The purpose of this paper is to survey some of the important results on Langlands program, global fields, $D$-shtukas and finite shtukas which have influenced the development of algebra and number theory. It is intended to be selective rather than exhaustive, as befits the occasion of the 80-th birthday of Yakovlev, 75-th birthday of Vostokov and 75-th birthday of Lurie. Under assumptions on ground fields results on Langlands program have been proved and discussed by Langlands, Jacquet, Shafarevich, Parshin, Drinfeld, Lafforgue and others. In this review article, we first present results on Langlands program and related representation over algebraic number fields. Then we briefly present approaches by U. Hartl, his colleagues and students to the study of $ D $ --shtukas and finite shtukas. These approaches and our discussion relate to the Langlands program as well as to the internal development of the theory of $ G $-shtukas.
This communication is an introduction to the Langlands Program and to ($G$-) shtukas (over algebraic curves) over function fields. Modular curves and Drinfeld (elliptic) modules and shtukas are used in coding theory. From this point of view the communication is concerned with mathematical models and methods of coding theory. For a connected reductive group $ G $ over a global field $ K $, the Langlands correspondence relates automorphic forms on $ G $ and global Langlands parameters, i.e. conjugacy classes of homomorphisms from the Galois group $ {\mathcal Gal} ({\overline K} / K) $ to the dua…
Kottwitz's conjecture describes the contribution of a supercuspidal represention to the cohomology of a local Shimura variety in terms of the local Langlands correspondence. A natural extension of this conjecture concerns Scholze's more general spaces of local shtukas. Using a new Lefschetz-Verdier trace formula for v-stacks, we prove the extended conjecture, disregarding the action of the Weil group, and modulo a virtual representation whose character vanishes on the locus of elliptic elements. As an application, we show that for an irreducible smooth representation of an inner form of $\math…
This is the second in a sequence of articles, in which we explore moduli stacks of global G-shtukas, the function field analogs for Shimura varieties. Here G is a flat affine group scheme of finite type over a smooth projective curve C over a finite field. Global G-shtukas are generalizations of Drinfeld shtukas and analogs of abelian varieties with additional structure. We prove that the moduli stacks of global G-shtukas are algebraic Deligne-Mumford stacks separated and locally of finite type. They generalize various moduli spaces used by different authors to prove instances of the Langlands…
This is the first in a sequence of two articles investigating moduli stacks of global G-shtukas, which are function field analogs for Shimura varieties. Here G is a flat affine group scheme of finite type over a smooth projective curve, and global G-shtukas are generalizations of Drinfeld shtukas and analogs of abelian varieties with additional structure. Our moduli stacks generalize various moduli spaces used by different authors to prove instances of the Langlands program over function fields. In the present article we explain the relation between global G-shtukas and local P-shtukas, which …
Moduli spaces of global $\mathbb G$-shtukas play a crucial role in the Langlands program for function fields. We analyze their functoriality properties following a change of the curve and a change of the group scheme $\mathbb G$ under various aspects. In particular, we prove two finiteness results which are of interest in the study of stratifications of these moduli spaces and which potentially allow the formulation of an analog of the André-Oort conjecture for global $\mathbb G$-shtukas.
For a split reductive group G over a finite field, we show that the intersection (cohomology) motive of the moduli stack of iterated G-shtukas with bounded modification and level structure is defined independently of the standard conjectures on motivic t-structures on triangulated categories of motives. This is in accordance with general expectations on the independence of l in the Langlands correspondence for function fields.
Using the Langlands-Kottwitz paradigm, we compute the trace of Frobenius composed with Hecke operators on the cohomology of nearby cycles, at places of parahoric reduction, of perverse sheaves on certain moduli stacks of shtukas. Following an argument of Ngo, we then use this to give a geometric proof of a base change fundamental lemma for parahoric Hecke algebras for GL_n over local function fields. This generalizes a theorem of Ngo, who proved the base change fundamental lemma for spherical Hecke algebras for GL_n over local function fields, and extends to positive characteristic (for GL_n) …
We present topics in the Langlands Program to graduate students and a wider mathematically mature audience. We study both global and local aspects in characteristic zero as well as characteristic $p$. We look at modern approaches to the generalized Ramanujan conjecture, which is an open problem over number fields, and present known cases over function fields. In particular, we study automorphic $L$-functions via the Langlands-Shahidi method. Hopefully, our approach to the Langlands Program can help guide the interested reader into an exciting field of mathematical research.
We prove that certain Galois-isotypic parts of the completed cohomology group for U(2) can be written as a completed tensor product of a representation coming from the p-adic Langlands correspondence for $GL_2(\mathbb{Q}_p)$ and a representation arising via the local Langlands correspondence in famillies of Emerton and Helm.
This is a survey article on developments in modularity since the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, with an emphasis on the historical development of the subject rather than any technical details.
We present a new construction of the p-adic local Langlands correspondence for GL(2, Q_p) via the patching method of Taylor--Wiles and Kisin. This construction sheds light on the relationship between the various other approaches to both the local and global aspects of the p-adic Langlands program; in particular, it gives a new proof of many cases of the second author's local-global compatibility theorem, and relaxes a hypothesis on the local mod p representation in that theorem.
We generalize the local-global compatibility result in arXiv:1506.04022 to higher dimensional cases, by examining the relation between Scholze's functor and cohomology of Kottwitz-Harris-Taylor type Shimura varieties. Along the way we prove a cuspidality criterion from type theory. We also deal with compatibility for torsion classes in the case of semisimple mod $p$ Galois representations with distinct irreducible components under certain flatness hypotheses.
In this article we introduce and study a motivic category in the arithmetic of function fields, namely the category of motives over an algebraic closure $L$ of a finite field with coefficients in a global function field over this finite field. It is semi-simple, non-neutral Tannakian and possesses all the expected fiber functors. This category generalizes the previous construction due to Anderson and is more relevant for applications to the theory of $G$-Shtukas, such as formulating the analog of the Langlands-Rapoport conjecture over function fields. We further develop the analogy with the ca…
Inspired by Emerton's work for GL(2), we study the completed cohomology of the tower of finite sets associated with a definite unitary group in two variables. When p splits (and other technical assumptions are fulfilled), we show that the p-adic local Langlands correspondence for GL(2) (over Q_p) occurs in the cohomology. We give an application to the Fontaine-Mazur conjecture over CM fields.
We describe an evolving and conjectural extension of the Langlands program for a class of nonlinear covering groups of algebraic origin studied by Brylinski-Deligne. In particular, we describe the construction of an L-group extension of such a covering group (over a split reductive group) due to Weissman, study some of its properties and discuss a variant of it. Using this L-group extension, we describe a local Langlands correspondence for covering (split) tori and unramified genuine representations, using work of Savin, McNamara, Weissman and W.W. Li. Finally, we define the notion of automorp…
The Langlands Program relates Galois representations and automorphic representations of reductive algebraic groups. The trace formula is a powerful tool in the study of this connection and the Langlands Functoriality Conjecture. After giving an introduction to the Langlands Program and its geometric version, which applies to curves over finite fields and over the complex field, I give a survey of my recent joint work with Robert Langlands and Ngo Bao Chau (arXiv:1003.4578 and arXiv:1004.5323) on a new approach to proving the Functoriality Conjecture using the trace formulas, and on the geometr…
A brief survey is given of the classical Langlands correspondence between n-dimensional representations of Galois groups of local and global fields of dimension 1 and irreducible representations of the groups GL(n). A generalization of the Langlands program to fields of dimension 2 is considered and the corresponding version for 1-dimensional representations is described. We formulate a conjecture on a direct image (=automorphic induction) of automorphic forms which links the Langlands correspondences in dimension 2 and 1. The direct image conjecture implies the classical Hasse-Weil conjecture…
We study the so-called averaging functors from the geometric Langlands program in the setting of Fargues' program. This makes explicit certain cases of the spectral action which was recently introduced by Fargues-Scholze in the local Langlands program for $\mathrm{GL}_n$. Using these averaging functors, we verify (without using local Langlands) that the Fargues-Scholze parameters associated to supercuspidal modular representations of $\mathrm{GL}_2$ are irreducible. We also attach to any irreducible $\ell$-adic Weil representation of degree $n$ an Hecke eigensheaf on $\mathrm{Bun}_n$, and show…
Langlands' functoriality principle predicts deep relations between the local and automorphic spectra of different reductive groups. This has been generalized by the relative Langlands program to include spherical varieties, among which reductive groups are special cases. In the philosophy of Langlands' "beyond endoscopy" program, these relations should be expressed as comparisons between different trace formulas, with the insertion of appropriate $L$-functions. The insertion of $L$-functions calls for one more goal to be achieved: the study of their functional equations via trace formulas. The…
In this joint introduction to an Asterisque volume, we give a short discussion of the historical developments in the study of nonlinear covering groups, touching on their structure theory, representation theory and the theory of automorphic forms. This serves as a historical motivation and sets the scene for the papers in the volume. Our discussion is necessarily subjective and will undoubtedly leave out the contributions of many authors, to whom we apologize in earnest.
In 1979, Lusztig proposed a cohomological construction of supercuspidal representations of reductive $p$-adic groups, analogous to Deligne-Lusztig theory for finite reductive groups. In this paper we establish a new instance of Lusztig's program. Precisely, let $X$ be the $p$-adic Deligne-Lusztig ind-scheme associated to a division algebra $D$ of invariant k/n over a non-Archimedean local field $K$. We study its homology groups by establishing a Deligne-Lusztig theory for families of finite unipotent groups that arise as subquotients of $D^\times$. The homology of $X$ induces a natural corresp…
We continue to develop the analytic Langlands program for curves over local fields initiated in arXiv:1908.09677, arXiv:2103.01509 following a suggestion of Langlands and a work of Teschner. Namely, we study the Hecke operators introduced in arXiv:2103.01509 in the case of P^1 over a local field with parabolic structures at finitely many points for the group PGL(2). We establish most of the conjectures of arXiv:1908.09677, arXiv:2103.01509 in this case.
In this paper, we study the relative Langlands program formulated by Dipendra Prasad for Galois symmetric spaces. Under certain assumptions, we confirm the necessary conditions in Prasad's conjecture for regular depth-zero supercuspidal L-packets.
Motivated by the Langlands program in representation theory, number theory and geometry, the theory of representations of a reductive $p$-adic group over a coefficient ring different from the field of complex numbers has been widely developped during the last two decades. This article provides a survey of basic results obtained in the 21st century.
