arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2006.13869astro-ph.EP
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深层大气成分、结构、起源和探索,特别关注冰巨人的关键原位科学

Deep Atmosphere Composition, Structure, Origin, and Exploration, with Particular Focus on Critical in situ Science at the Icy Giants

Sushil K. Atreya, Mark H. Hofstadter, Joong Hyun In, Olivier Mousis, Kim Reh, Michael H. Wong

摘要:

对天王星和海王星的全面探索对于了解巨行星的形成和演变至关重要,特别是一般的太阳系,以及推而广之,大量的系外行星。虽然核心吸积通常比重力不稳定性更适合作为气体巨星木星和土星形成的模型,但目前缺乏观测限制,无法在冰巨星的情况下做出令人信服的案例。质量超过氦的重元素的丰度为形成和迁移模型提供了最好的约束。对于天王星和海王星,只有C元素丰度是从甲烷测量中确定的,但考虑到甲烷是冰巨星中的可冷凝气体,应该被认为是一个下限。分别用于确定O、N和S元素丰度的混合水、氨和硫化氢太深,无法通过任何观测技术进行测量。然而,精确测量稀有气体He、Ne、Ar、Kr和Kr及其同位素比率,就不需要确定上述元素。只有入口探针能够测量惰性气体,但这些测量可以在5-10巴的相对较低的压力水平下进行。轨道器的补充观测,特别是水和氨的内部(重力和磁场)和深度剖面,将大大增强用于约束地层模型的数据集。在未来十年内,对天王星或海王星进行轨道探测任务不需要新技术。

英文摘要:

A comprehensive exploration of Uranus and Neptune is essential to understand the formation and evolution of the giant planets, in particular, solar system, in general, and, by extension, a vast population of exoplanets. Though core accretion is generally favored over gravitational instability as the model of the formation of the gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, observational constraints are presently lacking to make a compelling case for either in the case of the icy giants. Abundances of the heavy elements with mass exceeding that of helium provide the best constraints to the formation and migration models. For Uranus and Neptune, only the C elemental abundance has been determined from methane measurements, but should be considered as a lower limit considering methane is a condensible gas in the icy giants. Well-mixed water, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide to determine O, N and S elemental abundances, respectively, are too deep to measure by any observation technique. However, a precise measurement of the noble gases, He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe, together with their isotopic ratios, would circumvent the need for determining the above elements. Only entry probes are capable of measuring the noble gases, but those measurements can be done at relatively shallow pressure levels of 5-10 bars. Complementary observations from orbiter, especially the interior (gravity and magnetic field) and depth profiles of water and ammonia, would greatly enhance the data set for constraining the formation models. No new technology is required to carry out an orbiter-probe mission to either Uranus or Neptune in the next decade.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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