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arXiv 2006.14903astro-ph.EP
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紧凑多行星系的不稳定性途径

The path to instability in compact multi-planetary systems

Antoine C. Petit, Gabriele Pichierri, Melvyn B. Davies, Anders Johansen

摘要:

紧密堆积的系外行星系统的动力学稳定性仍然知之甚少。虽然对于双行星系统存在一个尖锐的稳定边界,但对三个或更多行星系统的数值模拟表明,它们可以在长达数十亿年的时间尺度上经历不稳定。此外,据报道,以希尔半径为单位测量的行星轨道间隔与生存时间之间呈指数趋势。虽然这些发现已经在许多数值模拟中观察到,但对导致不稳定的实际机制知之甚少。与一个恒定的扩散过程相反,行星系似乎在其生命的大部分时间里保持动态静止,然后是一个非常短的不稳定阶段。在这项工作中,我们展示了如何缓慢的混沌扩散,由于重叠的三体共振占主导地位的时间尺度,导致不稳定的初始共面和圆形轨道。虽然最后一个不稳定阶段与两行星平均运动共振(MMR)的散射有关,但对于圆形轨道来说,两行星MMR相隔太远,以至于最初远离它们的系统不稳定。我们开发了一个分析模型,将等质量等间距行星的经验趋势推广到一般系统。我们得到的生存时间的分析估计与模拟超过4个数量级的行星与恒星的质量比$ε$,和6至8个数量级的不稳定时间。我们还确认,测量轨道间距方面的希尔半径是不适应的,正确的间距单位规模为$ε^{1/4}$。我们预测,超过一定的间距,三行星共振不重叠,这将导致生存时间的增加。最后,我们讨论了我们的结果更一般的系统,包含更多的行星在最初的非圆轨道的延伸。

英文摘要:

The dynamical stability of tightly packed exoplanetary systems remains poorly understood. While for a two-planet system a sharp stability boundary exists, numerical simulations of three and more planet systems show that they can experience instability on timescales up to billions of years. Moreover, an exponential trend between the planet orbital separation measured in units of Hill radii and the survival time has been reported. While these findings have been observed in numerous numerical simulations, little is known of the actual mechanism leading to instability. Contrary to a constant diffusion process, planetary systems seem to remain dynamically quiescent for most of their lifetime before a very short unstable phase. In this work, we show how the slow chaotic diffusion due to the overlap of three-body resonances dominates the timescale leading to the instability for initially coplanar and circular orbits. While the last instability phase is related to scattering due to two-planet mean motion resonances (MMR), for circular orbits the two-planets MMR are too far separated to destabilize systems initially away from them. We develop an analytical model to generalize the empirical trend obtained for equal mass and equally-spaced planets to general systems. We obtain an analytical estimate of the survival time consistent with simulations over four orders of magnitude for the planet to star mass ratio $ε$, and 6 to 8 orders of magnitude for the instability time. We also confirm that measuring the orbital spacing in terms of Hill radii is not adapted and that the right spacing unit scales as $ε^{1/4}$. We predict that beyond a certain spacing, the three-planet resonances are not overlapped, which results in an increase of the survival time. We finally discuss the extension of our result to more general systems, containing more planets on initially non circular orbits.

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