Layout and Performance of HPK Prototype LGAD Sensors for the High-Granularity Timing Detector
X. Yang, S. Alderweireldt, N. Atanov, M. K. Ayoub, J. Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa, L. Castillo Garcia, H. Chen, S. Christie, V. Cindro, H. Cui, G. D'Amen, Y. Da… 展开作者
X. Yang, S. Alderweireldt, N. Atanov, M. K. Ayoub, J. Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa, L. Castillo Garcia, H. Chen, S. Christie, V. Cindro, H. Cui, G. D'Amen, Y. Davydov, Y. Y. Fan, Z. Galloway, J. J. Ge, C. Gee, G. Giacomini, E. L. Gkougkousis, C. Grieco, S. Grinstein, J. Grosse-Knetter, S. Guindon, S. Han, A. Howard, Y. P. Huang, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, R. Kiuchi, G. Kramberger, E. Kuwertz, C. Labitan, J. Lange, M. Leite, C. H. Li, Q. Y. Li, B. Liu, J. Y. Liu, Y. W. Liu, H. Liang, Z. J. Liang, M. Lockerby, F. Lyu, I. Mandić, F. Martinez-Mckinney, S. M. Mazza, M. Mikuž, R. Padilla, B. H. Qi, A. Quadt, K. L. Ran, H. Ren, C. Rizzi, E. Rossi, H. F. -W. Sadrozinski, G. T. Saito, B. Schumm, M. Schwickardi, A. Seiden, L. Y. Shan, L. S. Shi, X. Shi, A. Soares Canas Ferreira, Y. J. Sun, Y. H. Tan, A. Tricoli, G. Y. Wan, M. Wilder, K. W. Wu, W. Wyatt, S. Y. Xiao, T. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, C. J. Yu, L. Zhao, M. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, X. X. Zheng, X. A. Zhuang
The High-Granularity Timing Detector is a detector proposed for the ATLAS Phase II upgrade. The detector, based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology will cover the pseudo-rapidity region of $2.4<|η|<4.0$ with two end caps on each side and a total area of 6.4 $m^2$. The timing performance can be improved by implanting an internal gain layer that can produce signal with a fast rising edge, which improve significantly the signal-to-noise ratio. The required average timing resolution per track for a minimum-ionising particle is 30 ps at the start and 50 ps at the end of the HL-LHC operation. This is achieved with several layers of LGAD. The innermost region of the detector would accumulate a 1 MeV-neutron equivalent fluence up to $2.5 \times 10^{15} cm^{-2}$ before being replaced during the scheduled shutdowns. The addition of this new detector is expected to play an important role in the mitigation of high pile-up at the HL-LHC. The layout and performance of the various versions of LGAD prototypes produced by Hamamatsu (HPK) have been studied by the ATLAS Collaboration. The breakdown voltages, depletion voltages, inter-pad gaps, collected charge as well as the time resolution have been measured and the production yield of large size sensors has been evaluated.
The upgrades of the CMS and ATLAS experiments for the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will employ precision timing detectors based on Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs). We present a suite of results combining measurements from the Fermilab Test Beam Facility, a beta source telescope, and a probe station, allowing full characterization of the HPK type 3.1 production of LGAD prototypes developed for these detectors. We demonstrate that the LGAD response to high energy test beam particles is accurately reproduced with a beta source. We further establish that probe station me…
Systematic Investigation of Acceptor Removal in HPK LGADs with Modified Gain Layers
University of Tsukuba（筑波大学）；High Energy Accelerator Research Organization（高能加速器研究机构）；Leibniz University Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）；The University of Osaka（大阪大学）；International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, The University of Tokyo（东京大学基础粒子物理国际中心）
We present measurements of AC-LGADs performed at the Fermilab's test beam facility using 120 GeV protons. We studied the performance of various strip and pad AC-LGAD sensors that were produced by BNL and HPK. The measurements are performed with our upgraded test beam setup that utilizes a high precision telescope tracker, and a simultaneous readout of up to 7 channels per sensor, which allows detailed studies of signal sharing characteristics. These measurements allow us to assess the differences in designs between different manufacturers, and optimize them based on experimental performance. W…
The properties of 50 um thick Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) detectors manufactured by Hamamatsu photonics (HPK) and Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) were tested before and after irradiation with 1 MeV neutrons. Their performance were measured in charge collection studies using b-particles from a 90Sr source and in capacitance-voltage scans (C-V) to determine the bias to deplete the gain layer. Carbon infusion to the gain layer of the sensors was tested by FBK in the UFSD3 production. HPK instead produced LGADs with a very thin, highly doped and deep multiplication layer. The sensors were expos…
We report on the results of a radiation campaign with neutrons and protons of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) produced by Hamamatsu (HPK) as prototypes for the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in ATLAS. Sensors with an active thickness of 50~$μ$m were irradiated in steps of roughly 2$\times$ up to a fluence of $3\times10^{15}~\mathrm{n_{eq}cm^{-2}}$. As a function of the fluence, the collected charge and time resolution of the irradiated sensors will be reported for operation at $-30^{\circ}$.
Temperature Dependence of Gain and Time Resolution in LGAD Detectors
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Spallation Neutron Source Science Center（散裂中子源科学中心）
Event-by-Event Space-Charge Gain Suppression in LGADs and Its Impact on Time Resolution
CERN (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire)（欧洲核子研究中心）；Inter-University Institute for High Energies (IIHE), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)（布鲁塞尔自由大学跨大学高能物理研究所）
Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) are thin (20-50 $μm$)silicon di ode sensors with modest internal gain (typically 5 to 50) and exceptional time resolution (17 $ps$ to 50 $ps$). However, the granularity of such devices is limited to the millimeter scale due to the need to include protection structures at the boundaries of the readout pads to avoid premature breakdown due to large local electric fields. In this paper we present a new approach -- the Deep-Junction LGAD (DJ-LGAD) -- that decouples the high-field gain region from the readout plane. This approach is expected to improve the achievab…
In this paper we report results from a neutron irradiation campaign of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) with fluences of 1e14, 3e14, 6e14, 1e15, 3e15, 6e15 n/cm2. The UFSD used in this study are circular 50 micro-meter thick Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD), with a 1.0 mm diameter active area. They have been produced by Hamamatsu Photonics (HPK), Japan, with pre-radiation internal gain in the range 10-100 depending on the bias voltage. The sensors were tested pre-irradiation and post-irradiation with minimum ionizing particle (MIPs) from a 90Sr based \b{eta}-source. The leakage current, …
Next generation Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) produced by Hamamatsu photonics (HPK) and Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) were tested before and after irradiation with ~1MeV neutrons at the JSI facility in Ljubljana. Sensors were irradiated to a maximum 1-MeV equivalent fluence of 2.5E15 Neq/cm2. The sensors analysed in this paper are an improvement after the lessons learned from previous FBK and HPK productions that were already reported in precedent papers. The gain layer of HPK sensors was fine-tuned to optimize the performance before and after irradiation. FBK sensors instead combined the …
Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are n-on-p silicon sensors with an extra p-layer below the collection electrode which provides signal amplification. When the primary electrons reach the amplification region new electron-hole pairs are created that enhance the generated signal. The moderate gain of these sensors, together with the relatively thin active region, provide precise time information for minimum ionizing particles. To mitigate the effect of pile-up at the HL-LHC the ATLAS and CMS experiments have chosen the LGAD technology for the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) and for t…
The low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) are thin sensors with fast charge collection which in combination with internal gain deliver an outstanding time resolution of about 30 ps. High collision rates and consequent large particle rates crossing the detectors at the upgraded Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2028 will lead to radiation damage and deteriorated performance of the LGADs. The main consequence of radiation damage is loss of gain layer doping (acceptor removal) which requires an increase of bias voltage to compensate for the loss of charge collection efficiency and consequently time r…
The performances of Low Gain Avalanche diode (LGAD) sensors from a neutron irradiation campaign with fluences of 0.8 x 10^15, 15 x 10^15 and 2.5 x 10^15 neq/cm2 are reported in this article. These LGAD sensors are developed by the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Novel Device Laboratory for the High Granularity Timing Detector of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. The timing resolution and collected charge of the LGAD sensors were measured with electrons from a beta source. After irradiation with a fluence of 2.5 x 10^15 neq/cm2, the collected charg…
For the High-Luminosity phase of LHC, the ATLAS experiment is proposing the addition of a High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in the forward region to mitigate the effects of the increased pile-up. The chosen detection technology is Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) silicon sensors that can provide an excellent timing resolution below 50 ps. The front-end read-out ASIC must maintain the performance of the sensor, while keeping low power consumption. This paper presents the results on the first prototype of a front-end ASIC, named ALTIROC0, which contains the analog stages (preamplifier an…
For the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC at CERN, ATLAS is considering the addition of a High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in front of the end cap and forward calorimeters at |z| = 3.5 m and covering the region 2.4 < |η| < 4 to help reducing the effect of pile-up. The chosen sensors are arrays of 50 μm thin Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD). This paper presents results on single LGAD sensors with a surface area of 1.3x1.3 mm2 and arrays with 2x2 pads with a surface area of 2x2 mm^2 or 3x3 mm^2 each and different implant doses of the p+ multiplication layer. They are obtained from dat…
Proton Energy Dependence of Radiation Induced Low Gain Avalanche Detector Degradation
CERN, Organisation europénne pour la recherche nucléaire（欧洲核子研究组织）；TU Wien, Faculty of Physics（维也纳工业大学物理学院）；Instituto de Física de Cantabria, IFCA (CSIC-UC)（坎塔布里亚物理研究所）
LGAD technology is established within the field of particle physics, as the baseline technology for the timing detectors of both the ATLAS and CMS upgrades at the HL-LHC. Pixelated LGADs have been proposed for the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) and for the Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) of the ATLAS and CMS experiments, respectively. The drawback of segmenting an LGAD is the non-gain area between pixels and the consequent reduction in the fill factor. In this sense, inverse LGAD (iLGAD) technology has been proposed by IMB-CNM to enhance the fill factor and to reach excellent tracking capab…
To meet the timing resolution requirement of up-coming High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), a new detector based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector(LGAD), High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), is under intensive research in ATLAS. Two types of IHEP-NDL LGADs(BV60 and BV170) for this update is being developed by Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of Chinese Academic of Sciences (CAS) cooperated with Novel Device Laboratory (NDL) of Beijing Normal University and they are now under detailed study. These detectors are tested with $5GeV$ electron beam at DESY. A SiPM detector is chosen as a refere…
In the past few years, the need of measuring accurately the spatial and temporal coordinates of the particles generated in high-energy physics experiments has spurred a strong R\&D in the field of silicon sensors. Within these research activities, the so-called Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSDs), silicon sensors optimized for timing based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) design, have been proposed and adopted by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations for their respective timing layers. The defining feature of the Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSDs) is the internal multiplication mechanism, …
Beam-test evaluation of pre-production Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)（中国科学院大学）；CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）；Nanjing University（南京大学）；Shandong University（山东大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学李政道研究所）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学）；Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR)（摩洛哥先进科学创新与研究基金会）；Mohammed VI Polytechnic University（穆罕默德六世理工大学）；Radboud University/Nikhef（拉德堡德大学/尼克尔夫国家亚原子物理研究所）；Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics（尼克尔夫国家亚原子物理研究所）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Ecole Polytechnique（巴黎综合理工学院）；University of the Witwatersrand（威特沃特斯兰德大学）；Royal Institute of Technology（皇家理工学院）；Academia Sinica（中央研究院）；National Tsing Hua University（国立清华大学）
The future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will utilize a series of high-luminosity high-energy electron+proton ($e+p$) and electron+nucleus ($e+A$) collisions to explore the inner structure of nucleon and nucleus and the matter formation process. Heavy flavor hadron and jet measurements at the EIC will play an essential role in determining the nucleon/nucleus parton distribution function and heavy quark hadronization process in not well constrained kinematic regions. A high granularity and low material budget forward silicon tracker will enable precise forward heavy flavor measurements at the EIC…
