A. Beth, K. Altwegg, H. Balsiger, J. -J. Berthelier, M. R. Combi, J. De Keyser, B. Fiethe, S. A. Fuselier, M. Galand, T. I. Gombosi, M. Rubin, T. Sémon
罗塞塔号太空船护送彗星67 P/丘留莫夫-格拉西缅科2年，沿着它的旅程通过太阳系之间的3.8和1.24天文单位。由于罗塞塔号上的高分辨率质谱仪，彗发内的详细离子成分首次被准确地原位评估。以前的彗星任务，如$\text{Giotto}$，没有仪器能力来确定昏迷中等离子体的确切性质，因为机载光谱仪的质量分辨率太低，无法分离具有类似质量的离子种类。相比之下，双聚焦质谱仪（DFMS），罗塞塔轨道器光谱仪的一部分，用于离子和中性分析罗塞塔（ROSINA），其高质量分辨率模式，优于所有这些，揭示了彗星离子的多样性。我们校准和分析了DFMS在离子模式下从2014年10月到2016年4月获得的光谱集。特别地，我们集中在13-39 u $\cdot$ q $^{-1}$的范围。DFMS的高质量分辨率允许准确鉴定具有准相似质量的离子，例如将$^{13}$ C $^+$与CH $^+$分离。我们确认在彗星，如CH $_m^+$（$m=1-4$），H $_n$ O $^+$（$n=1-3$），O $^+$，钠$^+$，和几个电离和质子化的分子预测的阳离子的存在。在罗塞塔之前，只有一小部分被地球观测证实。此外，我们报告的第一次明确存在的分子二价阳离子的气体信封的太阳系机构，即CO $_2^{++}$。
英文摘要：
The Rosetta spacecraft escorted Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for 2 years along its journey through the Solar System between 3.8 and 1.24~au. Thanks to the high resolution mass spectrometer on board Rosetta, the detailed ion composition within a coma has been accurately assessed in situ for the very first time. Previous cometary missions, such as $\text{Giotto}$, did not have the instrumental capabilities to identify the exact nature of the plasma in a coma because the mass resolution of the spectrometers onboard was too low to separate ion species with similar masses. In contrast, the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS), part of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis on board Rosetta (ROSINA), with its high mass resolution mode, outperformed all of them, revealing the diversity of cometary ions. We calibrated and analysed the set of spectra acquired by DFMS in ion mode from October 2014 to April 2016. In particular, we focused on the range from 13-39 u$\cdot$q$^{-1}$. The high mass resolution of DFMS allows for accurate identifications of ions with quasi-similar masses, separating $^{13}$C$^+$ from CH$^+$, for instance. We confirm the presence in situ of predicted cations at comets, such as CH$_m^+$ ($m=1-4$), H$_n$O$^+$ ($n=1-3$), O$^+$, Na$^+$, and several ionised and protonated molecules. Prior to Rosetta, only a fraction of them had been confirmed from Earth-based observations. In addition, we report for the first time the unambiguous presence of a molecular dication in the gas envelope of a Solar System body, namely CO$_2^{++}$.
The Surface Distributions of the Production of the Major Volatile Species, H2O, CO2, CO and O2, from the Nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko throughout the Rosetta Mission as Measured by the ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer
The $^{16}$O/$^{18}$O ratio in Water in the Coma of Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured with the Rosetta / ROSINA Double-Focusing Mass Spectrometer
Limitations in the determination of surface emission distributions on comets through modelling of observational data -- A case study based on Rosetta observations
Nitrogen- and nitrogen-oxygen-bearing organic molecules in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: An untargeted investigation
University of Bern（伯尔尼大学）；Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS（巴黎南天体物理研究所，巴黎萨克雷大学，法国国家科学研究中心）；Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan（密歇根大学气候与空间科学与工程系）；Southwest Research Institute（西南研究院）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio（德克萨斯大学圣安东尼奥分校物理与天文系）；Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, BIRA-IASB（比利时皇家空间气象学研究所）；Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern（伯尔尼大学太空与宜居性中心）
