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arXiv 2007.00036astro-ph.GA
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作为早期气体排出探测器的疏散星团的潮汐尾II:对盖亚的预测

Tidal tails of open star clusters as probes to early gas expulsion II: Predictions for Gaia

František Dinnbier, Pavel Kroupa

摘要:

我们研究了在银河系真实的引力场中,由于原始气体的排出而从一个年轻的类昴星团中释放出来的潮汐尾的形成和演化。潮汐尾(以及集群)是从它们的嵌入阶段为3亿年整合。我们不同的恒星形成效率(SFE)从33%到100%和气体排出的时间尺度作为自由参数,并提供预测的形态和运动学的演变尾巴的每个模型。由此产生的尾部属性是为了与预期的盖亚观测结果进行比较,以限制在气相和气体排出过程中的早期条件知之甚少。模拟进行代码Nbody 6,包括一个现实的外部引力势的银河系,和分析近似的出生气体势。假设昴星团是在快速的气体排出过程中形成的,SFE为$\approx 30$ %,那么现在的昴星团被一条从星团的$\approx 150$延伸到$\approx 350$ pc的富尾所包围,其中包含的恒星数量是现在星团的0.7到2.7倍。如果昂宿星团形成时的SFE接近100%,那么它的尾部就更短($\lesssim 90$ pc),质量也更差,只包含现今星团恒星数量的$\approx 2$ %。如果昴宿星形成时的SFE为$\approx 30$ %,但气体排出是绝热的,则尾部特征与100% SFE的模型的情况是不可区分的。该模型考虑到由于场星和Hyades-Pleiades流的估计污染,这构成了比盖亚测量准确性更大的限制因素。

英文摘要:

We study the formation and evolution of the tidal tail released from a young Pleiades-like star cluster, due to expulsion of primordial gas in a realistic gravitational field of the Galaxy. The tidal tails (as well as clusters) are integrated from their embedded phase for 300 Myr. We vary star formation efficiencies (SFEs) from 33% to 100% and the timescales of gas expulsion as free parameters, and provide predictions for the morphology and kinematics of the evolved tail for each of the models. The resulting tail properties are intended for comparison with anticipated Gaia observations in order to constrain the poorly understood early conditions during the gas phase and gas expulsion. The simulations are performed with the code Nbody6 including a realistic external gravitational potential of the Galaxy, and an analytical approximation for the natal gaseous potential. Assuming that the Pleiades formed with rapid gas expulsion and an SFE of $\approx 30$%, the current Pleiades are surrounded by a rich tail extending from $\approx 150$ to $\approx 350$ pc from the cluster and containing 0.7 to 2.7 times the number of stars in the present-day cluster. If the Pleiades formed with an SFE close to 100%, then the tail is shorter ($\lesssim 90$ pc) and substantially poorer, containing only $\approx 2$% of the number of present-day cluster stars. If the Pleiades formed with an SFE of $\approx 30$%, but the gas expulsion was adiabatic, the tail signatures are indistinguishable from the case of the model with 100% SFE. The model takes into account the estimated contamination due to the field stars and the Hyades-Pleiades stream, which constitutes a more limiting factor than the accuracy of the Gaia measurements.

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