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arXiv 2005.00346math.GM
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关于Collatz一般问题$qn+1$

On the Collatz general problem $qn+1$

Robert Santos

摘要:

研究了广义Collatz问题$qn+1$($q$ odd).作为原始$3n+1$问题的自然推广,它由算术类型的离散动力系统组成。利用数论和动力系统的标准方法,建立了一般性质,例如每个$q$存在多个周期序列。特别地,当$q$是梅森数$q=2^p-1$时,只存在一个这样的循环,称为平凡循环。基于概率模型的进一步分析表明,对于$q=3$的所有序列的渐近行为总是收敛的,而对于$q\geq 5$的序列的渐近行为是发散的几乎所有的数字(对于一组自然密度1)。这导致的结论是,所谓的Collatz猜想是正确的,而$q=3$是一个非常特殊的情况下,在其他(克兰德尔猜想)。事实上,它是澄清,一般问题$qn+1$是不可判定的。

英文摘要:

In this work the generalized Collatz problem $qn+1$ ($q$ odd) is studied. As a natural generalization of the original $3n+1$ problem, it consists of a discrete dynamical system of an arithmetical kind. Using standard methods of number theory and dynamical systems, general properties are established, such as the existence of finitely many periodic sequences for each $q$. In particular, when $q$ is a Mersenne number, $q=2^p-1$, there only exists one such cycle, known as the trivial one. Further analysis based on a probabilistic model shows that for $q=3$ the asymptotic behavior of all sequences is always convergent, whereas for $q\geq 5$ the asymptotic behavior of the sequences is divergent for almost all numbers (for a set of natural density one). This leads to the conclusion that the so called Collatz Conjecture is true, and that $q=3$ is a very special case among the others (Crandall conjecture). Indeed, it is conjectured that the general problem $qn+1$ is undecidable.

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