José L. Cereceda
In this note we consider the theorem established in arXiv:1912.07171 concerning the sums of powers of the first $n$ positive integers, $S_k = 1^k + 2^k + \cdots + n^k$, and show that it can be used to demonstrate the classical theorem of Faulhaber for both cases of odd and even $k$.
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In this paper we present a generalization of Faulhaber's formula to sums of arbitrary complex powers $m\in\mathbb{C}$. These summation formulas for sums of the form $\sum_{k=1}^{\lfloor x\rfloor}k^{m}$ and $\sum_{k=1}^{n}k^{m}$, where $x\in\mathbb{R}^{+}$ and $n\in\mathbb{N}$, are based on a series acceleration involving Stirling numbers of the first kind. While it is well-known that the corresponding expressions obtained from the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula diverge, our summation formulas are all very rapidly convergent.
Denote by $Σn^m$ the sum of the $m$-th powers of the first $n$ positive integers $1^m+2^m+\ldots +n^m$. Similarly let $Σ^r n^m$ be the $r$-fold sum of the $m$-th powers of the first $n$ positive integers, defined such that $Σ^0 n^{m}=n^m$, and then recursively by $Σ^{r+1} n^{m}=Σ^{r} 1^{m}+Σ^{r} 2^{m}+\ldots + Σ^{r} n^{m}$. During the early 17th-century, polynomial expressions for the sums $Σ^r n^m$ and their factorisation and polynomial basis representation properties were examined by Johann Faulhaber, who published some remarkable theorems relating to these $r$-fold sums in his Academia Alge…
Recently, Guo and Zeng discovered two families of polynomials featuring in a q-analogue of Faulhaber's formula for the sums of powers and a q-analogue of Gessel-Viennot's formula involving Salie's coefficients for the alternating sums of powers. In this paper, we show that these are polynomials with symmetric, nonnegative integral coefficients by refining Gessel-Viennot's combinatorial interpretations.
We introduce a symbolic representation of $r$-fold harmonic sums at negative indices. This representation allows us to recover and extend some recent results by Duchamp et al., such as recurrence relations and generating functions for these sums. This approach is also applied to the study of the family of extended Bernoulli polynomials, which appear in the computation of harmonic sums at negative indices. It also allows us to reinterpret the Raabe analytic continuation of the multiple zeta function as both a constant term extension of Faulhaber's formula, and as the result of a natural renorma…
Faulhaber's formula, Bernoulli numbers, power sums of natural numbers and totatives and the functional equation $f(x)+x^k=f(x+1)$
本文研究了伯努利数与自然数幂和的关系，并通过函数方程 $f(x)+x^k=f(x+1)$ 探讨互质数幂和的表达式。
For finite sums of non-negative powers of arithmetic progressions the generating functions (ordinary and exponential ones) for given powers are computed. This leads to a two parameter generalization of Stirling and Eulerian numbers. A direct generalization of Bernoulli numbers and their polynomials follows. On the way to find the Faulhaber formula for these sums of powers in terms of generalized Bernoulli polynomials one is led to a one parameter generalization of Bernoulli numbers and their polynomials. Generalized Lah numbers are also considered.
Recurrence Relations for k-Fold Nested Power Sums
本文推导了k重嵌套幂和的递推关系，并讨论了其与已有研究成果的关联。
First, we present a new proof of Glaisher's formula dating from 1900 and concerning Wilson's theorem modulo p^2. Our proof uses p-adic numbers and Faulhaber's formula for the sums of powers (17th century), as well as more recent results on Faulhaber's coefficients obtained by Gessel and Viennot. Second, by using our method, we find a simpler proof than Sun's proof regarding a formula for (p-1)! modulo p^3, and one that can be generalized to higher powers of p. Third, we can derive from our method a way to compute the Stirling numbers modulo p^3, thus improving Glaisher and Sun's own results fr…
Extending Eulerian polynomials and Faulhaber's formula 1, we study several combi-natorial aspects of harmonic sums and polylogarithms at non-positive multi-indices as well as their structure. Our techniques are based on the combinatorics of non-commutative generating series in the shuffle Hopf algebras giving a global process to renormalize the divergent polyzetas at non-positive multi-indices.
For $k$ a positive integer let $S_k(n) = 1^k + 2^k + \cdots + n^k$, i.e., $S_k(n)$ is the sum of the first $k$-th powers. Faulhaber conjectured (later proved by Jacobi) that for $k$ odd, $S_k(n)$ could be written as a polynomial of $S_1(n)$; for example $S_3(n) = S_1(n)^2$. We extend this result and prove that for any $k$ there is a polynomial $g_k(x,y)$ such that $S_k(n) = g(S_1(n), S_2(n))$. The proof yields a recursive formula to evaluate $S_k(n)$ as a polynomial of $n$ that has roughly half the number of terms as the classical one.
For integer $k \geq 0$, let $S_k$ denote the sum of the $k$th powers of the first $n$ positive integers $1^k + 2^k + \cdots + n^k$. For any given $k$, the power sum $S_k$ can in principle be determined by differentiating $k$ times (with respect to $x$) the associated exponential generating function $\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}S_k x^k/k!$, and then taking the limit of the resulting differentiated function as $x$ approaches $0$. In this paper, we exploit this method to establish a couple of seemingly novel recurrence relations, one of them involving the even-indexed power sums $S_2, S_4,\ldots, S_{2k}$,…
Generalization of Ramanujan's formula for sums of half-integer powers of consecutive integers via formal Bernoulli series
本文通过形式Bernoulli级数推广了Ramanujan关于连续整数半整数次幂求和的公式，扩展了原有结果到所有正半整数次幂。
For any two arithmetic functions $f,g$ let $\bullet$ be the commutative and associative arithmetic convolution $(f\bullet g)(k):=\sum_{m=0}^k \left( \begin{array}{c} k m \end{array} \right)f(m)g(k-m)$ and for any $n\in\mathbb{N},$ $f^n=f\bullet \cdots\bullet f$ be $n-$fold product of $f\in \mathcal{S}.$ For any $x\in\mathbb{C},$ let $\mathcal{S}_0=e$ be the multiplicative identity of the ring $(\mathcal{S},\bullet,+)$ and $\mathcal{S}_x(k):=\frac{\mathcal{B}_{x+1}(k+1)-\mathcal{B}_{1}(k+1)}{k+1},~x\neq 0$ denote the power sum defined by Bernoulli polynomials $\mathcal{B}_x(k)=B_k(x).$ We consi…
Sums of Kloosterman sums over square-free and smooth integers
本文受近期关于 Kloosterman 和的双线性型及扭曲和的研究启发，研究了由无平方因子整数和光滑整数参数化的 Kloosterman 和之和的若干新问题。
Following an idea due to Euler, we evaluate the alternating sums of powers of consrcutive integers.
In this paper, we present several explicit formulas of the sums and hyper-sums of the powers of the first (n+1)-terms of a general arithmetic sequence in terms of Stirling numbers and generalized Bernoulli polynomials.
We use partial zeta functions to analyse the asymptotic behaviour of certain smooth arithmetical sums over smooth k-free integers.
Following an idea due to J. Bernoulli, we explore the q-analogue of the sums of powers of consecutive integers.
We give an expression of polynomials for higher sums of powers of integers via the higher order Bernoulli numbers.
We give the q-analogue of the sums of the n-th powers of positive integers up to k-1.
Expressing three consecutive integers as sums of three cubes
本文研究将连续整数表示为三个立方数之和的问题，给出三个连续整数的若干参数化解，并讨论五至七个连续整数的平凡解，最后提出四个及以上连续整数的开放问题。
In this paper we construct $q$-Genocchi numbers and polynomials. By using these numbers and polynomials, we investigate the $q$-analogue of alternating sums of powers of consecutive integers due to Euler.
We study the problem of representing integers as sums of prime numbers from a fixed Beatty sequence $B_{α,β}$, where $α>1$ is irrational and of finite type.
It is well known that the harmonic sum $H_n(1)=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{k}$ is never an integer for $n>1$. In 1946, Erdős and Niven proved that the nested multiple harmonic sum $H_n(\{1\}^r)=\sum_{1\le k_1<\dots<k_r\le n}\frac{1}{k_1\cdots k_r}$ can take integer values only for a finite number of positive integers $n$. In 2012, Chen and Tang refined this result by showing that $H_n(\{1\}^r)$ is an integer only for $(n,r)=(1,1)$ and $(n,r)=(3,2)$. In this paper, we consider the integrality problem for arbitrary multiple harmonic and multiple harmonic star sums and show that none of these sums is an…
In this paper we construct a new q-Euler numbers and polynomials. By using these numbers and polynomials, we give the interesting formulae related to alternating sums of powers of consecutive q-integers following an idea due to Euler.
We prove an asymptotic formula for the number of S-integers in a number field K that can be represented by a sum of n S-integers of bounded norm.
We combine an extended version of Bailey's transform with an identity of Bressoud and with some identities of Berkovich and Warnaar to prove a variety of positivity results for alternating sums involving partition functions.
In this paper we construct the $q$-analogue of Barnes's Bernoulli numbers and polynomials of degree 2, for positive even integers, which is an answer to a part of Schlosser's question. For positive odd integers, Schlosser's question is still open. Finally, we will treat the $q$-analogue of the sums of powers of consecutive integers.
We give a characterization of all pairs $(k,n)$ of positive integers for which the ratio $$ \frac{1^k-2^k+3^k-\dots+(-1)^{n+1} n^k}{1^k-2^k+3^k-\dots+(-1)^{n}(n-1)^k} $$ of two consecutive alternating power sums is an integer.
We give some theoretical and computational results on "random" harmonic sums with prime numbers, and more generally, for integers with a fixed number of prime factors.
In this paper, we prove a conjecture of Chan and Chua for the number of representations of integers as sums of 8s integral squares. The proof uses a theorem of Imamoglu and Kohnen, and the double shuffle relations satisfied by the double Eisenstein series of level 2.
Finite sequences of integers expressible as sums of two squares
本文构造了无穷多组满足特定间隔条件的整数序列，使其各项均可表示为两个非零整数平方和，并给出连续三项、四项、五项及公差为4的五项算术级数等参数化结果。
In this note, we show the existence of integer sequences of lengths at least 3 (except 7) such that for every integer in position $i\equiv 1\pmod{4}$ (respectively position $j\equiv 3\pmod{4}$), counting from left to right, the sum of the integer and the adjacent integer(s) has a constant sum $x$ (respectively $y$) with $x\ne y$.
Suppose a positive integer $n$ is written as a sum of squares of $m$ integers. What can one say about the value $T$ of the sum of these $m$ integers itself? Which $T$ can be obtained if one considers all possible representations of $n$ as a sum of squares of $m$ integers? Denoting this set of all possible $T$ by $\mathscr{S}_m(n)$, Goldmakher and Pollack have given a simple characterization of $\mathscr{S}_4(n)$ using elementary arguments. Their result can be reinterpreted in terms of Mordell's theory of representations of binary integral quadratic forms as sums of squares of integral linear f…
Exploring the Representation of Large Positive Integers as Sums of Prime Powers and Integer Powers: Analysis with Positive Density Subsets
本文利用转换原理研究大正整数表示为素数幂与整数幂之和的问题，其中素数和整数幂分别取自正密度子集，拓展了加法数论中的表示理论。
In this paper we construct the q-analogue of Barnes' Bernoulli numbers and plynomials of degree 2, which is an answer to a part of Schlosser's question. Finally, we treat the q-analogue of the sums of powers of consecutive integrs.
We prove that the greatest positive integer that is not expressible as a linear combination with integer coefficients of elements of the set $\{n^2,(n+1)^2,\ldots \}$ is asymptotically $O(n^2)$, verifying thus a conjecture of Dutch and Rickett. Furthermore we ask a question on the representation of integers as sum of four large squares.
Integer Powers Expressed as Nested Sums of Lower Powers modulo 2, 3
本文探索将正整数幂表示为较小正整数幂嵌套和的恒等式，建立了连续递减幂的基础恒等式并以此证明 Fermat 小定理，随后推导并严格证明了模2和模3的整数幂表示恒等式。
Sums of squares of integers except for a fixed one
本文研究除固定整数外的整数平方和问题，对任意非负整数$n$找到了能表示所有相关正整数的最小平方数数量，推广了Dubouis在$n=0$时的结果。
In this paper, we show that certain sums of generalized $m$-gonal numbers represent every positive integer if and only if they represent every positive integer up to an explicit bound $C_m$, verifying a conjecture of Sun for sufficiently large positive integers.
For coprime positive integers $q$ and $e$, let $m(q,e)$ denote the least positive integer $t$ such that there exists a sum of $t$ powers of $q$ which is divisible by $e$. We prove an upper bound for $m(q.e)$ and investigate the case where $m(q,e)$ is "large". We also pay special attention to the situation where $e$ is a prime power.
We study sums of arithmetic functions, defined on Gaussian integers and taken over those pairs of integers whose coordinates give rise to a singular system.
We use elementary arguments to prove results on the order of magnitude of certain sums concerning the gcd's and lcm's of $k$ positive integers, where $k\ge 2$ is fixed. We refine and generalize an asymptotic formula of Bordellès (2007), and extend certain related results of Hilberdink and Tóth (2016). We also formulate some conjectures and open problems.
We say a positive integer is a sum of three nonunit squares if it is a sum of three squares of integers other than one. In this article, we find all integers which are sums of three nonunit squares assuming that the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis(GRH) holds. As applications, we find all integers, under the GRH only when $k=3$, which are sums of $k$ nonzero triangular numbers, sums of $k$ nonzero generalized pentagonal numbers, and sums of $k$ nonzero generalized octagonal numbers, respectively for any integer $k\ge 3$.
Rational integers as sums of units -- the quadratic case
本文研究了二次数域中自然数作为k个单位和的渐进行为，解决了Jarden和Narkiewicz在2007年提出的问题。
In totally real number fields, we characterize the rings of $S$-integers (obtained by inverting a rational integer $m$) such that all their totally positive elements are represented as a sum of squares. We further obtain partial answers to the question: when are all the totally positive algebraic integers that are divisible by $m$ represented as a sum of squares?
In this paper, we derive a formula for the sums of powers of the first $n$ positive integers, $S_k(n)$, that involves the hyperharmonic numbers and the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Then, using an explicit representation for the hyperharmonic numbers, we generalize this formula to the sums of powers of an arbitrary arithmetic progression. Moreover, we express the Bernoulli polynomials in terms of hyperharmonic polynomials and Stirling numbers of the second kind. Finally, we extend the obtained formula for $S_k(n)$ to negative values of $n$.
Representations of integers as sums of four polygonal numbers and partial theta functions
研究整数作为最多四个不同m边形数之和的表示，证明非负参数下的表示数与任意整数参数下的表示数在渐进行为上相同。
We show that Euler's relation and the Taxi-Cab relation are both solutions of the same equation. General solutions of sums of two consecutive cubes equaling the sum of two other cubes are calculated. There is an infinite number of relations to be found among the sums of two consecutive cubes and the sum of two other cubes, in the form of two families. Their recursive and parametric equations are calculated.
The cardinality of a set containing the pairwise sums of a fixed number of integers
研究显示，当集合A的大小超过n+1.2×10⁸时，存在五个不同整数的pairwise和均在A中。通过调整常数，可保证三个或四个整数的pairwise和也在A中。
We prove that $164634913$ is the smallest positive integer that is a sum of two rational sixth powers but not a sum of two integer sixth powers. If $C_{k}$ is the curve $x^{6} + y^{6} = k$, we use the existence of morphisms from $C_{k}$ to elliptic curves, together with the Mordell-Weil sieve, to rule out the existence of rational points on $C_{k}$ for various $k$.
Representations of integers as quotients of sums of distinct powers of three
本文研究哪些整数可表示为不同三的幂之和的商，提出必要且几乎充分的条件和生成所有表示的算法，并基于0,1-多项式对表示进行分类，完整描述了不超过364的整数及若干无限族。
A new characterization for the Lucas-Carmichael Integers and sums of base-$p$ digits
本文通过基-$p$ 位数和给出 Lucas-Carmichael 整数的充分必要刻画，研究其相关性质，并在素数 $k$-元组猜想下证明其无穷性。
We employ the spectral theory of Eisenstein series to prove that the Hardy sums, integer-valued analogs of the classical Dedekind sums, are uniformly distributed in $\mathbf{Z} / m \mathbf{Z}$ for any integer $m > 1$.
Considering the problem of finding all the integer solutions of the sum of $M$ consecutive integer squares starting at $a^{2}$ being equal to a squared integer $s^{2}$, it is shown that this problem has no solutions if $M\equiv3,5,6,7,8$ or $10 (mod\,12)$ and has integer solutions if $M\equiv0,9,24$ or $33 (mod\,72)$; or $M\equiv1,2$ or $16 (mod\,24)$; or $M\equiv11 (mod\,12)$. All the allowed values of $M$ are characterized using necessary conditions. If $M$ is a square itself, then $M\equiv1 (mod\,24)$ and $(M-1)/24$ are all pentagonal numbers, except the first two.
We provide examples of multiplicative functions $f$ supported on the $k$-free integers such that at primes $f(p)=\pm 1$ and such that the partial sums of $f$ up to $x$ are $o(x^{1/k})$. Further, if we assume the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, then we can improve the exponent $1/k$: There are examples such that the partial sums up to $x$ are $o(x^{1/(k+\frac{1}{2})+ε})$, for all $ε>0$. This generalizes to the $k$-free integers the results of Aymone, `` A note on multiplicative functions resembling the {M}öbius function'', J. Number Theory, 212 (2020), pp. 113--121.
All integer solutions $\left(M,a,c\right)$ to the problem of the sums of $M$ consecutive cubed integers $\left(a+i\right)^{3}$ ($a>1$, $0\leq i\leq M-1$) equaling squared integers $c^{2}$ are found by decomposing the product of the difference and sum of the triangular numbers of $\left(a+M-1\right)$ and $\left(a-1\right)$ in the product of their greatest common divisor $g$ and remaining square factors $δ^{2}$ and $σ^{2}$, yielding $c=gδσ$. Further, the condition that $g$ must be integer for several particular and general cases yield generalized Pell equations whose solutions allow to find all …
We study three special Dirichlet series, two of them alternating, related to the Riemann zeta function. These series are shown to have extensions to the entire complex plane and we find their values at the negative integers (or residues at poles). These values are given in terms of Bernoulli and Euler numbers.
A sequence of rational numbers as a generalization of the sequence of Bernoulli numbers is introduced. Sums of products involving the terms of this generalized sequence are then obtained using an application of the Faà di Bruno's formula. These sums of products are analogous to the higher order Bernoulli numbers and are used to develop the closed form expressions for the sums of products involving the power sums $\displaystyle Ψ_k(x,n):=\sum_{d|n}μ(d)d^k S_k(\frac{x}{d}), n\in\mathbb{Z}^+$ which are defined via the Möbius function $μ$ and the usual power sum $S_k(x)$ of a real or complex varia…
Representing integers as sums of mixed powers of primes
该研究证明了每个足够大的奇整数可以表示为素数的混合次幂之和，其中包含平方、立方和更高次幂的组合。
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