Searching for molecular gas in/outflows in the nuclear regions of five Seyfert galaxies
A. J. Domínguez-Fernández, A. Alonso-Herrero, S. García-Burillo, R. I. Davies, A. Usero, A. Labiano, N. A. Levenson, M. Pereira-Santaella, M. Imanishi, C. Ramos… 展开作者
A. J. Domínguez-Fernández, A. Alonso-Herrero, S. García-Burillo, R. I. Davies, A. Usero, A. Labiano, N. A. Levenson, M. Pereira-Santaella, M. Imanishi, C. Ramos Almeida, D. Rigopoulou
备注：
Accepted for publication in A&A, 23 pages, 17 figures
AGN-driven outflows are believed to play an important role in regulating the growth of galaxies mostly via negative feedback. However, their effects on their hosts are far from clear, especially for low and moderate luminosity Seyferts. To investigate this issue, we have obtained cold molecular gas observations, traced by the CO(2-1) transition, using the NOEMA interferometer of five nearby (distances between 19 and 58 Mpc) Seyfert galaxies. The resolution of approx. 0.3-0.8 arcsec (approx. 30-100 pc) and field of view of NOEMA allowed us to study the CO(2-1) morphology and kinematics in the nuclear regions (approx. 100 pc) and up to radial distances of approx. 900 pc. We have detected CO(2-1) emission in all five galaxies with disky or circumnuclear ring like morphologies. We derived cold molecular gas masses on nuclear (approx. 100 pc) and circumnuclear (approx. 650 pc) scales in the range from $10^6$ to $10^7$M$_{\odot}$ and from $10^7$ to $10^8$ $M_{\odot}$, respectively. In all of our galaxies the bulk of this gas is rotating in the plane of the galaxy. However, non-circular motions are also present. In NGC 4253, NGC 4388 and NGC 7465, we can ascribe the streaming motions to the presence of a large-scale bar. In Mrk 1066 and NGC 4388, the non-circular motions in the nuclear regions are explained as outflowing material due to the interaction of the AGN wind with molecular gas in the galaxy disk. We conclude that for an unambiguous and precise interpretation of the kinematics of the cold molecular gas we need a detailed knowledge of the host galaxy (i.e., presence of bars, interactions, etc) as well as of the ionized gas kinematics and the ionization cone geometry.
Radio outflows of extents ranging from a few parsecs to a few kiloparsecs are present in Seyfert and LINER galaxies that make up the `radio-quiet' AGN class. AGN jets and/or starburst superwinds have been suggested to produce these outflows. We present a brief review of radio outflows in Seyfert and LINER galaxies on different spatial scales. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of several individual Seyferts and LINERs suggest a link between AGN jets on parsec-scales and their kiloparsec-scale radio structures (KSRs). The whole range of misalignment angles present between the…
We present the first spatially resolved mass outflow rate measurements ($\dot M_{out}$) of the optical emission line gas in the narrow line region (NLR) of a Seyfert 2 galaxy, Markarian 573. Using long slit spectra and [O III] imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope and Apache Point Observatory in conjunction with emission line diagnostics and Cloudy photoionization models, we find a peak outflow rate of $\dot M_{out} \approx$ 3.4 $\pm$ 0.5 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ at a distance of 210 pc from the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). The outflow extends to distances of 600 pc from the nucleus …
We study the interstellar Na I $λλ5890, 5895$ (Na D) absorption-line doublet in a nearly-complete sample of $\sim$9900 nearby Seyfert 2 galaxies, in order to quantify the significance of optical AGN activity in driving kpc-scale outflows that can quench star formation. Comparison to a carefully matched sample of $\sim$44,000 control objects indicates that the Seyfert and control population have similar Na D detection rates ($\sim 5-6%$). Only 53 Seyferts (or 0.5% of the population) are found to potentially display galactic-scale winds, compared to 0.8% of the control galaxies. While nearly a t…
Recent observations of Seyfert galaxies indicate that low power, misaligned jets can undergo significant interaction with the gas in the galactic disc and may be able to drive large-scale, multiphase outflows. We apply our novel sub-grid model for Blandford-Znajek jets to simulations of the central regions of Seyferts, in which a black hole is embedded in a dense, sub-kpc circumnuclear disc (CND) and surrounded by a dilute circumgalactic medium (CGM). We find that the variability of the accretion flow is highly sensitive both to the jet power and to the CND thermodynamics and, ultimately, is d…
We present ALMA observations of the inner 1' (1.2 kpc) of the Circinus galaxy, the nearest Seyfert. We target CO (1-0) in the region associated with a well-known multiphase outflow driven by the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). While the geometry of Circinus and its outflow make disentangling the latter difficult, we see indications of outflowing molecular gas at velocities consistent with the ionized outflow. We constrain the mass of the outflowing molecular gas to be 1.5e5 -5.1e6 solar masses, yielding a molecular outflow rate of 0.35-12.3 solar masses per year. The values within this …
We use Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) Integral Field Unit (IFU) observations of the inner 285$\times$400 pc$^2$ region of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 5643 to map the [SIII]$\lambda9069$ emission-line flux distribution and kinematics, as well as the stellar kinematics, derived by fitting the CaII$λλλ$8498,8542,8662 triplet, at a spatial resolution of 45 pc. The stellar velocity field shows regular rotation, with a projected velocity of 100 km/s and kinematic major axis along Position Angle $PA=-36^\circ$. A ring of low stellar velocity dispersion values ($\sim$70 km/s), attributed to youn…
The origin of narrow line region (NLR) outflows remains unknown. In this paper, we explore the scenario in which these outflows are circumnuclear clouds driven by energetic accretion disk winds. We choose the well-studied nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 as an example. By performing 3D hydrodynamical simulations, we are able to reproduce the radial distributions of velocity, mass outflow rate and kinetic luminosity of NLR outflows in the inner 100 pc deduced from spatial resolved spectroscopic observations. The demanded kinetic luminosity of disk winds is about two orders of magnitude higher tha…
The Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469 possesses a prominent nuclear starburst ring and a luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN). Evidence of an outflow in the innermost nuclear region has been found in previous works. We detect the ionized gas outflow on a larger scale in the galaxy using the archival VLT/MUSE and {\em Chandra} observations. The optical emission lines are modeled using two Gaussian components, and a non-parametric approach is applied to measure the kinematics of [O III] and $\rm Hα$ emitting gas. Line ratio diagnostics and spatially resolved maps are derived to examine the origin of t…
Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) Galaxies are an important type of active galactic nucleus (AGN), generally expected to be accreting at high Eddington rate. The properties of their outflows and importance of AGN feedback remain intriguing. We report on the discovery of fast outflowing warm absorbers (WAs) in the NLS1 PG 1001+054, with velocities in the range of 7000 to 9000 kilometers per second. They are identified with blueshifted Lyman alpha, N v and Si iv lines in the high resolution ultraviolet (UV) spectra taken with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (H…
NGC 7469 is a well known Luminous IR Galaxy, with a circumnuclear star formation ring ($\sim 830$ pc radius) surrounding a Seyfert 1 AGN. Nuclear unresolved winds were previously detected in X-rays and UV, as well as an extended biconical outflow in IR coronal lines. We search for extended outflows by measuring the kinematics of the $\mathrm{Hβ}$ and [O III] $λ5007$ optical emission lines, in data of the VLT/MUSE integral field spectrograph. We find evidence of two outflow kinematic regimes: one slower regime extending across most of the star formation ring -- possibly driven by the massive st…
We present two-dimensional maps of emission-line fluxes and kinematics, as well as of the stellar kinematics of the central few kpc of five bright nearby Seyfert galaxies -- Mrk\,6, Mrk\,79, Mrk\,348, Mrk\,607 and Mrk\,1058 -- obtained from observations with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) Integral Field Unit (IFU) on the Gemini North Telescope. The data cover the inner 3\farcs5$\times$5\farcs0 -- corresponding to physical scales in the range 0.6$\times$0.9 to 1.5$\times$2.2\,kpc$^2$ -- at a spatial resolution ranging from 110 to 280 pc with a spectral coverage of 4300 -- 7100\,Å a…
We present a two-dimensional mapping of stellar population age components, emission-line fluxes, gas excitation and kinematics within the inner $\sim200$ pc of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 2110. We used the Gemini North Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) in the J and K bands at a spatial resolution of $\sim22$ pc. The unresolved nuclear continuum is originated in combined contributions of young stellar population (SP; age$\leq100$ Myr), a featureless AGN continuum and hot dust emission. The young-intermediate SP ($100<$age$\leq700$ Myr) is distributed in a ring-shaped structure at $\approx140$ pc …
We present the first spatially resolved analysis of rest-frame optical and UV imaging and spectroscopy for a lensed galaxy at z = 2.39 hosting a Seyfert active galactic nucleus (AGN). Proximity to a natural guide star has enabled high signal-to-noise VLT SINFONI + adaptive optics observations of rest-frame optical diagnostic emission lines, which exhibit an underlying broad component with FWHM ~ 700 km/s in both the Balmer and forbidden lines. Measured line ratios place the outflow robustly in the region of the ionization diagnostic diagrams associated with AGN. This unique opportunity - combi…
We present a detailed study of the molecular gas in the fast AGN-driven outflow in the nearby radio-loud Seyfert galaxy IC 5063. Using ALMA observations of a number of tracers (12CO(1-0), 12CO(2-1), 12CO(3-2), 13CO(2-1) and HCO+(4-3)), we map the differences in excitation, density and temperature of the gas. The results show that in the immediate vicinity of the radio jet, a fast outflow, with velocities up to 800 km/s, is occurring of which the gas has high excitation temperatures in the range 30-55 K, demonstrating the direct impact of the jet on the ISM. The relative brightness of the CO li…
We explore the properties of ionized gas in the nuclear and circumnuclear environment of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051 using spectroscopic and imaging observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Apache Point Observatory (APO)'s ARC 3.5m Telescope. We identify an unresolved moderate-density intermediate width component and a high-density broad component in the optical emission lines from the active nucleus, as well as spatially-resolved emission extending up to $\sim$1 kpc in the AGN ionized narrow-line region (NLR) and $\sim$8 kpc in the stellar ionized host galaxy. The …
AGN are a key ingredient for understanding galactic evolution. AGN-driven outflows are one of the manifestations of feedback. The AO mode for MUSE at the VLT permits to study the innermost tens of parsecs of nearby AGN in the optical. We present a detailed analysis of the ionised gas in the central regions of NGC 7130, an archetypical composite Seyfert and nuclear starburst galaxy. We achieve an angular resolution of 0.17$^{\prime\prime}$ (50 pc). We performed a multi-component analysis of the main ISM lines and identified nine kinematic components, six of which correspond to the outflow. The …
Outflows of ionized gas driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) may significantly impact the evolution of their host galaxies. However, determining the energetics of these outflows is difficult with spatially unresolved observations that are subject to strong global selection effects. We present part of an ongoing study using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Apache Point Observatory (APO) spectroscopy and imaging to derive spatially-resolved mass outflow rates and energetics for narrow line region (NLR) outflows in nearby AGN that are based on multi-component photoionization models to account f…
Active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback is postulated as a key mechanism for regulating star formation within galaxies. Studying the physical properties of the outflowing gas from AGN is thus crucial for understanding the co-evolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes. Here we report 55 pc resolution ALMA neutral atomic carbon [CI] $^3P_1\text{-}^3P_0$ observations toward the central 1 kpc of the nearby type-2 Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068, supplemented by 55 pc resolution CO($J=1\text{-}0$) observations. We find that [CI] emission within the central kpc is strongly enhanced by a factor of $>$…
Ionized outflows, revealed by broad asymmetric wings of the [OIII] line, are commonly observed in AGN but the low intrinsic spatial resolution of observations has generally prevented a detailed characterization of their properties. The MAGNUM survey aims at overcoming these limitations by focusing on the nearest AGN, including NGC 1365, a nearby Seyfert galaxy (D~17 Mpc), hosting a low-luminosity AGN (Lbol ~ 2x10^43 erg/s). We want to obtain a detailed picture of the ionized gas in the central ~5 kpc of NGC 1365 in terms of physical properties, kinematics, and ionization mechanisms. We also ai…
We discuss the dense molecular gas in central regions of nearby Seyfert galaxies, and report new arcsec resolution observations of HCN(1-0) and HCO$^+$(1-0) for 3 objects. In NGC 3079 the lines show complex profiles as a result of self-absorption and saturated continuum absorption. H$^{13}$CN reveals the continuum absorption profile, with a peak close to the galaxy's systemic velocity that traces disk rotation, and a second feature with a blue wing extending to $-350$km s$^{-1}$ that most likely traces a nuclear outflow. The morphological and spectral properties of the emission lines allow us …
Stratification of the AGN-Driven multi-phase outflows in the dwarf Seyfert galaxy NGC 4395
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, IUCAA（天文学与天体物理学大学间中心）；Indian Institute of Astrophysics（印度天体物理研究所）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天体生物学中心）；Departamento de Física, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria（圣玛丽亚联邦大学）；Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC（基础物理研究所）；Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld（比勒费尔德大学物理系）；Assam Don Bosco University（阿萨姆唐博斯科大学）
The role of starburst winds versus active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets/winds in the formation of the kiloparsec scale radio emission seen in Seyferts is not yet well understood. In order to be able to disentangle the role of various components, we have observed a sample of Seyfert galaxies exhibiting kpc-scale radio emission suggesting outflows, along with a comparison sample of starburst galaxies, with the EVLA B-array in polarimetric mode at 1.4 GHz and 5~GHz. Polarization is clearly detected in three Seyfert galaxies and one starburst galaxy. The Seyfert galaxy NGC\,2639, shows highly polariz…
We present constraints on the molecular outflows in a sample of five Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies using Herschel observations of the OH doublet at 119 μm. We have detected the OH doublet in three cases: one purely in emission and two purely in absorption. The observed emission profile has a significant blueshifted wing suggesting the possibility of tracing an outflow. Out of the two absorption profiles, one seems to be consistent with the systemic velocity while the other clearly indicates the presence of a molecular outflow whose maximum velocity is about ~1500 km/s. Our analysis shows th…
We present the first results of the Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS), a project aimed at understanding the properties of the dusty molecular tori and their connection to the host galaxy in nearby Seyfert galaxies. Our project expands the range of AGN luminosities and Eddington ratios covered by previous surveys of Seyferts conducted by ALMA and allows us to study the gas feeding and feedback cycle in a combined sample of 19 Seyferts. We used ALMA to obtain new images of the emission of molecular gas and dust using the CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) lines as well as their underlying con…
UltraFast Outflows (UFOs), seen as X-ray blueshifted absorption lines in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), are considered to be a key mechanism for AGN feedback. In this scenario, UFO kinetic energy is transferred into the cold and extended molecular outflow observed at the mm/sub-mm wavelength, which blows away the gas and suppresses star formation and accretion onto the central black hole (BH). However, the energy transfer between the inner UFO and the outer molecular outflow has not yet fully studied mainly due to the limited sample. In this paper, we performed comparison of their kinetic ener…
We report on the coexistence of powerful gas outflows observed in millimeter and X-ray data of the Radio-Loud Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy IRAS 17020+4544. Thanks to the large collecting power of the Large Millimeter Telescope, a prominent line arising from the 12CO(1-0) transition was revealed in recent observations of this source. The complex profile is composed by a narrow double-peak line and a broad wing. While the double-peak structure may be arising in a disk of molecular material, the broad wing is interpreted as the signature of a massive outflow of molecular gas with an approximate b…
This paper presents Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of 13 double-peaked [O III] emission-line type-2 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) at redshifts 0.06 < z < 0.41 (with a median redshift of z~0.15) identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Such double-peaked emission-line objects may result from jets or outflows from the central engine or from a dual AGN. The VLBA provides an angular resolution of <~10 pc at the distance of many of these galaxies, sufficient to resolve the radio emission from extremely close dual AGNs and to contribute to understanding the origin of double-peaked […
We present the analysis of grating spectra of the Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy IRAS 17020+4544 observed by XMM-Newton in 2004 and 2014. In a previous work on these data, we reported the discovery of a multi-component ultra-fast outflow that is capable of producing feedback in the host galaxy. We also reported the presence of a slow, multi-phase warm absorber. In this follow-up paper, we confirm that this low velocity absorber can be modeled by four layers of ionized gas. When crossing our line-of-sight, this gas presents peculiar changes along the 10-yr time scale elapsed between the two obser…
We present two-dimensional stellar and gaseous kinematics of the inner 0.7 $\times$ 1.2 kpc$^{2}$ of the Seyfert galaxy ESO 362-G18, derived from optical spectra obtained with the GMOS/IFU on the Gemini South telescope at a spatial resolution of $\approx$170 pc and spectral resolution of 36 km s$^{-1}$. ESO 362-G18 is a strongly perturbed galaxy of morphological type Sa or S0/a, with a minor merger approaching along the NE direction. Previous studies have shown that the [OIII] emission shows a fan-shaped extension of $\approx$ 10\arcsec\ to the SE. We detect the [OIII] doublet, [NII] and H$α$ …
A prominent jet-driven outflow of CO(2-1) molecular gas is found along the kinematic minor axis of the Seyfert 2 galaxy ESO 420-G13, at a distance of $340-600\, \rm{pc}$ from the nucleus. The wind morphology resembles a characteristic funnel shape, formed by a highly collimated filamentary emission at the base, likely tracing the jet propagation through a tenuous medium, until a bifurcation point at $440\, \rm{pc}$ where the jet hits a dense molecular core and shatters, dispersing the molecular gas into several clumps and filaments within the expansion cone. We also trace the jet in ionised ga…
NGC 6860, Mrk 915, and MCG -01-24-012. II. Inflowing and outflowing cold molecular gas and the connection with ionized gas in Seyfert galaxies
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut（海德堡大学天文中心，天文计算研究所）；Departamento de Astronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul（南里奥格兰德联邦大学天文学系）；Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción（康塞普西翁大学天文学系）；Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN-IGN)-Observatorio de Madrid（国家天文台（OAN-IGN）马德里天文台）；Departamento de Física, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria（圣玛丽亚联邦大学物理系，CCNE）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（西班牙国家技术研究委员会-国家航空航天技术研究所天体生物学中心）；Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku（图尔库大学芬兰ESO天文学中心）
The optical spectra of 3,896 Seyfert~1 (Sy1) galaxies detected with WISE at z < 0.4 were analyzed for evidence of outflows. In 37% of the Sy1s the outflows appear as broad, blue-shifted, of the [OIII]5007, with a mean maximum velocity V_max ~1014 km/s$, consistent with AGN winds. For each Sy1 we deduced that black hole (BH) mass, bolometric luminosity, Eddington ratio and power-law index of the continuum, which we compared with the star formation rate (SFR) and host morphology. Having separated our sample in two spectroscopic subgroups, Sy1s with only broad Balmer lines (Sy1B) and with both na…
We analyze VLT/MUSE observations of 37 radio galaxies from the Third Cambridge catalogue (3C) with redshift $<$0.3 searching for nuclear outflows of ionized gas. These observations are part of the MURALES project (a MUse RAdio Loud Emission line Snapshot survey), whose main goal is to explore the feedback process in the most powerful radio-loud AGN. We applied a nonparametric analysis to the [O~III] $λ$5007 emission line, whose asymmetries and high-velocity wings reveal signatures of outflows. We find evidence of nuclear outflows in 21 sources, with velocities between $\sim$400 - 1000 km s$^{-…
