We review some classical and modern aspects of hypergeometric differential equations, including $A$-hypergeometric systems of Gel'fand, Graev, Kapranov and Zelevinsky. Some recent advances in this theory, such as Euler-Koszul homology, rank jump phenomena, irregularity questions and Hodge theoretic aspects are discussed with more details. We also give some applications of the theory of hypergeometric systems to toric mirror symmetry.
A celebrated theorem of Klein implies that any hypergeometric differential equation with algebraic solutions is a pull-back of one of the few standard hypergeometric equations with algebraic solutions. The most interesting cases are hypergeometric equations with tetrahedral, octahedral or icosahedral monodromy groups. We give an algorithm for computing Klein's pull-back coverings in these cases, based on certain explicit expressions (Darboux evaluations) of algebraic hypergeometric functions. The explicit expressions can be computed using contiguous relations and a data base of simplest Darbou…
In this work we present an explicit relation between the number of points on a family of algebraic curves over $\F_{q}$ and sums of values of certain hypergeometric functions over $\F_{q}$. Moreover, we show that these hypergeometric functions can be explicitly related to the roots of the zeta function of the curve over $\F_{q}$ in some particular cases. A general conjecture relating these last two is presented and advances toward its proof are shown in the last section.
We generalize the known constructions of A-hypergeometric functions. In particular, we show that periods of middle dimension on affine or projective complex algebraic varieties are A-hypergeometric functions of coefficients of polynomial equations of these varieties.
In the previous paper by Asakura-Otsubo-Terasoma, we prove that the special values of the hypergeometric function 3F2 at 1 are linear combinations of logarithms of algebraic numbers and 1 over algebraic numbers, if exponents are rational numbers satisfying a certain arithmetic condition. Aoki and Shioda completely classified these sets of rational numbers satisfying this condition in connection with Hodge cycles on Fermat surfaces. In this paper, we give an explicit expression of special values of hypergoemetricy 3F2 which does not belong to exceptional characters.
We discuss Beilinson's regulator on K_2 of certain fibrations of algebraic varieties which we call the hypergeomtric fibrations. The main result is to describe regulators via the hypergeometric functions 3F2 or 4F3. We also discuss the Beilinson conjecture on the special values of L-functions.
We show that certain one-dimensional hypergeometric differential systems underlie objects of the category of irregular mixed Hodge modules, which was recently introduced by Sabbah, and compute the irregular Hodge filtration for them. We also provide a comparison theorem between two different types of Fourier-Laplace transformation for algebraic integrable twistor $\mathcal{D}$-modules.
Let $X$ be the family of hypersurfaces in the odd-dimensional torus ${\mathbb T}^{2n+1}$ defined by a Laurent polynomial $f$ with fixed exponents and variable coefficients. We show that if $nΔ$, the dilation of the Newton polytope $Δ$ of $f$ by the factor $n$, contains no interior lattice points, then the Picard-Fuchs equation of $W_{2n}H^{2n}_{\rm DR}(X)$ has a full set of algebraic solutions (where $W_\bullet$ denotes the weight filtration on de Rham cohomology). We also describe a procedure for finding solutions of these Picard-Fuchs equations.
A classical result of F.Klein states that, given a finite primitive group $G\subseteq SL_2(\mathbb{C})$, there exists a hypergeometric equation such that any second order LODE whose differential Galois group is isomorphic to $G$ is projectively equivalent to the pullback by a rational map of this hypergeometric equation. In this paper, we generalize this result. We show that, given a finite primitive group $G\subseteq SL_n(\mathbb{C})$, there exist a positive integer $d=d(G)$ and a standard equation such that any LODE whose differential Galois group is isomorphic to $G$ is gauge equivalent, ov…
The hypergeometric functions ${}_nF_{n-1}$ are higher transcendental functions, but for certain parameter values they become algebraic, because the monodromy of the defining hypergeometric differential equation becomes finite. It is shown that many algebraic ${}_nF_{n-1}$'s, for which the finite monodromy is irreducible but imprimitive, can be represented as combinations of certain explicitly algebraic functions of a single variable; namely, the roots of trinomials. This generalizes a result of Birkeland, and is derived as a corollary of a family of binomial coefficient identities that is of i…
We show that the results we had obtained on diagonals of nine and ten parameters families of rational functions using creative telescoping, yielding modular forms expressed as pullbacked $ _2F_1$ hypergeometric functions, can be obtained, much more efficiently, calculating the $ j$-invariant of an elliptic curve canonically associated with the denominator of the rational functions. In the case where creative telescoping yields pullbacked $ _2F_1$ hypergeometric functions, we generalize this result to other families of rational functions in three, and even more than three, variables. We also ge…
We study the structures of Pfaffian equations and contiguity relations of the hypergeometric function of type $(k+1,k+n+2)$ by using twisted cohomology groups and the intersection form on them. We apply our results to algebraic statistics; numerical evaluation of the normalizing constants of two way contingency tables with fixed marginal sums.
The A-hypergeometric system studied by I.M. Gelfand, M.I. Graev, A.V. Zelevinsky and the author, is defined for a set A of characters of an algebraic torus. In this paper we propose a generalization of the theory where the torus is replaced by an arbitrary reductive group H and A is a set of irreducible representations of H. The functions are thus defined on the space M_A of functions on H spanned by the matrix elements of representations from A. The properties of the system are related to the geometry of a certain algebraic variety X_A, which belongs to the class of group compactifications st…
We show that certain hypergeometric series used to formulate mirror symmetry for Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces, in string theory and algebraic geometry, satisfy a number of interesting properties. Many of these properties are used in separate papers to verify the BCOV prediction for the genus one Gromov-Witten invariants of a quintic threefold and more generally to compute the genus one Gromov-Witten invariants of any Calabi-Yau projective hypersurface.
In this paper, we study the zero loci of local systems of the form $δΠ$, where $Π$ is the period sheaf of the universal family of CY hypersurfaces in a suitable ambient space $X$, and $δ$ is a given differential operator on the space of sections $V^\vee=Γ(X,K_X^{-1})$. Using earlier results of three of the authors and their collaborators, we give several different descriptions of the zero locus of $δΠ$. As applications, we prove that the locus is algebraic and in some cases, non-empty. We also give an explicit way to compute the polynomial defining equations of the locus in some cases. This de…
In this review article, we report on some recent advances on the computational aspects of cohomology intersection numbers of GKZ systems developed in \cite{GM}, \cite{MH}, \cite{MT} and \cite{MT2}. We also discuss the relation between intersection theory and evaluation of an integral of a product of powers of absolute values of polynomials.
The derived category of an algebraic variety might be a source of a myriad of new (categorical) symmetries. Some are predicted by homological mirror symmetry, to be obtained from the fundamental group of the space of complex structures of its mirror partner. These finally lead to differential equations. We expositorily unravel a part of this conjectural master plan for a class of toric varieties.
This text is based on lectures by the author in the Summer School `Algebraic Geometry and Hypergeometric Functions' in Istanbul in June 2005. It gives a review of some of the basic aspects of the theory of hypergeometric structures of Gelfand, Kapranov and Zelevinsky, including Differential Equations, Integrals and Series, with emphasis on the latter. The Secondary Fan is constructed and subsequently used to describe the `geography' of the domains of convergence of the Γ-series. A solution to certain Resonance Problems is presented and applied in the context of Mirror Symmetry. Many examples a…
We review Hodge structures, relating filtrations, Galois Theory and Jordan-Holder structures. The prototypical case of periods of Riemann surfaces is compared with the Galois-Artin framework of algebraic numbers.
These are lecture notes based on a series of talks given by the authors at the CIMPA Summer School on Algebraic Geometry and Hypergeometric Functions held in Istanbul in Summer of 2005. They provide an introduction to a recent work on the complex ball uniformization of the moduli spaces of Del Pezzo surfaces, K3 surfaces and algebraic curves of lower genus. We discuss the relationship of these constructions with the Deligne-Mostow theory of periods of hypergeometric differentianl forms. For convenience to a non-expert reader we include an introduction to the theory of periods of integrals on a…
We prove some value of the harmonic volume for the Klein quartic $C$ is nonzero modulo ${1/2}\{mathbb Z}$, using special values of the generalized hypergeometric function ${}_3F_2$. This result tells us the algebraic cycle $C-C^-$ is not algebraically equivalent to zero in the Jacobian variety $J(C)$.
In this paper, we study the monodromy of Appell hypergeometric partial differential equations, which lead us to find four derivatives which are associated to the group GL(3). Our four derivatives have the remarkable properties. We find that Appell hypergeometric partial differential equations can be reduced to four nonlinear partial differential equations by the use of our four derivatives. We investigate these four nonlinear partial differential equations. We are interested in some particular cases. In these cases, the system of linear partial differential equations has the remarkable propert…
Sequences that are defined by multisums of hypergeometric terms with compact support occur frequently in enumeration problems of combinatorics, algebraic geometry and perturbative quantum field theory. The standard recipe to study the asymptotic expansion of such sequences is to find a recurrence satisfied by them, convert it into a differential equation satisfied by their generating series, and analyze the singulatiries in the complex plane. We propose a shortcut by constructing directly from the structure of the hypergeometric term a finite set, for which we conjecture (and in some cases pro…
In a previous paper, the first and third authors gave an explicit realization of the geometric Langlands correspondence for hypergeometric sheaves, considered as $\textrm{GL}_n$-local systems. Certain hypergeometric local systems admit a symplectic or orthogonal structure, which can be viewed as $\check{G}$-local systems, for a classical group $\check{G}$. This article aims to realize the geometric Langlands correspondence for these $\check{G}$-local systems. We study this problem from two aspects. In the first approach, we define the hypergeometric automorphic data for a classical group $G$ i…
It is well-known that Klein's lectures on the icosahedron and the solution of equations of fifth degree is one of the most important and influential books of 19th-century mathematics. In the present paper, we will give the complex counterpart of Klein's book, i.e., a story about complex regular polyhedra. We will show that the following four apparently disjoint theories: the symmetries of the Hessian polyhedra (geometry), the resolution of some system of algebraic equations (algebra), the system of partial differential equations of Appell hypergeometric functions (analysis) and the modular equ…
This paper reveals some new analytical and geometrical properties of the generalized algebraic multiplicity, $χ$, introduced in [7, 5] and further developed in [20, 23, 24]. In particular, it establishes a completely new connection between $χ$ and the concept of local intersection index of algebraic varieties, a central device in Algebraic Geometry. This link between Nonlinear Spectral Theory and Algebraic Geometry provides to $χ$ with a deep geometrical meaning. Moreover, $χ$ is characterized through the new notion of local determinant of the Schur operator associated to the linear path, $\ma…
We survey classical material around Lefschetz theorems for fundamental groups, and show the relation to parts of Deligne's program in Weil II. The notes are based on some aspects of the material for the Santaló lectures at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (October 2015) and the Rademacher lectures at the University of Pennsylvania (February 2016). They appear in Revista Matemática Complutense.
In this article algebraic constructions are introduced in order to study the variety defined by a radical parametrization (a tuple of functions involving complex numbers, $n$ variables, the four field operations and radical extractions). We provide algorithms to implicitize radical parametrizations and to check whether a radical parametrization can be reparametrized into a rational parametrization.
