In this paper, we study the entries of the principal eigenvector of the signless Laplacian matrix of a hypergraph. More precisely, we obtain bounds for this entries. These bounds are computed trough other important parameters, such as spectral radius, maximum and minimum degree. We also introduce and study a new parameter related to edges of the hypergraph. This parameter is a spectral measure of a structural characteristic that can be thought of as an edge-variant of regularity.
Let $G$ be a simple graph. In 1986, Herbert Wilf asked what kind of graphs have an eigenvector with entries formed only by $\pm 1$? In this paper, we answer this question for the adjacency, Laplacian and signless Laplacian matrix of a graph. Besides, we generalize the concept of an exact graph to the adjacency and signless Laplacian matrices. Infinity families of exact graphs for all those matrices are presented.
Let $G$ be a simple graph. The signless Laplacian spread of $G$ is defined as the maximum distance of pairs of its signless Laplacian eigenvalues. This paper establishes some new bounds, both lower and upper, for the signless Laplacian spread. Several of these bounds depend on invariant parameters of the graph. We also use a minmax principle to find several lower bounds for this spectral invariant.
The spectral theory of the normalized Laplacian for chemical hypergraphs is further investigated. The signless normalized Laplacian is introduced and it is shown that its spectrum for classical hypergraphs coincides with the spectrum of the normalized Laplacian for bipartite chemical hypergraphs. Furthermore, the spectra of special families of hypergraphs are established.
Let $G$ be a connected $m$-uniform hypergraph. In this paper we mainly consider the eigenvectors of the Laplacian or signless Laplacian tensor of $G$ associated with zero eigenvalue, called the first Laplacian or signless Laplacian eigenvectors of $G$. By means of the incidence matrix of $G$, the number of first Laplacian or signless Laplaican (H- or N-)eigenvectors can be get explicitly by solving the Smith normal form of the incidence matrix over $\mathbb{Z}_m$ or $\mathbb{Z}_2$. Consequently, we prove that the number of first Laplacian (H-)eigenvectors is equal to the number of first signle…
In this paper we compute bounds for signless Laplacian energy, distance signless Laplacian eigenvalues and signless Laplacian energy of unitary addition Cayley graph G_{n}. We also obtain distance Laplacian eigenvalues and distance Laplacian energy of G_{n}.
We introduce the signless 1-Laplacians and the dual Cheeger constants on simplicial complexes. The connection of its spectrum to the combinatorial properties like independence number, chromatic number and dual Cheeger constant is investigated. Our estimates can be comparable to Hoffman's bounds in virtue of Laplacian on simplicial complexes. An interesting inequality relating multiplicity of the largest eigenvalue, independence number and chromatic number are provided, which could be regarded as a variant version of Lovasz sandwich theorem. Also, the behavior of the operator under the topologi…
A signless Laplacian eigenvalue of a graph $G$ is called a main signless Laplacian eigenvalue if it has an eigenvector the sum of whose entries is not equal to zero. In this paper, we first give the necessary and sufficient conditions for a graph with one main signless Laplacian eigenvalue or two main signless Laplacian eigenvalues, and then characterize the trees and unicyclic graphs with exactly two main signless Laplacian eigenvalues, respectively.
The signless Laplacian spectral radius of a graph is the largest eigenvalue of its signless Laplacian. In this paper, we prove that the graph $K_{2}\nabla P_{n-2}$ has the maximal signless Laplacian spectral radius among all planar graphs of order $n\geq 456$.
In this paper, we determine the maximal Laplacian and signless Laplacian spectral radii for graphs with fixed number of vertices and domination number, and characterize the extremal graphs respectively.
We conjecture that the sum of the square roots of the Laplacian eigenvalues of a graph does not exceed the sum of the square roots of its signless Laplacian eigenvalues.
We generalize the notions of Laplacian and signless Laplacian Estrada index to uniform hypergraphs. For an $r$-uniform hypergraph $H,$ we derive an order $r+1$ trace formula of the (signless) Laplacian tensor of $H.$ Among others by using this trace formula, we obtain lower bounds for the signless Laplacian Estrada index and upper bounds for the Laplacian Estrada index. Moreover, we establish a bound involving both the Laplacian Estrada index and Laplacian energy of a uniform hypergraph.
Let $G$ be a simple $r$-regular graph with $n$ vertices and $m$ vertices. We give the signless Laplacian characteristic polynomials of $xyz$-transformations $G^{xyz}$ of $G$ in terms of $n$, $m$, $r$ and the signless Laplacian spectrum of $G$.
Let $H$ be a connected bipartite graph, whose signless Laplacian matrix is $Q(H)$. Suppose that the bipartition of $H$ is $(S,T)$ and that $x$ is the eigenvector of the smallest eigenvalue of $Q(H)$. It is well-known that $x$ is positive and constant on $S$, and negative and constant on $T$. The resilience of the sign pattern of $x$ under addition of edges into the subgraph induced by either $S$ or $T$ is investigated and a number of cases in which the sign pattern of $x$ persists are described.
In this paper, we obtain the bounds of the extreme eigenvalues of a normalized and signless Laplacian matrices using by their traces. In addition, we determine the bounds for k-th eigenvalues of normalized and signless Laplacian matrices.
A signless Laplacian eigenvalue of a graph $G$ is called a main signless Laplacian eigenvalue if it has an eigenvector the sum of whose entries is not equal to zero. In this paper, all connected bicyclic graphs with exactly two main eigenvalues are determined.
M. Aouchiche and P. Hansen proposed the distance Laplacian and the distance signless Laplacian of a connected graph [Two Laplacians for the distance matrix of a graph, LAA 439 (2013) 21{33]. In this paper, we obtain three theorems on the sharp upper bounds of the spectral radius of a nonnegative matrix, then apply these theorems to signless Laplacian matrices and the distance signless Laplacian matrices to obtain some sharp bounds on the spectral radius, respectively. We also proposed a known result about the sharp bound of the signless Laplacian spectral radius has a defect.
The signless Laplacian Q and signless edge-Laplacian S of a given graph may or may not be invertible. The Moore-Penrose inverses of Q and S are studied. In particular, using the incidence matrix, we find combinatorial formulas of the Moore- Penrose inverses of Q and S for trees. Also we present combinatorial formulas of the inverses of Q and S for odd unicyclic graphs.
Let $G$ be a graph with $n$ vertices, and let $L(G)$ and $Q(G)$ be the Laplacian matrix and signless Laplacian matrix of $G$, respectively. The polynomial $π(L(G);x)={\rm per}(xI-L(G))$ (resp. $π(Q(G);x)={\rm per}(xI-Q(G))$) is called {\em Laplacian permanental polynomial} (resp. {\em signless Laplacian permanental polynomial}) of $G$. In this paper, we show that two classes of bicyclic graphs are determined by their (signless) Laplacian permanental polynomials.
The $\mathcal{Q}$-graph of a graph $G$, denoted by $\mathcal{Q}(G)$, is the graph derived from $G$ by plugging a new vertex to each edge of $G$ and adding a new edge between two new vertices which lie on adjacent edges of $G$. In this paper, we consider to study the existence of the signless Laplacian perfect state transfer and signless Laplacian pretty good state transfer in $\mathcal{Q}$-graphs of graphs. We show that, if all the signless Laplacian eigenvalues of a regular graph $G$ are integers, then the $\mathcal{Q}$-graph of $G$ has no signless Laplacian perfect state transfer. We also gi…
In this paper, we present a spectral sufficient condition for a graph to be Hamilton-connected in terms of signless Laplacian spectral radius with large minimum degree.
{Signless Laplacian determinations of some graphs with independent edges}% {Let $G$ be a simple undirected graph. Then the signless Laplacian matrix of $G$ is defined as $D_G + A_G$ in which $D_G$ and $A_G$ denote the degree matrix and the adjacency matrix of $G$, respectively. The graph $G$ is said to be determined by its signless Laplacian spectrum ({\rm DQS}, for short), if any graph having the same signless Laplacian spectrum as $G$ is isomorphic to $G$. We show that $G\sqcup rK_2$ is determined by its signless Laplacian spectra under certain conditions, where $r$ and $K_2$ denote a natura…
The signless Laplacian Estrada index of a graph $G$ is defined as $SLEE(G)=\sum^{n}_{i=1}e^{q_i}$ where $q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_n$ are the eigenvalues of the signless Laplacian matrix of $G$. In this paper, we show that there are exactly two tricyclic graphs with the maximal signless Laplacian Estrada index.
In this paper, we present a sharp upper and lower bounds for the signless Laplacian spectral radius of graphs in terms of clique number. Moreover, the extremal graphs which attain the upper and lower bounds are characterized. In addition, these results disprove the two conjectures on the signless Laplacian spectral radius in [P. Hansen and C. Lucas, Bounds and conjectures for the signless Laplacian index of graphs, Linear Algebra Appl., 432(2010) 3319-3336].
Let G be a simple undirected connected graph. In this paper, new upper bounds on the distance Laplacian spectral radius of G are obtained. Moreover, new lower and upper bounds for the distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of G are derived. Some of the above mentioned bounds are sharp and the graphs attaining the corresponding bound are characterized. Several illustrative examples are included.
Let $G$ be a graph of order $n,$ and let $q_{1}(G) \geq ...\geq q_{n}(G) $ be the eigenvalues of the $Q$-matrix of $G$, also known as the signless Laplacian of $G.$ In this paper we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the equality $q_{k}(G) =n-2,$ where $1<k\leq n.$ In particular, this result solves an open problem raised by Wang, Belardo, Huang and Borovicanin. We also show that [ q_{2}(G) \geqδ(G)] and determine that equality holds if and only if $G$ is one of the following graphs: a star, a complete regular multipartite graph, the graph $K_{1,3,3},$ or a complete multipartite grap…
In this paper, we present some spectral sufficient conditions for a graph to be Hamilton-connected in terms of the spectral radius or signless Laplacian spectral radius of the graph. Our results improve some previous work.
A $k$-cyclic graph is a connected graph of order $n$ and size $n+k-1$. In this paper, we determine the maximal signless Laplacian spectral radius and the corresponding extremal graph among all $C_{4}$-free $k$-cyclic graphs of order $n$. Furthermore, we determine the first three unicyclic, and bicyclic, $C_{4}$-free graphs whose spectral radius of the signless Laplacian is maximal. Similar results are obtained for the (combinatorial) Laplacian.
We show several sharp upper and lower bounds for the sum of the largest eigenvalues of the signless Laplacian matrix. These bounds improve and extend previously known bounds.
In this paper, first, we establish a sufficient condition for a bipartite graph to be Hamilton-connected. Furthermore, we also give two sufficient conditions on distance signless Laplacian spectral radius for a graph to be Hamilton-connected and traceable from every vertex, respectively. Last, we obtain a sufficient condition for a graph to be Hamiltonian in terms of the distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of $G^{C}$.
Let G be a simple graph on $n$ vertices and $e(G)$ edges. Consider $Q(G) = D + A$ as the signless Laplacian of $G$, where $A$ is the adjacency matrix and $D$ is the diagonal matrix of the vertices degree of $G$. Let $q_1(G)$ and $q_2(G)$ be the first and the second largest eigenvalues of $Q(G),$ respectively, and denote by $S_{n}^{+}$ the star graph plus one edge. In this paper, we prove that inequality $q_1(G)+ q_2(G) <= e(G)+3$ is tighter for the graph $S_{n}^{+}$ among all firefly graphs and also tighter to $S_{n}^{+}$ than to the graphs $K_{k} \vee \overline{K_{n-k}}$ recently presented by…
We consider the signless $p$-Laplacian of a graph, a generalisation of the usual signless Laplacian (the case $p=2$). We show a Perron-Frobenius property and basic inequalites for the largest eigenvalue and provide upper and lower bounds for the smallest eigenvalue in terms of a parameter related to the bipartiteness. The latter result generalises bounds by Desai and Rao and, interestingly, in the limit $p\to 1$ upper and lower bounds coincide.
In this paper we determine the graph whose least eigenvalue of signless Laplacian attains the minimum or maximum among all connected non-bipartite graphs of fixed order and given number of pendant vertices. Thus we obtain a lower bound and an upper bound for the least eigenvalue of signless Laplacian of a graph in terms of the number of pendent vertices.
Let $G$ be a simple graph with order $n$ and size $m$. The quantity $M_1(G)=\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}d^2_{v_i}$ is called the first Zagreb index of $G$, where $d_{v_i}$ is the degree of vertex $v_i$, for all $i=1,2,\dots,n$. The signless Laplacian matrix of a graph $G$ is $Q(G)=D(G)+A(G)$, where $A(G)$ and $D(G)$ denote, respectively, the adjacency and the diagonal matrix of the vertex degrees of $G$. Let $q_1\geq q_2\geq \dots\geq q_n\geq 0$ be the signless Laplacian eigenvalues of $G$. The largest signless Laplacian eigenvalue $q_1$ is called the signless Laplacian spectral radius or $Q$-i…
The $α$-Hermitian adjacency matrix $H_α$ of a mixed graph $X$ has been recently introduced. It is a generalization of the adjacency matrix of unoriented graphs. In this paper, we consider a special case of the complex number $α$. This enables us to define an incidence matrix of mixed graphs. Consequently, we define a generalization of line graphs as well as a generalization of the signless Laplacian adjacency matrix of graphs. We then study the spectral properties of the signless Laplacian adjacency matrix of a mixed graph. Lastly, we characterize when the signless Laplacian adjacency matrix o…
In this paper, we characterize all graphs with eigenvectors of the signless Laplacian and adjacency matrices with components equal to $\{- 1, 0, 1\}.$ We extend the graph parameter max $k$-cut to square matrices and prove a general sharp upper bound, which implies upper bounds on the max $k$-cut of a graph using the smallest signless Laplacian eigenvalue, the smallest adjacency eigenvalue, and the largest Laplacian eigenvalue of the graph. In addition, we construct infinite families of extremal graphs for the obtained upper bounds.
Let $G$ be an unicyclic graph of order $n$ and let $Q_G(x)= det(xI-Q(G))={matrix} \sum_{i=1}^n (-1)^i φ_i x^{n-i}{matrix}$ be the characteristic polynomial of the signless Laplacian matrix of a graph $G$. We give some transformations of $G$ which decrease all signless Laplacian coefficients in the set $\mathcal{G}(n,m)$. $\mathcal{G}(n,m)$ denotes all n-vertex unicyclic graphs with matching number $m$. We characterize the graphs which minimize all the signless Laplacian coefficients in the set $\mathcal{G}(n,m)$ with odd (resp. even) girth. Moreover, we find the extremal graphs which have mini…
In this article, we generate large families of non-isomorphic and signless Lalacian cospectral graphs using partial transpose on graphs. Our constructions are significantly powerful. More than $70\%$ of non-isomorphic signless-Laplacian cospectral graphs can be generated with partial transpose when number of vertices is $\le 8$. We have also produced numerous examples of non-isomorphic signless Laplacian cospectral graphs.
We give sharp upper bounds for the ordinary spectral radius and signless Laplacian spectral radius of a uniform hypergraph in terms of the average $2$-degrees or degrees of vertices, respectively, and we also give a lower bound for the ordinary spectral radius. We also compare these bounds with known ones.
In this paper, we investigate (signless) Laplacian spectral characterization of graphs with star components. Also, we prove that the join graph ${\small K_{n-α}-e\vee αK_{1}}$ is $DQS$ for $n-α>3$ and $α\neq3$, and for $α=3$, we show that its only $Q$-cospectral mate is $\bar{K_{1,3}\cup K_{2}\cup (n-6)K_{1}}$.
Let $Z(G)$ be the centre of a finite non-abelian group $G.$ The non-commuting graph of $G$ is a simple undirected graph with vertex set $G\setminus Z(G),$ and two vertices $u$ and $v$ are adjacent if and only if $uv\ne vu.$ In this paper, we investigate the distance, distance (signless) Laplacian spectra of non-commuting graphs of some classes of finite non-abelian groups, and obtain some conditions on a group so that the non-commuting graph is distance, distance (signless) Laplacian integral.
Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a connected $k$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices and $m$ hyperedges. In [A.~Banerjee, On the spectrum of hypergraph, Linear Algebra and its Application, 614(2021), 82--110], Anirban Banerjee introduced a new adjacency matrix for hypergraphs. In this article we consider the corresponding signless Laplacian matrix $Q(\mathcal{H})$ and discuss about its spectrum.
Let $G$ be a simple graph and $Q(G)$ be the signless Laplacian matrix of $G$. Let $S_α(G)$ be the sum of the $α$-th powers of the nonzero eigenvalues of $Q(G)$. We disprove two conjectures by You and Yang on the extremal values of $S_α(G)$ among bipartite graphs and among graphs with bounded connectivity.
Signless Laplacian Estrada index of a graph $G$, defined as $SLEE(G)=\sum^{n}_{i=1}e^{q_i}$, where $q_1, q_2, \cdots, q_n$ are the eigenvalues of the matrix $\mathbf{Q}(G)=\mathbf{D}(G)+\mathbf{A}(G)$. We determine the unique graphs with maximum signless Laplacian Estrada indices among the set of graphs with given number of cut edges, pendent vertices, (vertex) connectivity and edge connectivity.
For a graph $G$, the signless Laplacian Estrada index is defined as $SLEE(G)=\sum^{n}_{i=1}e^{q^{}_i}$,where $q_1, q_2, \dots, q_n$are the eigenvalues of the signless Laplacian matrix of $G$. In this paper, we first characterize the unicyclic graphs with the first two largest and smallest $SLEE$ and then determine the unique unicyclic graph with maximum $SLEE$ among the unicyclic graphs on $n$ vertices with given diameter.
Let $G$ be a connected non-bipartite graph on $n$ vertices with domination number $γ\le \frac{n+1}{3}$. We investigate the least eigenvalue of the signless Laplacian of $G$, and present a lower bound for such eigenvalue in terms of the domination number $γ$.
Suppose that the vertex set of a connected graph $G$ is $V(G)=\{v_1,\cdots,v_n\}$. Then we denote by $Tr_{G}(v_i)$ the sum of distances between $v_i$ and all other vertices of $G$. Let $Tr(G)$ be the $n\times n$ diagonal matrix with its $(i,i)$-entry equal to $Tr_{G}(v_{i})$ and $D(G)$ be the distance matrix of $G$. Then $Q_{D}(G)=Tr(G)+D(G)$ is the distance signless Laplacian matrix of $G$. The largest eigenvalues of $Q_D(G)$ is called distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of $G$. In this paper we give some graft transformations on distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of the grap…
For a simple graph $G$ and a real number $α$ $\left(α\neq 0,1\right) $ the graph invariant $s_α\left(G\right) $ is equal to the sum of powers of signless Laplacian eigenvalues of $G$. In this note, we present some new bounds on $s_α\left(G\right) $. As a result of these bounds, we also give some results on incidence energy.
Let $Q(G)=D(G)+A(G)$ be the signless Laplacian matrix of a simple graph of order $n$, where $D(G)$ and $A(G)$ are the degree diagonal matrix and the adjacency matrix of $G$, respectively. In this paper, we present a sharp upper bound for the signless spectral radius of $G$ without any tree and characterize all extremal graphs which attain the upper bound, which may be regarded as a spectral extremal version for the famous Erdős-Sós conjecture.
A connected graph $G$ is a cactus if any two of its cycles have at most one common vertex. Let $\ell_n^m$ be the set of cacti on $n$ vertices with matching number $m.$ S.C. Li and M.J. Zhang determined the unique graph with the maximum signless Laplacian spectral radius among all cacti in $\ell_n^m$ with $n=2m$. In this paper, we characterize the case $n\geq 2m+1$. This confirms the conjecture of Li and Zhang(S.C. Li, M.J. Zhang, On the signless Laplacian index of cacti with a given number of pendant vetices, Linear Algebra Appl. 436, 2012, 4400--4411). Further, we characterize the unique grap…
