An orientation of a graph is semi-transitive if it is acyclic, and for any directed path $v_0\rightarrow v_1\rightarrow \cdots\rightarrow v_k$ either there is no arc between $v_0$ and $v_k$, or $v_i\rightarrow v_j$ is an arc for all $0\leq i<j\leq k$. An undirected graph is semi-transitive if it admits a semi-transitive orientation. Semi-transitive graphs generalize several important classes of graphs and they are precisely the class of word-representable graphs studied extensively in the literature.
Determining if a triangle-free graph is semi-transitive is an NP-hard problem. The existence of non-semi-transitive triangle-free graphs was established via Erdős' theorem by Halldórsson and the authors in 2011. However, no explicit examples of such graphs were known until recent work of the first author and Saito who have shown computationally that a certain subgraph on 16 vertices of the triangle-free Kneser graph $K(8,3)$ is not semi-transitive, and have raised the question on the existence of smaller triangle-free non-semi-transitive graphs. In this paper we prove that the smallest triangle-free 4-chromatic graph on 11 vertices (the Grötzsch graph) and the smallest triangle-free 4-chromatic 4-regular graph on 12 vertices (the Chvátal graph) are not semi-transitive. Hence, the Grötzsch graph is the smallest triangle-free non-semi-transitive graph. We also prove the existence of semi-transitive graphs of girth 4 with chromatic number 4 including a small one (the circulant graph $C(13;1,5)$ on 13 vertices) and dense ones (Toft's graphs). Finally, we show that each $4$-regular circulant graph (possibly containing triangles) is semi-transitive.
A directed graph is semi-transitive if and only if it is acyclic and for any directed path $u_1\rightarrow u_2\rightarrow \cdots \rightarrow u_t$, $t \geq 2$, either there is no edge from $u_1$ to $u_t$ or all edges $u_i\rightarrow u_j$ exist for $1 \leq i < j \leq t$. Recognizing semi-transitive orientability of a graph is an NP-complete problem. A split graph is a graph in which the vertices can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. Semi-transitive orientability of spit graphs was recently studied in the literature. The main result in this paper is proving that recognition of …
We consider the class of semi-transitively orientable graphs, which is a much larger class of graphs compared to transitively orientable graphs, in other words, comparability graphs. Ever since the concept of a semi-transitive orientation was defined as a crucial ingredient of the characterization of alternation graphs, also knownas word-representable graphs, it has sparked independent interest. In this paper, we investigate graph operations and graph products that preserve semitransitive orientability of graphs. The main theme of this paper is to determine which graph operations satisfy the f…
An orientation of a graph is semi-transitive if it is acyclic, and for any directed path $v_0\rightarrow v_1\rightarrow \cdots\rightarrow v_k$ either there is no edge between $v_0$ and $v_k$, or $v_i\rightarrow v_j$ is an edge for all $0\leq i<j\leq k$. An undirected graph is semi-transitive if it admits a semi-transitive orientation. Semi-transitive graphs include several important classes of graphs such as 3-colorable graphs, comparability graphs, and circle graphs, and they are precisely the class of word-representable graphs studied extensively in the literature. In this paper, we study se…
In this work, we establish an analogue result of the Erdös-Stone theorem of weighted digraphs using Regularity Lemma of digraphs. We give a stability result of oriented graphs and digraphs with forbidden blow-up transitive triangle and show that almost all oriented graphs and almost all digraphs with forbidden blow-up transitive triangle are almost bipartite respectively.
In this paper, we prove an analogue of Corrádi and Hajnal's classical theorem. There exists $n_0$ such that for every $n \in 3\mathbb{Z}$ when $n \ge n_0$ the following holds. If $G$ is an oriented graph on $n$ vertices and every vertex has both indegree and outdegree at least $7n/18$, then $G$ contains a perfect transitive triangle tiling, which is a collection of vertex-disjoint transitive triangles covering every vertex of $G$. This result is best possible, as, for every $n \in 3\mathbb{Z}$, there exists an oriented graph $G$ on $n$ vertices without a perfect transitive triangle tiling in w…
Given a finite transitive permutation group $G\leq \operatorname{Sym}(Ω)$, with $|Ω|\geq 2$, the derangement graph $Γ_G$ of $G$ is the Cayley graph $\operatorname{Cay}(G,\operatorname{Der}(G))$, where $\operatorname{Der}(G)$ is the set of all derangements of $G$. Meagher et al. [On triangles in derangement graphs, {\it J. Combin. Theory Ser. A}, 180:105390, 2021] recently proved that $\operatorname{Sym}(2)$ acting on $\{1,2\}$ is the only transitive group whose derangement graph is bipartite and any transitive group of degree at least three has a triangle in its derangement graph. They also sh…
Given a permutation group $G$, the derangement graph $Γ_G$ of $G$ is the Cayley graph with connection set the set of all derangements of $G$. We prove that, when $G$ is transitive of degree at least $3$, $Γ_G$ contains a triangle. The motivation for this work is the question of how large can be the ratio of the independence number of $Γ_G$ to the size of the stabilizer of a point in $G$. We give examples of transitive groups where this ratio is maximum.
We present a constructive proof, that there exists a decomposition of the 2-skeleton of the k-dimensional cross polytope β^k into closed surfaces of genus \leq 1, each with a transitive automorphism group given by the vertex transitive Z_{2k}-action on β^k. Furthermore we show, that for each k \equiv 1,5(6) the 2-skeleton of the (k-1)-simplex is a union of highly symmetric tori and Möbius strips.
Motivated by his work on the classification of countable homogeneous oriented graphs, Cherlin asked about the typical structure of oriented graphs (i) without a transitive triangle, or (ii) without an oriented triangle. We give an answer to these questions (which is not quite the predicted one). Our approach is based on the recent `hypergraph containers' method, developed independently by Saxton and Thomason as well as by Balogh, Morris and Samotij. Moreover, our results generalise to forbidden transitive tournaments and forbidden oriented cycles of any order, and also apply to digraphs. Along…
We conjecture that every oriented graph $G$ on $n$ vertices with $δ^+ (G) , δ^- (G) \geq 5n/12$ contains the square of a Hamilton cycle. We also give a conjectural bound on the minimum semidegree which ensures a perfect packing of transitive triangles in an oriented graph. A link between Ramsey numbers and perfect packings of transitive tournaments is also considered.
We present a constructive proof that there exists a decomposition of the 2-skeleton of the k-dimensional cross polytope $β^k$ into closed surfaces of genus $g \leq 1$, each with a transitive automorphism group given by the vertex transitive $\mathbb{Z}_{2k}$-action on $β^k$. Furthermore we show that for each $k \equiv 1,5(6)$ the 2-skeleton of the (k-1)-simplex is a union of highly symmetric tori and Möbius strips.
The flip operation on colored inner-triangle-free triangulations of a convex polygon is studied. It is shown that the affine Weyl group $\widetilde{C}_n$ acts transitively on these triangulations by colored flips, and that the resulting colored flip graph is closely related to a lower interval in the weak order on $\widetilde{C}_n$. Lattice properties of this order are then applied to compute the diameter.
Consider two horizontal lines in the plane. A pair of a point on the top line and an interval on the bottom line defines a triangle between two lines. The intersection graph of such triangles is called a simple-triangle graph. This paper shows a vertex ordering characterization of simple-triangle graphs as follows: a graph is a simple-triangle graph if and only if there is a linear ordering of the vertices that contains both an alternating orientation of the graph and a transitive orientation of the complement of the graph.
We say that a (di)graph $G$ has a perfect $H$-packing if there exists a set of vertex-disjoint copies of $H$ which cover all the vertices in $G$. The seminal Hajnal--Szemerédi theorem characterises the minimum degree that ensures a graph $G$ contains a perfect $K_r$-packing. In this paper we prove the following analogue for directed graphs: Suppose that $T$ is a tournament on $r$ vertices and $G$ is a digraph of sufficiently large order $n$ where $r$ divides $n$. If $G$ has minimum in- and outdegree at least $ (1-1/r)n$ then $G$ contains a perfect $T$-packing. In the case when $T$ is a cyclic …
Alon and Yuster proved that the number of orientations of any $n$-vertex graph in which every $K_3$ is transitively oriented is at most $2^{\lfloor n^2/4\rfloor}$ for $n \geq 10^4$ and conjectured that the precise lower bound on $n$ should be $n \geq 8$. We confirm their conjecture and, additionally, characterize the extremal families by showing that the balanced complete bipartite graph with $n$ vertices is the only $n$-vertex graph for which there are exactly $2^{\lfloor n^2/4\rfloor}$ such orientations.
A digraph is connected-homogeneous if any isomorphism between finite connected induced subdigraphs extends to an automorphism of the digraph. We consider locally-finite connected-homogeneous digraphs with more than one end. In the case that the digraph embeds a triangle we give a complete classification, obtaining a family of tree-like graphs constructed by gluing together directed triangles. In the triangle-free case we show that these digraphs are highly arc-transitive. We give a classification in the two-ended case, showing that all examples arise from a simple construction given by gluing …
A simple-triangle graph is the intersection graph of triangles that are defined by a point on a horizontal line and an interval on another horizontal line. The time complexity of the recognition problem for simple-triangle graphs was a longstanding open problem, which was recently settled. This paper provides a new recognition algorithm for simple-triangle graphs to improve the time bound from $O(n^2 \overline{m})$ to $O(nm)$, where $n$, $m$, and $\overline{m}$ are the number of vertices, edges, and non-edges of the graph, respectively. The algorithm uses the vertex ordering characterization t…
For positive integers n and r we define the Haggkvist-Hell graph, H_{n:r}, to be the graph whose vertices are the ordered pairs (h,T) where T is an r-subset of [n], and h is an element of [n] not in T. Vertices (h_x,T_x) and (h_y,T_y) are adjacent iff h_x \in T_y, h_y \in T_x, and T_x and T_y are disjoint. These triangle-free arc transitive graphs are an extension of the idea of Kneser graphs, and there is a natural homomorphism from the Haggkvist-Hell graph, H_{n:r}, to the corresponding Kneser graph, K_{n:r}. Haggkvist and Hell introduced the r=3 case of these graphs, showing that a cubic gr…
We study random subgraphs of an arbitrary finite connected transitive graph $\mathbb G$ obtained by independently deleting edges with probability $1-p$. Let $V$ be the number of vertices in $\mathbb G$, and let $Ω$ be their degree. We define the critical threshold $p_c=p_c(\mathbb G,λ)$ to be the value of $p$ for which the expected cluster size of a fixed vertex attains the value $λV^{1/3}$, where $λ$ is fixed and positive. We show that for any such model, there is a phase transition at $p_c$ analogous to the phase transition for the random graph, provided that a quantity called the triangle d…
The connective constant $μ(G)$ of a quasi-transitive graph $G$ is the asymptotic growth rate of the number of self-avoiding walks (SAWs) on $G$ from a given starting vertex. We survey several aspects of the relationship between the connective constant and the underlying graph $G$. $\bullet$ We present upper and lower bounds for $μ$ in terms of the vertex-degree and girth of a transitive graph. $\bullet$ We discuss the question of whether $μ\geϕ$ for transitive cubic graphs (where $ϕ$ denotes the golden mean), and we introduce the Fisher transformation for SAWs (that is, the replacement of vert…
Given a set $F$ of oriented graphs, a graph $G$ is an $F$-graph if it admits an $F$-free orientation. Building on previous work by Bang-Jensen and Urrutia, we propose a master algorithm that determines if a graph admits an $F$-free orientation when $F$ is a subset of the orientations of $P_3$ and the transitive triangle. We extend previous results of Skrien by studying the class of $F$-graphs, when $F$ is any set of oriented graphs of order three. Structural characterizations for all such sets are provided, except for the so-called perfectly-orientable graphs and one of its subclasses, which r…
Exact certification of the coordinate fields of the triangle-free Exoo-Ismailescu unit-distance graphs EI17 and EI19 (HoG 51375, 51376): a solvable-non-solvable dichotomy (origami vs. S20) and the Laman-number conjecture
CEFET-RJ（里约热内卢联邦技术教育中心）；Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)（里约热内卢州立大学）
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Jiangsu Normal University（江苏师范大学数学与统计学院）；School of Mathematics, Shandong University（山东大学数学学院）；Data Science Institute, Shandong University（山东大学数据科学研究院）；Interdisciplinary Center, Shandong University（山东大学交叉学科中心）
