Deep Learning-based object detectors can enhance the capabilities of smart camera systems in a wide spectrum of machine vision applications including video surveillance, autonomous driving, robots and drones, smart factory, and health monitoring. Pedestrian detection plays a key role in all these applications and deep learning can be used to construct accurate state-of-the-art detectors. However, such complex paradigms do not scale easily and are not traditionally implemented in resource-constrained smart cameras for on-device processing which offers significant advantages in situations when real-time monitoring and robustness are vital. Efficient neural networks can not only enable mobile applications and on-device experiences but can also be a key enabler of privacy and security allowing a user to gain the benefits of neural networks without needing to send their data to the server to be evaluated. This work addresses the challenge of achieving a good trade-off between accuracy and speed for efficient deployment of deep-learning-based pedestrian detection in smart camera applications. A computationally efficient architecture is introduced based on separable convolutions and proposes integrating dense connections across layers and multi-scale feature fusion to improve representational capacity while decreasing the number of parameters and operations. In particular, the contributions of this work are the following: 1) An efficient backbone combining multi-scale feature operations, 2) a more elaborate loss function for improved localization, 3) an anchor-less approach for detection, The proposed approach called YOLOpeds is evaluated using the PETS2009 surveillance dataset on 320x320 images. Overall, YOLOpeds provides real-time sustained operation of over 30 frames per second with detection rates in the range of 86% outperforming existing deep learning models.
Modeling Pedestrian Intrinsic Uncertainty for Multimodal Stochastic Trajectory Prediction via Energy Plan Denoising
School of Computing, Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学计算学院）；Data 61, CSIRO（联邦科学与工业研究组织Data 61研究院）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学计算机科学与工程学院）
Suite-IN++: A FlexiWear BodyNet Integrating Global and Local Motion Features from Apple Suite for Robust Inertial Navigation
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-based Services, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海导航与位置服务重点实验室，电子信息与电气工程学院，上海交通大学）
Kingston University（金斯顿大学）；University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）；University of Western Macedonia（西马其顿大学）
Smart video sensors for applications related to surveillance and security are IOT-based as they use Internet for various purposes. Such applications include crowd behaviour monitoring and advanced decision support systems operating and transmitting information over internet. The analysis of crowd and pedestrian behaviour is an important task for smart IoT cameras and in particular video processing. In order to provide related behavioural models, simulation and tracking approaches have been considered in the literature. In both cases ground truth is essential to train deep models and provide a …
Sparse Prototype Network for Explainable Pedestrian Behavior Prediction
Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University（名古屋大学未来社会创新研究院）；Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University（岐阜大学工学研究科）；Tier IV Inc.（Tier IV公司）；Nagoya University Open Innovation Center（名古屋大学开放创新中心）；Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University（名古屋大学信息学研究科）
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology（韩国科学技术院）
Despite recent advances in vehicle safety technologies, road traffic accidents still pose a severe threat to human lives and have become a leading cause of premature deaths. In particular, crosswalks present a major threat to pedestrians, but we lack dense behavioral data to investigate the risks they face. Therefore, we propose a comprehensive analytical model for pedestrian potential risk using video footage gathered by road security cameras deployed at such crossings. The proposed system automatically detects vehicles and pedestrians, calculates trajectories by frames, and extracts behavior…
University Politehnica of Bucharest（布加勒斯特理工大学）；The University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
Recent advancements in energy-efficient hardware technology is driving the exponential growth we are experiencing in the Internet of Things (IoT) space, with more pervasive computations being performed near to data generation sources. A range of intelligent devices and applications performing local detection is emerging (activity recognition, fitness monitoring, etc.) bringing with them obvious advantages such as reducing detection latency for improved interaction with devices and safeguarding user data by not leaving the device. Video processing holds utility for many emerging applications an…
Northumbria University（诺森比亚大学）；Imam Mohammed ibn Saud Islamic University（伊玛目穆罕默德·本·沙特伊斯兰大学）
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have been promising for many computer vision problems due to their powerful capabilities to enhance the data for training and test. In this paper, we leveraged GANs and proposed a new architecture with a cascaded Single Shot Detector (SSD) for pedestrian detection at distance, which is yet a challenge due to the varied sizes of pedestrians in videos at distance. To overcome the low-resolution issues in pedestrian detection at distance, DCGAN is employed to improve the resolution first to reconstruct more discriminative features for a SSD to detect objects…
Old Dominion University（欧道明大学）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
As smartphone rooted distractions become commonplace, the lack of compelling safety measures has led to a rise in the number of injuries to distracted walkers. Various solutions address this problem by sensing a pedestrian's walking environment. Existing camera-based approaches have been largely limited to obstacle detection and other forms of object detection. Instead, we present TerraFirma, an approach that performs material recognition on the pedestrian's walking surface. We explore, first, how well commercial off-the-shelf smartphone cameras can learn texture to distinguish among paving ma…
Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）；Toyota Motor North America（丰田汽车北美公司）
In Smart City and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) systems, acquiring pedestrians' accurate locations is crucial to traffic safety. Current systems adopt cameras and wireless sensors to detect and estimate people's locations via sensor fusion. Standard fusion algorithms, however, become inapplicable when multi-modal data is not associated. For example, pedestrians are out of the camera field of view, or data from camera modality is missing. To address this challenge and produce more accurate location estimations for pedestrians, we propose a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) architecture. During…
From Lab to Field: Real-World Evaluation of an AI-Driven Smart Video Solution to Enhance Community Safety
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte（电气与计算机工程系，北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校）；Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Charlotte（公共政策系，北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校）
This article describes an approach to detect the wearing location of smart devices worn by pedestrians and cyclists. The detection, which is based solely on the sensors of the smart devices, is important context-information which can be used to parametrize subsequent algorithms, e.g. for dead reckoning or intention detection to improve the safety of vulnerable road users. The wearing location recognition can in terms of Organic Computing (OC) be seen as a step towards self-awareness and self-adaptation. For the wearing location detection a two-stage process is presented. It is subdivided into …
Accurate and efficient pedestrian detection is crucial for the intelligent transportation system regarding pedestrian safety and mobility, e.g., Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, and smart pedestrian crosswalk systems. Among all pedestrian detection methods, vision-based detection method is demonstrated to be the most effective in previous studies. However, the existing vision-based pedestrian detection algorithms still have two limitations that restrict their implementations, those being real-time performance as well as the resistance to the impacts of environmental factors, e.g., low illum…
In this work, we examine the feasibility of applying Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGANs) with Single Shot Detector (SSD) as data-processing technique to handle with the challenge of pedestrian detection in the wild. Specifically, we attempted to use in-fill completion (where a portion of the image is masked) to generate random transformations of images with portions missing to expand existing labelled datasets. In our work, GAN has been trained intensively on low resolution images, in order to neutralize the challenges of the pedestrian detection in the wild, and consid…
EPAN: Robust Pedestrian Re-Identification via Enhanced Alignment Network for IoT Surveillance
China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Karamay Campus（中国石油大学（北京）克拉玛依校区）；China Tower Corporation Limited（中国铁塔股份有限公司）；Information Technology Research Institute of China Tower（中国铁塔信息技术研究院）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
For future traffic scenarios, we envision interconnected traffic participants, who exchange information about their current state, e.g., position, their predicted intentions, allowing to act in a cooperative manner. Vulnerable road users (VRUs), e.g., pedestrians and cyclists, will be equipped with smart device that can be used to detect their intentions and transmit these detected intention to approaching cars such that their drivers can be warned. In this article, we focus on detecting the initial movement of cyclist using smart devices. Smart devices provide the necessary sensors, namely ac…
AdvSerial: Physical Adversarial Attacks on Infrastructure-mounted Pedestrian Detectors via Semantic Feature Suppression
School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院）；State Key Lab of Intelligent Transportation System（智能交通系统国家重点实验室）；Zhongguancun Laboratory（中关村实验室）
University of Pisa（比萨大学）；National Research Council (ISTI-CNR)（国家研究委员会（信息科学与技术研究所））
Automatic people counting from images has recently drawn attention for urban monitoring in modern Smart Cities due to the ubiquity of surveillance camera networks. Current computer vision techniques rely on deep learning-based algorithms that estimate pedestrian densities in still, individual images. Only a bunch of works take advantage of temporal consistency in video sequences. In this work, we propose a spatio-temporal attentive neural network to estimate the number of pedestrians from surveillance videos. By taking advantage of the temporal correlation between consecutive frames, we lowere…
LTV-YOLO: A Lightweight Thermal Object Detector for Young Pedestrians in Adverse Conditions
Automotive and Surface Transportation National Research Council Canada（交通运输国家研究院加拿大）；Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Western Ontario（土木与环境工程系温哥华大学）
Within the burgeoning expansion of deep learning and computer vision across the different fields of science, when it comes to urban development, deep learning and computer vision applications are still limited towards the notions of smart cities and autonomous vehicles. Indeed, a wide gap of knowledge appears when it comes to cities and urban regions in less developed countries where the chaos of informality is the dominant scheme. How can deep learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) untangle the complexities of informality to advance urban modelling and our understanding of cities? Various …
Many smartphone applications use inertial measurement units (IMUs) to sense movement, but the use of these sensors for pedestrian localization can be challenging due to their noise characteristics. Recent data-driven inertial odometry approaches have demonstrated the increasing feasibility of inertial navigation. However, they still rely upon conventional smartphone orientation estimates that they assume to be accurate, while in fact these orientation estimates can be a significant source of error. To address the problem of inaccurate orientation estimates, we present a two-stage, data-driven …
In near future, vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as cyclists and pedestrians will be equipped with smart devices and wearables which are capable to communicate with intelligent vehicles and other traffic participants. Road users are then able to cooperate on different levels, such as in cooperative intention detection for advanced VRU protection. Smart devices can be used to detect intentions, e.g., an occluded cyclist intending to cross the road, to warn vehicles of VRUs, and prevent potential collisions. This article presents a human activity recognition approach to detect the starting move…
Shandong University of Finance and Economics（山东财经大学）；Jahangirnagar University（贾汉吉尔纳加尔大学）；Northumbria University（诺森比亚大学）
One of the most neglected sources of energy loss is streetlights which generate too much light in areas where it is not required. Energy waste has enormous economic and environmental effects. In addition, due to the conventional manual nature of the operation, streetlights are frequently seen being turned ON during the day and OFF in the evening, which is regrettable even in the twenty-first century. These issues require automated streetlight control in order to be resolved. This study aims to develop a novel streetlight controlling method by combining a smart transport monitoring system power…
Binghamton University, SUNY（纽约州立大学宾汉姆顿分校）；University of Missouri-Kansas City（密苏里大学堪萨斯城分校）；New York State University Police（纽约州立大学警察局）
Edge computing allows more computing tasks to take place on the decentralized nodes at the edge of networks. Today many delay sensitive, mission-critical applications can leverage these edge devices to reduce the time delay or even to enable real time, online decision making thanks to their onsite presence. Human objects detection, behavior recognition and prediction in smart surveillance fall into that category, where a transition of a huge volume of video streaming data can take valuable time and place heavy pressure on communication networks. It is widely recognized that video processing an…
FishEye8K: A Benchmark and Dataset for Fisheye Camera Object Detection
United Arab Emirates University（阿联酋大学）；University at Albany — State University of New York（纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校）；National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University（国立阳明交通大学）；Mongolian University of Science and Technology（蒙古科技大学）；National Center for High-Performance Computing（国家高速网络与计算中心）
本文构建开放的 FishEye8K 鱼眼道路目标检测数据集，含 8,000 张图像、157K 个边界框，并评估多种 YOLO 系列 SoTA 模型。
Santa Clara University（圣克拉拉大学）；University at Albany, SUNY（纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校）；Iowa State University（爱荷华州立大学）；Woven by Toyota（丰田编织公司）；United Arab Emirates University（阿拉伯联合酋长国大学）；National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University（国立阳明交通大学）；University of Macau（澳门大学）；North Carolina State University（北卡罗来纳州立大学）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；Milestone Systems（里程碑系统公司）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）
BlinkBud: Detecting Hazards from Behind via Sampled Monocular 3D Detection on a Single Earbud
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；Southwest Petroleum University（西南石油大学）；Donghua University（东华大学）
