The effective vacuum energy density contributed by the non-trivial contortion distribution and the bare vacuum energy density can be viewed as the energy density of the auxiliary quintessence field potential. We find that the negative bare vacuum energy density from string landscape leads to a monotonically decreasing quintessence potential while the positive one from swampland leads to the meta stable or stable de Sitter like potential. Moreover, the non-trivial Brans-Dicke like coupling between quintessence field and gravitation field is necessary in the latter case.
We discuss the viability of $f(R)$ and Brans-Dicke theories of gravity in light of the recent Swampland conjectures. We show that in the case of perfect fluid domination the swampland conjecture conditions may be easily satisfied and therefore we focus on the constraints in the vacuum theory. We derive the conditions for the swampland conjectures in $f(R)$ and Brans-Dicke framework, and find that a large portion of the parameter space is not allowed. Furthermore, we analyze particular $f(R)$ models of inflation and dark energy and in their case we set the allowed range of $R$.
The swampland conjectures from string theory have had some really interesting implications on cosmology, in particular on inflationary models. Some models of inflation have been shown to be incompatible with these criterion while some have been shown to be severely fine tuned, with most of these problems arising in single field inflationary models in a General relativistic cosmology. Recent works have although optimistically shown that single field models in more general cosmologies can be consistent with these conjectures and hence there is an optimism that not all such models lie in the swam…
Brans-Dicke cosmological models for a spatially isotropic and homogeneous universe are tested in terms of the validity of the Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics (GSL). The investigation is carried out in the Einstein frame. It is found that the models are thermodynamically viable for negative values of the Brans-Dicke parameter w and thus are quite consistent with the recent accelerated expansion of the universe.
The purpose of this study is to investigate observational features of Brans-Dicke wormholes in a case if they exist in our Universe. The energy flux from accretion onto a Brans-Dicke wormhole and the so-called "maximum impact parameter" are studied (the last one might allow to observe light sources through a wormhole throat). The computed values were compared with the corresponding ones for GR-wormholes and Schwarzschild black holes. We shown that Brans-Dicke wormholes are quasi-Schwarzschild objects and should differ from GR wormholes by about one order of magnitude in the accretion energy fl…
The spatially flat and isotropic cosmological model of Brans-Dicke theory with coupling parameter $ω\neq-3/2$ is quantized by the approach of loop quantum cosmology. An interesting feature of this model is that, although the Brans-Dicke scalar field is non-minimally coupled with curvature, it can still play the role of an emergent time variable. In the quantum theory, the classical differential equation which represents cosmological evolution is replaced by a quantum difference equation. The effective Hamiltonian and modified dynamical equations of loop quantum Brans-Dicke cosmology are also o…
The present day accelerated expansion of the universe is naturally addressed within the Brans-Dicke theory just by using holographic dark energy model with inverse of Hubble scale as IR cutoff. It is also concluded that if the universe continues to expand, then one day it might be completely filled with dark energy.
We study an intermediate inflationary stage in a Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory. In this scenario we analyze the quantum fluctuations corresponding to adiabatic and isocurvature modes. Our model is compared to that described by using the intermediate model in Einstein general relativity theory. We assess the status of this model in light of the seven-year WMAP data.
In this paper it is shown that in non-minimally coupled Brans-Dicke theory containing a self-interacting potential, a suitable conformal transformation can automatically give rise to an interaction between the normal matter and the Brans-Dicke scalar field. Considering the scalar field in the Einstein frame as the quintessence matter, it has been shown that such a non-minimal coupling between the matter and the scalar field can give rise to a late time accelerated expansion for the universe preceded by a decelerated expansion for very high values of the Brans-Dicke parameter $ω$. We have also …
In the covariant cosmological perturbation theory, a 1+3 decomposition ensures that all variables in the frame-independent equations are covariant, gauge-invariant and have clear physical interpretations. We develop this formalism in the case of Brans-Dicke gravity, and apply this method to the calculation of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy and large scale structures (LSS). We modify the publicly available Boltzmann code CAMB to calculate numerically the evolution of the background and adiabatic perturbations, and obtain the temperature and polarization spectra of the Brans-Dicke …
In this paper we consider Chameleonic Generalized Brans--Dicke Cosmology in the framework of FRW universes. The bouncing solution and phantom crossing is investigated for the model. Two independent cosmological tests: Cosmological Redshift Drift (CRD) and distance modulus are applied to test the model with the observation.
We study cosmological inflation and its dynamics in the framework of the Randall-Sundrum II brane model. In particular, we analyze in detail four representative small-field inflationary potentials, namely Natural inflation, Hilltop inflation, Higgs-like inflation, and Exponential SUSY inflation, each characterized by two mass scales. We constrain the parameters for which a viable inflationary Universe emerges using the latest PLANCK results. Furthermore, we investigate whether or not those models in brane cosmology are consistent with the recently proposed Swampland Criteria, and give predicti…
We consider inflation in a five -dimensional space time with the inflaton field confined to live on a brane world. In this scenario, we study different types of potentials for the inflaton, discuss their observational consequences, and compare with data. We find that some class of potentials are in good agreement with observation and that the value of the inflaton field can be sub-Planckian. Moreover, we investigate the swampland criteria in this scenario and determine the consistency of the model with the conjectures. Doing so, we could determine models that simultaneously satisfy both observ…
We propose a unimodular version of the Brans-Dicke theory designed with a constrained Lagrangian formulation. The resulting field equations are traceless. The vacuum solutions in the cosmological background reproduce the corresponding solutions of the usual Brans-Dicke theory but with a cosmological constant term. A perturbative analysis of the scalar modes is performed and stable and unstable configurations appear in contrast with the Brans-Dicke case for which only stable configurations occur. On the other hand, tensorial modes in this theory remains the same as in the traditional Brans-Dick…
It has very recently been realized that coupling branes to higher dimensional quantum gravity theories and considering the consistency of what lives on the branes, one is able to understand whether such theories can belong either to the swampland or to the landscape. In this regard, in the present work, we study a warm inflation model embedded in the Randall-Sundrum braneworld scenario. It is explicitly shown that this model belongs to the landscape by supporting a strong dissipative regime with an inflaton steep exponential potential. The presence of extra dimension effects from the braneworl…
We study the Brans-Dicke theory of gravity in Riemann-Cartan space-times, and obtain general torsion solutions, which are completely determined by Brans-Dicke scalar field $Φ$, in the false vacuum energy dominated epoch. The substitution of the torsion solutions back to our action gives the original Brans-Dicke action with $Φ$-dependent Brans-Dicke parameter $ω(Φ)$. The evolution of $ω(Φ)$ during the inflation is studied and it is found that $ω$ approaches to infinity at the end of inflation. This may solve the $ω$-problem in the extended inflation model.
We consider a Brans-Dicke cosmology in five-dimensional space-time. Neglecting the quadratic and the mixed Brans-Dicke terms in the Einstein equation, we derive a modified wave equation of the Brans-Dicke field. We show that, at high energy limit, the 3-brane Brans-Dicke cosmology could be described as the standard one by changing the equation of state. Finally as an illustration of the purpose, we show that the dark energy component of the universe agrees with the observations data.
We present the new interpretation of scalar field for the Brans-Dicke theory. This interpretation is obtained by considering a fixed spacetime structure of manifold.
We study the Generalized Brans-Dicke cosmology in the presence of matter and dark energy. Of particular interest for a constant Brans-Dicke parameter, the de Sitter space has also been investigated.
The five dimensional Brans-Dicke theory naturally provides two scalar fields by the Killing reduction mechanism. These two scalar fields could account for the accelerated expansion of the universe. We test this model and constrain its parameter by using the type Ia supernova (SN Ia) data. We find that the best fit value of the 5-dimensional Brans-Dicke coupling contant is $ω= -1.9$. This result is also consistent with other observations such as the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO).
We study longstanding problem of cosmological clock in the context of Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation. We present the Hamiltonian formulation of the theory for a class of spatially homogenous cosmological models. Then, we show that formulation of the Brans-Dicke theory in the Einstein frame allows how an identification of an appropriate cosmological time variable, as a function of the scalar field in the theory, can be emerged in quantum cosmology. The classical and quantum results are applied to the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological models.
In this short letter we present a some rigorous vacuum solutions of the D-dimensional Jordan-Brans-Dicke field equations. In contrast with the well known Brans-Dicke solutions, to the search of static and spherically symmetric space-time we choose the widespread Hilbert coordinates.
We present the static spherically symmetric vacuum solutions of the Jordan, Brans-Dicke field equations. The new solutions are obtained by considering a polar Gaussian, isothermal and radial hyperbolic metrics.
We consider Brans-Dicke theory with a self-interacting potential in Einstein conformal frame. We show that an accelerating expansion is possible in a spatially flat universe for large values of the Brans-Dicke parameter consistent with local gravity experiments.
We show that cosmological sudden singularities that respect the energy conditions can occur at finite times in Brans-Dicke and more general scalar-tensor theories of gravity. We construct these explicitly in the Friedmann universes. Higher-order versions of these singularities are also possible, including those that arise with when scalar fields have a self-interaction potential of power-law form.7 pages, no figures
We study spherically symmetric solutions to the Jordan-Brans-Dicke field equations under the assumption that the space-time may possess an arbitrary number of spatial dimensions. Assuming a perfect fluid with the equation of state, we show that there are static interior nontrivial solutions in three dimensional Jordan-Brans-Dicke gravity theory.
Intermediate/Extreme mass ratio inspiral (I/EMRI) system provides a good tool to test the nature of gravity in strong field. Based on the method of osculating orbits, we compute the orbital evolutions of I/EMRIs on quasi-elliptic orbits in both Einstein's general relativity and Brans-Dicke theory. The extra monopolar and dipolar channels in Brans-Dicke theory accelerate the orbital decay, so it is important to consider the effects of monopolar and dipolar emissions on the waveform. With the help of accurate orbital motion, we generate waveform templates which include both monopolar and dipolar…
We discuss the physical equivalence between the Einstein and Jordan frames in Brans-Dicke theory. The inequivalence of conformal transformed theories is clarified with the help of an old equivalence theorem of Chrisholm's.
The Brans-Dicke action is one of the most natural extensions of the Einstein-Hilbert action. It is based on the introduction of a fundamental scalar field that effectively incorporates a dynamics to the gravitational coupling $G$. In spite of the diverse motivations and the rich phenomenology that comes from its solutions, Solar System tests impose strong constraints on the Brans-Dicke theory, rendering it indistinguishable from General Relativity. In the present text, new perspectives for the Brans-Dicke theory are presented, based on the possibility that the scalar field presented in the BD …
The dynamics of the Brans-Dicke theory with a scalar field potential function is investigated. We show that the system with a barotropic matter content can be reduced to an autonomous three-dimensional dynamical system. For an arbitrary potential function we found the values of the Brans-Dicke parameter for which a global attractor in the phase space representing de Sitter state exists. Using linearized solutions in the vicinity of this critical point we show that the evolution of the Universe mimics the $Λ$CDM model. From the recent Planck satellite data, we obtain constraints on the variabil…
Given that the simple wave equation of Brans-Dicke theory for the scalar field is preserved, we have investigated, through exhaustively analyzing the Bianchi identities, the consistent theories which violate the exact energy conservation equation. It is found that only three theories exist which are unambiguously determined from consistency, without imposing arbitrary functions by hand. Each of these theories possesses a specific interaction term which controls the energy exchange between the scalar field and ordinary matter. The theories contain new parameters (integration constants from the …
It is shown that the recently claimed two new Brans-Dicke wormhole solutions [F. He and S-W. Kim, Phys. Rev. D{\bf 65}, 084022 (2002)] are not really new solutions. They are just the well known Brans-Dicke solutions of Class I and II in a different conformal gauge.
We have studied the properties of the static, spherically symmetric solution of Jordan, Brans-Dicke theory. An exact interior solution for standard space-time line element in the Schwarzschild form is obtained.
A simple Lorentzian vacuum wormhole solution of Brans-Dicke gravitation is presented and analysed. It is shown that such solution holds for both, the Brans-Dicke theory endowed with torsion (for a value of the coupling parameter $ω> 1/2$) and for the vacuum -no torsion- case (for $ω< -2$).
A simple Heckmann's vacuum wormhole solution of Jordan-Brans-Dicke gravitation is presented and analysed. It is shown that in contrast with class I Brans solution where the throat radius becomes real when $ω< -4/3$ here it becomes positive when $ω< -1$.
We present static cylindrically symmetric electrovac solutions in the framework of the Brans-Dicke theory and show that our solution yields some of the well-known solutions for special values of the parameters of the resulting metric functions.
A two-way traversable wormhole solution in Brans-Dicke theory with torsion is obtained using the method of massive thin shells. The solution goes over general relativity for an infinite large value of the coupling parameter, however, the Brans-Dicke scalar could never be the ``carrier'' of exoticity that threads the wormhole throat.
We discuss the correspondence between metric $f(R)$ gravity and $ω=0$ Brans-Dicke theory with a potential, by working out an example that reconfirms this equivalence.
Spherically symmetric thin-shell wormholes are constructed within the framework of Brans-Dicke gravity. It is shown that, for appropriate values of the Brans-Dicke constant, these wormholes can be supported by matter satisfying the energy conditions.
The $ω\to\infty$ limit of Brans-Dicke theory is studied with the help of the conformal transformation approach without resorting, however, to the conformal invariance property of this formalism, that is shown to be spurious.
This paper is devoted to study the accelerated expansion of the universe by exploring the Brans-Dicke parameter in different eras. For this purpose, we take FRW universe model with viscous fluid (without potential) and Bianchi type I universe model with barotropic fluid (with and without potential). We evaluate deceleration parameter as well as Brans-Dicke parameter to explore cosmic acceleration. It is concluded that accelerated expansion of the universe can also be achieved for higher values of the Brans-Dicke parameter in some cases.
We analyse the fate of density perturbation in the Brans-Dicke Theory, giving a general classification of the solutions of the perturbed equations when the scale factor of the background evolves as a power law. We study with details the cases of vacuum, inflation, radiation and incoherent matter. We find, for the a negative Brans-Dicke parameter, a significant amplification of perturbations.
The definition of the Sparling-Thirring form is extended to the Brans-Dicke theory. By writing the Brans-Dicke field equations in a formally Maxwell-like form, a superpotential and a corresponding pseudo energy-momentum form are defined. The general energy expression provided by the superpotential in the Jordan frame is discussed in relation to the corresponding expression in the Einstein frame. In order to substantiate its formal definition, the generalized Sparling-Thirring form is used to calculate the energy for the spherically symmetric vacuum solution in the Brans-Dicke theory.
The Brans-Dicke Theory of Gravity is one of the most promising alternatives to the Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. We have examined an action term with wrong signs for both the kinetic and mass terms for the scalar field and have found solutions for both the scale factor of the universe and the Brans-Dicke scalar field which vary exponentially in time.
Analytical wormhole solutions in Brans-Dicke theory in the presence of matter are presented. It is shown that the wormhole throat must not be necessarily threaded with exotic matter.
The gravitational fields of vacuumless global and gauge strings have been studied in Brans-Dicke theory under the weak field assumption of the field equations. It has been shown that both global and gauge string can have repulsive as well as attractive gravitational effect in Brans-Dicke theory which is not so in General Relativity.
We consider the embedding of 3+1 dimensional cosmology in 4+1 dimensional Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory. We show that exponentially growing and power law scale factors are implied. Whereas the 4+1 dimensional scalar field is approximately constant for each, the effective 3+1 dimensional scalar field is constant for exponentially growing scale factor and time dependent for power law scale factor.
In order to investigate more features of the Brans-Dicke cosmology in the five-dimensional space-time, we explore the solutions of its dynamiacal systems. A behavior of the universe in its early and late time by means of the scale factor is considered. As a results, we show that it is possible to avoid the big rip singularity and to cross the phantom divide line. Furthermore, we review the dark energy component of the universe and its agreement with the observation data for this 3-brane Brans Dicke cosmology by means of the cosmological parameters.
It is known that Vilenkin's phenomenological equation of state for static straight cosmic strings is inconsistent with Brans-Dicke theory. We will prove that, in the presence of a cosmological constant, this equation of state is consistent with Brans-Dicke theory. The general solution of the full nonlinear field equations, representing the interior of a cosmic string with a cosmological constant is also presented.
A `no-hair' theorem for the Brans-Dicke field, in the domain of outer communications of a static black hole, is established, when the trace of the energy-momentum tensor, T, is a definite-sign scalar. This implies that Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation, for matter with T of definite sign, is equivalent to Einstein gravity with the constraint T=0.
The Geodesic Deviation Equation is being studied in Brans-Dicke-Rastall gravity. We briefly discuss the Brans-Dicke-Rastall gravity and then construct GDE for FLRW metric. In this way, the obtained geodesic deviation equation will correspond to the Brans-Dicke-Rastall gravity. Eventually, we solve numerically the null vector GDE to obtain from Mattig relation, the deviation vector $η(z)$ and observer area distance $r_0(z)$ and compare the results with $Λ$CDM model.
We present a new exact solution in Brans-Dicke theory. The solution describes inhomogeneous plane-symmetric perfect fluid cosmological model with an equation of state $p=γρ$. Some main properties of the solution are discussed.
The spectra of relic gravitational waves produced as a result of cosmological expansion of the inflationary models are derived in Brans-Dicke theory of gravity.The time dependence of the very early Hubble parameter and matter energy density are derived from frequency dependent spectrum of relic gravitational waves.Also it is found that Brans-Dicke scalar field contributes to the energy density of relic gravitons.
We have solved cosmological gravitational Wave(GW)equation in the frame work of Generalised Brans-Dicke(GBD) theory for all epochs of the Universe.The solutions are expressed in terms of the present value of the Brans-Dicke coupling parameter $ω(ϕ)$.It is seen that the solutions represent travelling growing modes for negative values of $ω_{0}$ for all epochs of the Universe.
A gravitating global monopole produces a repulsive grativational field outside the core in addition to a solid angular deficit in the Brans-Dicke theory. As a new feature, the angular deficit is dependent on the values of ϕ_{\infty} and ω, where ϕ_{\infty} is asymptotic value of scalar field in space-like infinity and ωis the Brans-Dicke parameter.
We derive the full projected Einstein-Brans-Dicke gravitational equations associated with a n-dimensional brane embedded in a (n+1)-dimensional bulk. By making use of general conditions, as the positivity of the Brans-Dicke parameter and the effective Newton gravitational constant as well, we are able to constrain the brane cosmological constant in terms of the brane tension, the Brans-Dicke scalar field, and the trace of the stress tensor on the brane, in order to achieve a $dS$ brane. Applying these constraints to a specific five-dimensional model, a lower bound for the scalar field on the b…
This article examines the claim that the Brans-Dicke scalar field ϕ\to ϕ_{0} + O(1/\sqrtω) for large $ω$ when the matter field is traceless. It is argued that such a claim can not be true in general.
We show that Gravitational Waves are exponetially amplified in the inflationary phase in Brans-Dicke theory, so that it would be possible to detect them and in this way verify several features of physical reality.
New classes composite vacuum wormhole solutions of Jordan-Brans-Dicke gravitation is presented and analysed. It is shown that such solution holds for both, a bridge between separated Schwarzschild and Brans Universes and for a bridge connecting two Schwarzschild asymptotically flat regions joined by Brans throat. We have also noticed that there are some new possible candidates for wormhole spacetimes.
The variational field equations of Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory of gravitation are presented in a Riemannian and non-Riemannian setting in the language of exterior differential forms over 4-dimensional spacetime. In Rosen coordinates, the equations of motion of non-spinning test masses are considered in a gravitational plane wave setup and detailed to interpret a scalar field $α$ as a candidate for dark energy for negative values of the Brans-Dicke parameter $-3/2 < ω< 0$ .
