galaxy PG1211+143 recently revealed a variable multi-velocity wind. Here we report the detection of a short-lived, ultra-fast inflow during the same observation. Previous reports of inflows u…
We present the 0.5 - 50 keV Suzaku broad-band X-ray spectral study of the Compton-thick AGN in NGC 5135. The Suzaku observation provides the first detection of NGC 5135 above 10 keV that allowed us, for the first time, to estimate the absorbing column density, the intrinsic X-ray luminosity, the strength of the reflection component and the viewing angle of the torus for this AGN. The 0.5 - 10 keV spectrum of NGC 5135 is characterized by the standard components for a Compton-thick source: a scattered continuum, a prominent Fe Kα emission line (EW ~ 2.1 keV) and a soft excess. At higher energies…
We present a large sample which contains 45 Seyfert 1 galaxies (Sy1s), 46 hidden broad-line region (HBLR) Seyfert 2 galaxies (Sy2s), 57 non-HBLR Sy2s, and 22 starburst galaxies to distinguish their properties and to seek the possible evolution of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and starburst galaxies. We show that (1) using a plot of [O III] ł5007/H/alpha versus [N II] ł6584/H/alpha of standard optical spectral diagnostic diagrams, we find that a equation can separate well non-HBLR Sy2s and HBLR Sy2s; (2) the emission-line ratios and both the combination of the ratios and polycyclic aromatic hyd…
Particle acceleration at recollimation shocks in sub-relativistic jets. A model for jets in Seyfert Galaxies, Microquasars and Protostellar Systems
INAF, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica（意大利国家天体物理研究所）；Universite Paris Cité（巴黎西岱大学）；Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange（法国蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸天文台，法国国家科学研究中心，拉格朗日实验室）；University of Pisa（比萨大学）；Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences（波兰科学院核物理研究所）
