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arXiv 2005.12065cs.DS
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局部敏感哈希算法中的$p_1^{-1}$问题

On the Problem of $p_1^{-1}$ in Locality-Sensitive Hashing

Thomas Dybdahl Ahle

摘要:

如果两个距离小于$r$的数据点以至少$p_1$的概率发生冲突,而距离大于$cr$的数据点以至多$p_2$的概率发生冲突,则局部敏感哈希(LSH)函数被称为$(r,cr,p_1,p_2)$敏感。这些功能的基础上成功的印地克-Motwani算法(STOC 1998)的最近邻问题。具体地,可以构建具有查询时间$\tilde O(n^ρ/p_1)$的$c$ -近似最近邻数据结构,其中$ρ=\frac{\log1/p_1}{\log1/p_2}\in(0,1)$。即次线性时间,只要$p_1$不太小。这是重要的,因为大多数高维最近邻问题都受到维数灾难的影响,并且不能比数据库的暴力线性时间扫描更快地精确解决。不幸的是,最好的LSH函数往往具有非常低的冲突概率,$p_1$和$p_2$。包括余弦和Jaccard相似性的最佳函数。这意味着LSH的$n^ρ/p_1$查询时间通常不是次线性的,即使对于近似的最近邻也是如此!本文对一般的Indyk-Motwani算法进行了改进,将LSH的查询时间减少到$\tilde O(n^ρ/p_1^{1-ρ})$(并相应地减少了空间占用)。由于$n^ρp_1^{ρ-1} < n \Leftrightarrow p_1 > n^{-1}$,我们的算法总是获得次线性查询时间,任何碰撞概率至少$1/n$。对于足够小的$p_1$和$p_2$,我们对所有以前的方法的改进可以在查询时间和空间上都是\emph{up to a factor $n$}。改进来自对Indyk-Motwani算法的简单更改,该算法可以在现有软件包中轻松实现。

英文摘要:

A Locality-Sensitive Hash (LSH) function is called $(r,cr,p_1,p_2)$-sensitive, if two data-points with a distance less than $r$ collide with probability at least $p_1$ while data points with a distance greater than $cr$ collide with probability at most $p_2$. These functions form the basis of the successful Indyk-Motwani algorithm (STOC 1998) for nearest neighbour problems. In particular one may build a $c$-approximate nearest neighbour data structure with query time $\tilde O(n^ρ/p_1)$ where $ρ=\frac{\log1/p_1}{\log1/p_2}\in(0,1)$. That is, sub-linear time, as long as $p_1$ is not too small. This is significant since most high dimensional nearest neighbour problems suffer from the curse of dimensionality, and can't be solved exact, faster than a brute force linear-time scan of the database. Unfortunately, the best LSH functions tend to have very low collision probabilities, $p_1$ and $p_2$. Including the best functions for Cosine and Jaccard Similarity. This means that the $n^ρ/p_1$ query time of LSH is often not sub-linear after all, even for approximate nearest neighbours! In this paper, we improve the general Indyk-Motwani algorithm to reduce the query time of LSH to $\tilde O(n^ρ/p_1^{1-ρ})$ (and the space usage correspondingly.) Since $n^ρp_1^{ρ-1} < n \Leftrightarrow p_1 > n^{-1}$, our algorithm always obtains sublinear query time, for any collision probabilities at least $1/n$. For $p_1$ and $p_2$ small enough, our improvement over all previous methods can be \emph{up to a factor $n$} in both query time and space. The improvement comes from a simple change to the Indyk-Motwani algorithm, which can easily be implemented in existing software packages.

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