Mingqing Zhai, Jie Xue, Ruifang Liu
Brualdi and Hoffman (1985) proposed the problem of determining the maximal spectral radius of graphs with given size. In this paper, we consider the Brualdi-Hoffman type problem of graphs with given matching number. The maximal $Q$-spectral radius of graphs with given size and matching number is obtained, and the corresponding extremal graphs are also determined.
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In 1965 Erdős conjectured that the number of edges in k-uniform hypergraphs on n vertices in which the largest matching has s edges is maximized for hypergraphs of one of two special types. We settled this conjecture in the affirmative for k=3 and n is large enough.
Many extremal problems for graphs have threshold graphs as their extremal examples. For instance the current authors proved that for fixed $k\ge 1$, among all graphs on $n$ vertices with $m$ edges, some threshold graph has the fewest matchings of size $k$; indeed either the lex graph or the colex graph is such an extremal example. In this paper we consider the problem of maximizing the number of matchings in the class of threshold graphs. We prove that the minimizers are what we call \emph{almost alternating threshold graphs}. We also discuss a problem with a similar flavor: which threshold gr…
Extremal Matchings and Height Functions
本文研究圆盘上平面二分图（plabic图）中几乎完美匹配的格结构，通过高度函数显式构造极值匹配，并证明所有边界条件均可由此获得。
The matching energy is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the zeros of the matching polynomial of a graph, which is proposed first by Gutman and Wagner [The matching energy of a graph, Discrete Appl. Math. 160 (2012) 2177--2187]. And they gave some properties and asymptotic results of the matching energy. In this paper, we characterize the trees with $n$ vertices whose complements have the maximal, second-maximal and minimal matching energy. Further, we determine the trees with a perfect matching whose complements have the second-maximal matching energy. In particular, show that the …
The anti-forcing number of a perfect matching $M$ of a graph $G$ is the minimal number of edges not in $M$ whose removal to make $M$ as a unique perfect matching of the resulting graph. The set of anti-forcing numbers of all perfect matchings of $G$ is the anti-forcing spectrum of $G$. In this paper, we characterize the plane elementary bipartite graph whose minimum anti-forcing number is one. We show that the maximum anti-forcing number of a graph is at most its cyclomatic number. In particular, we characterize the graphs with the maximum anti-forcing number achieving the upper bound, such ex…
Extremal graphs for average size of maximal matchings in bicyclic graphs
本文研究双环图中最大匹配平均大小的极值问题，确定了连通双环图中该参数的最小值，并证明了特定结构的图达到下限。
The spectral radii and extremal graphs of two types of minimal graphs
本文通过耳分解和边交换技术，确定了极小匹配覆盖双图和极小因子临界图的最大谱半径并刻画了极值图。
A matching in a hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$ is a set of pairwise disjoint hyperedges. The matching number $ν(\mathcal{H})$ of $\mathcal{H}$ is the size of a maximum matching in $\mathcal{H}$. A subset $D$ of vertices of $\mathcal{H}$ is a dominating set of $\mathcal{H}$ if for every $v\in V\setminus D$ there exists $u\in D$ such that $u$ and $v$ lie in an hyperedge of $\mathcal{H}$. The cardinality of a minimum dominating set of $\mathcal{H}$ is the domination number of $\mathcal{H}$, denoted by $γ(\mathcal{H})$. It was proved that $γ(\mathcal{H})\leq (r-1)ν(\mathcal{H})$ for $r$-uniform hypergra…
The Turán type extremal problem asks to maximize the number of edges over all graphs which do not contain fixed subgraphs. Similarly, the spectral Turán type extremal problem asks to maximize spectral radius of all graphs which do not contain fixed subgraphs. In this paper, we determine the maximum spectral radius of all graphs without containing a linear forest as a subgraph and characterize all corresponding extremal graphs. In addition, the maximum number of edges and spectral radius of all bipartite graphs without containing $k\cdot P_3$ as a subgraph are obtained and all extremal graphs a…
The spectral radius and rank of a graph are defined to be the spectral radius and rank of its adjacency matrix, respectively. It is an important problem in spectral extremal graph theory to determine the extremal graph that has the maximum or minimum spectral radius over certain families of graphs. Monsalve and Rada [Extremal spectral radius of graphs with rank 4, Linear Algebra Appl. 609 (2021) 1-11] obtained the extremal graphs with maximum and minimum spectral radii among all graphs with order n and rank 4. In this paper, we first determine the extremal graph which attains the maximum spect…
Spectral extremal problems for degenerate graphs
本文研究退化图族的谱极值问题，利用图的覆盖与独立覆盖建立谱稳定性结果，证明了一般性定理以刻画谱极值图，并揭示了极值图与谱极值图之间的相关性。
This article provides sharp bounds for the maximum number of edges possible in a simple graph with restricted values of two of the three parameters, namely, maxi- mum matching size, independence number and maximum degree. We also construct extremal graphs that achieve the edge bounds in all cases. We further establish uniqueness of these extremal graphs whenever they are unique.
Trees maximizing the number of almost-perfect matchings
本文刻画了最大化近乎完美匹配与强近乎完美匹配数量、并最小化极大匹配数量的极值树，并将结果用于加权 Hosoya 指数的极值问题。
Let $n_1,\dots,n_\ell,k_1,\dots,k_\ell$ be integers and let $V_1,\dots,V_\ell$ be disjoint sets with $|V_i|=n_i$ for $i=1,\dots,\ell$. Define $\sqcup_{i=1}^\ell \binom{V_i}{k_i}$ as the collection of all subsets $F$ of $\cup_{i=1}^\ell V_i$ with $|F\cap V_i| =k_i$ for each $i=1,\dots,\ell$. In this paper, we show that if the matching number of $\mathcal{F}\subseteq \sqcup_{i=1}^\ell \binom{V_i}{k_i}$ is at most $s$ and $n_i\geq 4\ell^2 k_i^2s$ for all $i$, then $|\mathcal{F}| \leq \max_{1\leq i\leq \ell}[\binom{n_i}{k_i}-\binom{n_i-s}{k_i}]\prod_{j\neq i}\binom{n_j}{k_j}$. Let $\mathcal{F}_1,\…
It follows from known results that every regular tripartite hypergraph of positive degree, with $n$ vertices in each class, has matching number at least $n/2$. This bound is best possible, and the extremal configuration is unique. Here we prove a stability version of this statement, establishing that every regular tripartite hypergraph with matching number at most $(1 + \varepsilon)n/2$ is close in structure to the extremal configuration, where "closeness" is measured by an explicit function of $\varepsilon$. We also answer a question of Aharoni, Kotlar and Ziv about matchings in hypergraphs w…
Spectral Extremal Graphs of Planar Graphs with Fixed Size
本文研究固定边数外平面图与平面图的谱极值问题，证明外平面图极值图为星图，并给出平面图在边数奇偶不同时的谱极值图结构。
One of possible interpretations of the well-known König--Hall--Egerváry theorem is a full characterization of all bipartite graphs extremal for fractional matchings of a given weight (or, equivalently, a characterization of $(0,1)$-matrices extremal for partial fractional diagonals of a given length). In this paper we initiate the study of $d$-partite $d$-uniform hypergraphs that are extremal for fractional perfect matchings (or, equivalently, $d$-dimensional $(0,1)$-matrices that are extremal for polydiagonals). For this purpose, we analyze similarities and differences between $2$-dimensional…
Extremal $ABS$ Spectral Radius in Bicyclic and Bipartite Unicyclic Graphs
本文研究了双环图和二分单环图中ABS谱半径的极值问题，确定了最大和次大谱半径的图结构。
Define f(n,p) to be the maximum number of edges in a graph on n vertices with p perfect matchings. Dudek and Schmitt proved there exist constants n_p and c_p so that for even n >= n_p, f(n,p) = (n^2)/4+c_p. A graph is p-extremal if it has p perfect matchings and (n^2)/4+c_p edges. Based on Lovasz's Two Ear Theorem and structural results of Hartke, Stolee, West, and Yancey, we develop a computational method for determining c_p and generating the finite set of graphs which describe the infinite family of p-extremal graphs. This method extends the knowledge of the size and structure of p-extremal…
In this paper we consider spectral extremal problems for hypergraphs. We give two general criteria under which such results may be deduced from `strong stability' forms of the corresponding (pure) extremal results. These results hold for the α-spectral radius defined using the α-norm for any α>1; the usual spectrum is the case α=2. Our results imply that any hypergraph Turán problem which has the stability property and whose extremal construction satisfies some rather mild continuity assumptions admits a corresponding spectral result. A particular example is to determine the maximum α-spectral…
Let $r\geq 3$ be an integer and $G$ be a graph. Let $δ(G), Δ(G)$, $α(G)$ and $μ(G)$ denotes minimum degree, maximum degree, independence number and matching number of $G$, respectively. Recently, Caro, Davila and Pepper proved $δ(G)α(G)\leq Δ(G)μ(G)$. Mohr and Rautenbach characterized the extremal graphs for non-regular graphs and 3-regular graphs. In this note, we characterize the extremal graphs for all $r$-regular graphs in term of Gallai-Edmonds Structure Theorem, which extends Mohr and Rautenbach's result.
In this paper, we characterize the extremal digraphs with the maximal or minimal $α$-spectral radius among some digraph classes such as rose digraphs, generalized theta digraphs and tri-ring digraphs with given size $m$. These digraph classes are denoted by $\mathcal{R}_{m}^k$, $\widetilde{\boldsymbolΘ}_k(m)$ and $\INF(m)$ respectively. The main results about spectral extremal digraph by Guo and Liu in \cite{MR2954483} and Li and Wang in \cite{MR3777498} are generalized to $α$-spectral graph theory. As a by-product of our main results, an open problem in \cite{MR3777498} is answered. Furthermo…
Extremal, enumerative and probabilistic results on ordered hypergraph matchings
本文研究有序 $r$-匹配，针对 $r\ge3$ 时理论工具不足的问题，改进 Dudek、Grytczuk 和 Ruciński 的已有结果，并开辟新的研究方向。
The odd wheel $W_{2k+1}$ is the graph formed by joining a vertex to a cycle of length $2k$. In this paper, we investigate the largest value of the spectral radius of the adjacency matrix of an $n$-vertex graph that does not contain $W_{2k+1}$. We determine the structure of the spectral extremal graphs for all $k\geq 2, k\not\in \{4,5\}$. When $k=2$, we show that these spectral extremal graphs are among the Turán-extremal graphs on $n$ vertices that do not contain $W_{2k+1}$ and have the maximum number of edges, but when $k\geq 9$, we show that the family of spectral extremal graphs and the fam…
Extremal minimal bipartite matching covered graphs
本文研究极小双色匹配覆盖图，证明了这类图可以通过两个无度为2的树的叶节点连接得到，并探讨了相关极小类别的特征及它们之间的关系。
The $kK_{r+1}$ is the union of $k$ disjoint copies of $(r+1)$-clique. Moon [Canad. J. Math. 20 (1968) 95--102] and Simonovits [Theory of Graphs (Proc. colloq., Tihany, 1996)] independently showed that if $n$ is sufficiently large, then $K_{k-1}\vee T_{n-k+1,r}$ is the unique extremal graph for $kK_{r+1}$. In this paper, we consider the graph which has the maximum spectral radius among all graphs without $k$ disjoint cliques. We prove that if $G$ attains the maximum spectral radius over all $n$-vertex $kK_{r+1}$-free graphs for sufficiently large $n$, then $G$ is isomorphic to $K_{k-1}\vee T_{n…
Spectral extremal graphs for even factors
针对最小度条件，给出了连通图包含偶因子的邻接谱半径紧界，并刻画了所有极图；进一步研究了连通偶因子的谱条件，确定了唯一极图。
Minors play an important role in extremal graph theory and spectral extremal graph theory. Tait [The Colin de Verdière parameter, excluded minors, and the spectral radius, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 166 (2019) 42--58] determined the maximum spectral radius and characterized the unique extremal graph for $K_r$-minor free graphs of sufficiently large order $n$, he also made great progress on $K_{s,t}$-minor free graphs and posed a conjecture: Let $2\leq s\leq t$ and $n-s+1=pt+q$, where $n$ is sufficiently large and $1\leq q\leq t.$ Then $K_{s-1}\nabla (pK_t\cup K_q)$ is the unique extremal graph w…
Spectral extremal results for triangle-free graphs with chromatic number at least four
本文研究色数至少为四的三角图自由图的谱极值问题，确定了当n足够大时，G(2,4)是格罗茨sch图的吹胀图，并与另一研究结果一致。
Denote by $tC_\ell$ the disjoint union of $t$ cycles of length $\ell$. Let $ex(n,F)$ and $spex(n,F)$ be the maximum size and spectral radius over all $n$-vertex $F$-free graphs, respectively. In this paper, we shall pay attention to the study of both $ex(n,tC_\ell)$ and $spex(n,tC_\ell)$. On the one hand, we determine $ex(n,tC_{2\ell+1})$ and characterize the extremal graph for any integers $t,\ell$ and $n\ge f(t,\ell)$, where $f(t,\ell)=O(t\ell^2)$. This generalizes the result on $ex(n,tC_3)$ of Erdős [Arch. Math. 13 (1962) 222--227] as well as the research on $ex(n,C_{2\ell+1})$ of Füredi an…
In this article, we determine the maximum Wiener indices of unicyclic graphs with given number of vertices and matching number. We also characterize the extremal graphs. This solves an open problem of Du and Zhou.
Let G be a simple connected graph with n vertices, and let d_i be the degree of the vertex v_i in G. The extended adjacency matrix of G is defined so that the ij-entry is 1/2(d_i/d_j+d_j/d_i) if the vertices v_i and v_j are adjacent in G, and 0 otherwise. This matrix was originally introduced for developing novel topological indices used in the QSPR/QSAR studies. In this paper, we consider extremal problems of the largest eigenvalue of the extended adjacency matrix (also known as the extended spectral radius) of trees. We show that among all trees of order n>= 5, the path Pn(resp., the star Sn…
Turán extremal graphs vs. Signless Laplacian spectral Turán extremal graphs
本文利用正则方法和Füredi定理，证明了在特定条件下，无符号拉普拉斯谱极值图的集合是Turán极值图集合的子集。
A general theorem in spectral extremal graph theory
本文提出一个通用定理，用于characterize谱极值图，并推导出多个新旧结果。
The normalized distance Laplacian of a graph $G$ is defined as $\mathcal{D}^\mathcal{L}(G)=T(G)^{-1/2}(T(G)-\mathcal{D}(G))T(G)^{-1/2}$ where $\mathcal{D}(G)$ is the matrix with pairwise distances between vertices and $T(G)$ is the diagonal transmission matrix. In this project, we study the minimum and maximum spectral radii associated with this matrix, and the structures of the graphs that achieve these values. In particular, we prove a conjecture of Reinhart that the complete graph is the unique graph with minimum spectral radius, and we give several partial results towards a second conjectu…
Spectral extremal results on the $A_α$-spectral radius of graphs without $K_{a,b}$-minor
本文梳理了$K_{a,b}$谱Turán问题的前期研究，给出自包含证明推广了Zhai和Lin的相关结论，以深化对$A_α$-谱半径与不含$K_{a,b}$-子式的极值图结构间关系的理解。
Extremal Families for Matchings in Permutations
本文在2≤s≤n的全范围刻画了排列族不含s个两两不相交排列时的极值等号情形，证明该情形等价于族为(s-1)个两两不相交1-陪集的并集，并给出相关线性命题的组合证明。
Let $F$ be a graph. A hypergraph is called Berge $F$ if it can be obtained by replacing each edge in $F$ by a hyperedge containing it. Given a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$, we say that a hypergraph $H$ is Berge $\mathcal{F}$-free if for every $F \in \mathcal{F}$, the hypergraph $H$ does not contain a Berge $F$ as a subhypergraph. In this paper we investigate the connections between spectral radius of the adjacency tensor and structural properties of a linear hypergraph. In particular, we obtain a spectral version of Turán-type problems over linear $k$-uniform hypergraphs by using spectral me…
Minimum blockers and extremal graphs for nonnested matchings
本文分类了有序图上非嵌套完美匹配的最小阻断集，给出三个显式族共$2^k+k-2$个成员，并提供了$O(k^2)$算法及对非完美情形的推广。
Ryser's Conjecture states that for any $r$-partite $r$-uniform hypergraph, the vertex cover number is at most $r{-}1$ times the matching number. This conjecture is only known to be true for $r\leq 3$ in general and for $r\leq 5$ if the hypergraph is intersecting. There has also been considerable effort made for finding hypergraphs that are extremal for Ryser's Conjecture, i.e. $r$-partite hypergraphs whose cover number is $r-1$ times its matching number. Aside from a few sporadic examples, the set of uniformities $r$ for which Ryser's Conjecture is known to be tight is limited to those integer…
Tight upper bound on the maximum anti-forcing numbers of graphs
本文给出图的最大反强迫数的新上界，刻画极值图及其好完美匹配，并证明极值图可由K2经两种扩张构造，且完全图、完全二部图及三类超立方体的好完美匹配数量被精确确定。
An edge-colored hypergraph is rainbow if all of its edges have different colors. Given two hypergraphs $\mathcal{H}$ and $\mathcal{G}$, the anti-Ramsey number $ar(\mathcal{G}, \mathcal{H})$ of $\mathcal{H}$ in $\mathcal{G}$ is the maximum number of colors needed to color the edges of $\mathcal{G}$ so that there does not exist a rainbow copy of $\mathcal{H}$. Li et al. determined the anti-Ramsey number of $k$-matchings in complete bipartite graphs. Jin and Zang showed the uniqueness of the extremal coloring. In this paper, as a generalization of these results, we determine the anti-Ramsey numbe…
Spectral extremal problems on 1-planar graphs without Friendship graph
本文研究不含友谊图 $F_t$ 的 1-平面图的谱极值问题，通过建立极值图的结构定理并利用 $K_{3,6}$ 的绘图性质，确定了谱半径最大值 $\textit{spex}_{\mathcal{P}_1}(n,F_t)$ 及其唯一极值图。
Extremal spectral radius of degree-based weighted adjacency matrices of graphs with given order and size
本文研究了细分边对图$f$-谱半径的影响，推导了给定阶数和边数极值图的必要条件，并应用广义Lu-Man方法求出了$n\geq8$时具有最小$f$-谱半径的双圈图。
Extremal Graphs for the Lights Out Problem
本文研究了Lights Out问题的极值图，证明了极值图的条件及与矩阵的双射关系，并展示了构建极值图的方法。
Let $G$ be a graph of order $n$, and let $A(G)$ and $D(G)$ be the adjacency matrix and the degree matrix of $G$ respectively. Define the convex linear combinations $A_α(G)$ of $A (G)$ and $D (G) $ by $$A_α(G)=αD(G)+(1-α)A(G)$$ for any real number $0\leqα\leq1$. The \emph{$α$-index} of $G$ is the largest eigenvalue of $A_α(G)$. In this paper, we determine the maximum $α$-index and characterize all extremal graphs for $K_r$ minor-free graphs, $K_{s,t}$ minor-free graphs, and star-forest-free graphs for any $0<α<1$ by unified eigenvector approach, respectively.
Ryser's Conjecture states that any $r$-partite $r$-uniform hypergraph has a vertex cover of size at most $r - 1$ times the size of the largest matching. For $r = 2$, the conjecture is simply König's Theorem and every bipartite graph is a witness for its tightness. The conjecture has also been proven for $r = 3$ by Aharoni using topological methods, but the proof does not give information on the extremal $3$-uniform hypergraphs. Our goal in this paper is to characterize those hypergraphs which are tight for Aharoni's Theorem. Our proof of this characterization is also based on topological machi…
Spectral extremal problem of the $p$th power of cycles
本文确定了足够大顶点数下，不含环的 $p$ 次幂作为子图的图中，边数和谱半径达到最大值时的唯一极值图。
Extremal distance spectra of graphs and essential connectivity
本文研究图的本质连通度与距离谱半径的极值关系，确定了给定本质连通度下具有最小距离谱半径的图、连通图及强连通有向图的极值结构。
Extremal Graphs with Prescribed Parameters for the Spectral Radius of Weighted Adjacency Matrices with Property $P^{\ast}$
本文研究满足性质 $P^{*}$ 的加权邻接矩阵谱半径，刻画了在指定顶点割集、割边数、连通度和独立数条件下达到最大谱半径的极图，发展了统一框架。
Let $F_s$ be the friendship graph obtained from $s$ triangles by sharing a common vertex. For fixed $s\ge 2$ and sufficiently large $n$, the $F_s$-free graphs of order $n$ which attain the maximal spectral radius was firstly characterized by Cioabă, Feng, Tait and Zhang [Electron. J. Combin. 27 (4) (2020)],and later uniquely determined by Zhai, Liu and Xue [Electron. J. Combin. 29 (3) (2022)]. Recently, the spectral extremal problems was widely studied for graphs containing no $H$ as a minor. For instance, Tait [J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 166 (2019)], Zhai and Lin [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 157 (…
We determine the maximum number of maximal independent sets of arbitrary graphs in terms of their covering numbers and we completely characterize the extremal graphs. As an application, we give a similar result for König-Egerváry graphs in terms of their matching numbers.
Extremal problems for a matching and any other graph
研究匹配与任意图相关的广义Turán数极值问题，给出带常数加项误差的结果及误差常数可确定的条件，还得到非二部图等情形的精确值，拓展了已有结论。
Let $G$ be a graph. We say that a hypergraph $H$ is a Berge-$G$ if there is a bijection $ϕ: E(G)\to E(H)$ such that $e\subseteq ϕ(e)$ for all $e\in E(G)$. For any $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ and a real number $p\geq 1$, the $p$-spectral radius $λ^{(p)}(H)$ of $H$ is defined as \[ λ^{(p)}(H):=\max_{{\bf x}\in\mathbb{R}^n,\,\|{\bf x}\|_p=1} r\sum_{\{i_1,i_2,\ldots,i_r\}\in E(H)} x_{i_1}x_{i_2}\cdots x_{i_r}. \] In this paper, we study the $p$-spectral radius of Berge-$G$ hypergraphs. We determine the $3$-uniform hypergraphs with maximum $p$-spectral radius for $p\geq 1$ among Berge-$G$ hypergraph…
The $(k,r)$-fan is the graph consisting of $k$ copies of the complete graph $K_r$ which intersect in a single vertex, and is denoted by $F_{k,r}$. Erdős, Füredi, Gould and Gunderson [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 64 (1995) 89--100] determined the maximum number of edges in an $n$-vertex graph that does not contain $F_{k,3}$ as a subgraph. Furthermore, Chen, Gould, Pfender and Wei [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 89 (2003) 159--171] proved the analogous result on $F_{k,r}$ for the general case $r\ge 3$.In this paper, we show that for sufficiently large $n$, the graphs of order $n$ that contain no copy of $…
The cyclic edge-connectivity of a graph $G$ is the least $k$ such that there exists a set of $k$ edges whose removal disconnects $G$ into components where every component contains a cycle. We show that for graphs of minimum degree at least 3 and girth $g$ at least 4, the cyclic edge-connectivity is bounded above by $(Δ-2)g$ where $Δ$ is the maximum degree. We then prove that if the second eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a $d$-regular graph of girth $g\geq4$ is sufficiently small, then the cyclic edge-connectivity is $(d-2)g$, providing a spectral condition for when this upper bound on cy…
For a fixed graph $F$, a graph $G$ is said to be $F$-saturated if $G$ does not contain a subgraph isomorphic to $F$ but does contain $F$ after the addition of any new edge. Let $M_k$ be a matching consisting of $k$ edges and $S_{n,k}$ be the join graph of a complete graph $K_k$ and an empty graph $\overline{K_{n-k}}$. In this paper, we prove that for $s \geq3$ and $k\geq 2$, $S_{n,s-2}$ contains the minimum number of $M_k$ among all $n$-vertex $K_s$-saturated graphs for sufficiently large $n$, and when $k \leq s-2$, it is the unique extremal graph. In addition, we also show that $S_{n,1}$ is t…
In this paper, we consider the average size of independent edge sets, also called matchings, in a graph. We characterize the extremal graphs for the average size of matchings in general graphs and trees. In addition, we obtain inequalities between the average size of matchings and the number of matchings as well as the matching energy, which is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the zeros of the matching polynomial.
Clique spectral extremal problem on disjoint color-critical graphs
研究在\(n\)顶点的\(\bigcup_{i = 1}^t F_i -\)自由图中，对于\(2\leq s\leq r\)和足够大的\(n\)，确定具有最大\(s -\)团谱半径的唯一极值图这一问题，核心方法未提及，主要贡献是得出上述结论。
We prove three conjectures regarding the maximization of spectral invariants over certain families of graphs. Our most difficult result is that the join of $P_2$ and $P_{n-2}$ is the unique graph of maximum spectral radius over all planar graphs. This was conjectured by Boots and Royle in 1991 and independently by Cao and Vince in 1993. Similarly, we prove a conjecture of Cvetković and Rowlinson from 1990 stating that the unique outerplanar graph of maximum spectral radius is the join of a vertex and $P_{n-1}$. Finally, we prove a conjecture of Aouchiche et al from 2008 stating that a pineappl…
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