We study pre-Nichols algebras of quantum linear spaces and of Cartan type with finite GK-dimension. We prove that out of a short list of exceptions involving only roots of order 2, 3, 4, 6, any such pre-Nichols algebra is a quotient of the distinguished pre-Nichols algebra introduced by Angiono generalizing the De Concini-Procesi quantum groups. There are two new examples, one of which can be thought of as $G_2$ at a third root of one.
We complete the classification of Hopf algebras whose infinitesimal braiding is a principal Yetter-Drinfeld realization of a braided vector space of Cartan type $G_2$ over a cosemisimple Hopf algebra. We develop a general formula for a class of liftings in which the quantum Serre relations hold. We give a detailed explanation of the procedure for finding the relations, based on the recent work of Andruskiewitsch, Angiono and Rossi Bertone.
Nichols algebras are a fundamental building block of pointed Hopf algebras. Part of the classification program of finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebras with the lifting method of Andruskiewitsch and Schneider is the determination of the liftings, i.e., all possible deformations of a given Nichols algebra. Based on recent work of Heckenberger about Nichols algebras of diagonal type we compute explicitly the liftings of all Nichols algebras with Cartan matrix of type A_2, some Nichols algebras with Cartan matrix of type B_2, and some Nichols algebras of two Weyl equivalence classes of non-sta…
This paper contributes to the proof of the conjecture posed in arXiv:1606.02521, stating that a Nichols algebra of diagonal type with finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension has finite (generalized) root system. We prove the conjecture assuming that the rank is 3 or that the braiding is of Cartan type.
Assume that $V$ is a braided vector space with diagonal type. It is shown that a monomial belongs to Nichols braided Lie algebra $\mathfrak L(V)$ if and only if this monomial is connected. A basis of Nichols braided Lie algebra and dimension of Nichols braided Lie algebra of finite Cartan type are obtained.
We show that except in several cases conjugacy classes of classical Weyl groups $W(B_n)$ and $W(D_n)$ are of type {\rm D}. We prove that except in three cases Nichols algebras of irreducible Yetter-Drinfeld ({\rm YD} in short )modules over the classical Weyl groups are infinite dimensional. We establish the relationship between Fomin-Kirillov algebra $\mathcal E_n$ and Nichols algebra $\mathfrak{B} ({\mathcal O}_{(1, 2)} , ε\otimes {\rm sgn})$ of transposition over symmetry group by means of quiver Hopf algebras. We generalize {\rm FK } algebra. The characteristic of finiteness of Nichols alge…
We compute liftings of the Nichols algebra of a Yetter-Drinfeld module of Cartan type $B_2$ subject to the small restriction that the diagonal elements of the braiding matrix are primitive $n$th roots of 1 with odd $n\neq 5$. As well, we compute the liftings of a Nichols algebra of Cartan type $A_2$ if the diagonal elements of the braiding matrix are cube roots of 1; this case was not completely covered in previous work of Andruskiewitsch and Schneider. We study the problem of when the liftings of a given Nichols algebra are quasi-isomorphic. The Appendix (with I. Rutherford) contains a genera…
In this paper, the author gives a complete set of simple Yetter-Drinfeld modules over Suzuki algebra $A_{N\,2n+1}^{μλ}$ and investigates the Nichols algebras over those irreducible Yetter-Drinfeld modules. The finite dimensional Nichols algebras of diagonal type are of Cartan type $A_1$, $A_1\times A_1$, $A_2$, Super type ${A}_{2}(q;I_2)$ and the Nichols algebra $\mathfrak{ufo}(8)$. And the involved finite dimensional Nichols algebras of non-diagonal type are $12$, $4m$ and $m^2$ dimensional. The left three unsolved cases are set as open problems.
Motivated by work of Kac and Lusztig, we define a root system and a Weyl groupoid for a large class of semisimple Yetter-Drinfeld modules over an arbitrary Hopf algebra. The obtained combinatorial structure fits perfectly into an existing framework of generalized root systems associated to a family of Cartan matrices, and provides novel insight into Nichols algebras. We demonstrate the power of our construction with new results on Nichols algebras over finite non-abelian simple groups and symmetric groups. Key words: Hopf algebra, quantum group, root system, Weyl group
The class of standard braided vector spaces, introduced by Andruskiewitsch and the author in \texttt{arXiv:math/0703924v2} to understand the proof of a theorem of Heckenberger \cite{H2}, is slightly more general than the class of braided vector spaces of Cartan type. In the present paper, we classify standard braided vector spaces with finite-dimensional Nichols algebra. For any such braided vector space, we give a PBW-basis, a closed formula of the dimension and a presentation by generators and relations of the associated Nichols algebra.
It was conjectured in \texttt{\small arXiv:1606.02521} that a Nichols algebra of diagonal type with finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension has finite (generalized) root system. We prove the conjecture assuming that the rank is 2. We also show that a Nichols algebra of affine Cartan type has infinite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension.
Let $V$ be a braided vector space of diagonal type. Let $\mathfrak B(V)$, $\mathfrak L^-(V)$ and $\mathfrak L(V)$ be the Nichols algebra, Nichols Lie algebra and Nichols braided Lie algebra over $V$, respectively. We show that a monomial belongs to $\mathfrak L(V)$ if and only if that this monomial is connected. We obtain the basis for $\mathfrak L(V)$ of arithmetic root systems and the dimension for $\mathfrak L(V)$ of finite Cartan type. We give the sufficient and necessary conditions for $\mathfrak B(V) = F\oplus \mathfrak L^-(V)$ and $\mathfrak L^-(V)= \mathfrak L(V)$. We obtain an explici…
After the classification of the finite-dimensional Nichols algebras of diagonal type arXiv:math/0411477, arXiv:math/0605795, the determination of its defining relations arXiv:1008.4144, arXiv:1104.0268, and the verification of the generation in degree one conjecture arXiv:1104.0268, there is still one step missing in the classification of complex finite-dimensional Hopf algebras with abelian group, without restrictions on the order of the latter: the computation of all deformations or liftings. A technique towards solving this question was developed in arXiv:1212.5279, built on cocycle deforma…
The Suzuki algebra $A_{Nn}^{μλ}$ was introduced by Suzuki Satoshi in 1998, which is a class of cosemisimple Hopf algebras. It is not categorically Morita-equivalent to a group algebra in general. In this paper, the author gives a complete set of simple Yetter-Drinfeld modules over the Suzuki algebra $A_{N\,2n}^{μλ}$ and investigates the Nichols algebras over those simple Yetter-Drinfeld modules. The involved finite dimensional Nichols algebras of diagonal type are of Cartan type $A_1$, $A_1\times A_1$, $A_2$, $A_2\times A_2$, Super type ${\bf A}_{2}(q;I_2)$ and the Nichols algebra ufo(8). Ther…
Let $H_8$ be the neither commutative nor cocommutative semisimple eight dimensional Hopf algebra, which is also called Kac-Paljutkin algebra \cite{MR0208401}. All simple Yetter-Drinfel'd modules over $H_8$ are given. As for simple objects and direct sums of two simple objects in ${}_{H_8}^{H_8}\mathcal{YD}$, we calculated dimensions for the corresponding Nichols algebras, except four semisimple cases which are generally difficult. Under the assumption that the four undetermined Nichols algebras are all infinite dimensional, we determine all the finite dimensional Nichols algebras over $H_8$. I…
We construct finite-dimensional Hopf algebras whose coradical is the group algebra of a central extension of an abelian group. They fall into families associated to a semisimple Lie algebra together with a Dynkin diagram automorphism. We show conversely that every finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebra over a non-abelian group with non-simple infinitesimal braiding of rank at least 4 is of this form. We follow the steps of the Lifting Method by Andruskiewitsch--Schneider. Our starting point is the classification of finite-dimensional Nichols algebras over non-abelian groups by Heckenberger--V…
We continue our study of Cartan schemes and their Weyl groupoids. The results in this paper provide an algorithm to determine connected simply connected Cartan schemes of rank three, where the real roots form a finite irreducible root system. The algorithm terminates: Up to equivalence there are exactly 55 such Cartan schemes, and the number of corresponding real roots varies between 6 and 37. We identify those Weyl groupoids which appear in the classification of Nichols algebras of diagonal type.
We present a framework for the computation of the Hopf 2-cocycles involved in the deformations of Nichols algebras over semisimple Hopf algebras. We write down a recurrence formula and investigate the extent of the connection with invariant Hochschild cohomology in terms of exponentials. As an example, we present detailed computations leading to the explicit description of the Hopf 2-cocycles involved in the deformations of a Nichols algebra of Cartan type $A_2$ with $q=-1$, a.k.a. the positive part of the small quantum group $\mathfrak{u}^+_{\sqrt{\text{-1}}}(\mathfrak{sl}_3)$. We show that t…
Two generating sets of the defining ideal of a Nichols algebra of diagonal type are proposed, which are then applied to study the bar involution and the specialization problem of quantum groups associated to non-symmetrizable generalized Cartan matrices.
In a previous work \cite{AS2} we showed how to attach to a pointed Hopf algebra A with coradical $\kΓ$, a braided strictly graded Hopf algebra R in the category $_Γ^Γ\Cal{YD}$ of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over $Γ$. In this paper, we consider a further invariant of A, namely the subalgebra R' of R generated by the space V of primitive elements. Algebras of this kind are known since the pioneering work of Nichols. It turns out that R' is completely determined by the braiding c:V\otimes V \to V \otimes V. We denote R' = B(V). We assume further that $Γ$ is finite abelian. Then c is given by a matrix…
We show that the cohomology ring of a finite-dimensional complex pointed Hopf algebra with an abelian group of group-like elements is finitely generated. Our strategy has three major steps. We first reduce the problem to the finite generation of cohomology of finite dimensional Nichols algebras of diagonal type. For the Nichols algebras we do a detailed analysis of cohomology via the Anick resolution reducing the problem further to specific combinatorial properties. Finally, to check these properties we turn to the classification of Nichols algebras of diagonal type due to Heckenberger. In thi…
We examine actions of finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebras on central simple division algebras in characteristic 0. (By a Hopf action we mean a Hopf module algebra structure.) In all examples considered, we show that the given Hopf algebra does admit a faithful action on a central simple division algebra, and we construct such a division algebra. This is in contrast to earlier work of Etingof and Walton, in which it was shown that most pointed Hopf algebras do not admit faithful actions on fields. We consider all bosonizations of Nichols algebras of finite Cartan type, small quantum groups…
Between the braided vector spaces of diagonal type there exist some families whose associated Nichols algebras are infinite dimensional but with finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension, called one-parameter families. We show that every pre-Nichols algebra of finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of this kind with connected diagram is necessarily the corresponding Nichols algebra, up to few exceptions. For each one of these exceptions we present a proper pre-Nichols algebra by generators and relations, and prove that it is the corresponding eminent pre-Nichols algebra. This paper essentially ends the det…
We show that every finite GK-dimensional pre-Nichols algebra for braidings of diagonal type with connected diagram of modular, supermodular or unidentified type is a quotient of the distinguished pre-Nichols algebra introduced by the first-named author, up to two exceptions. For both of these exceptional cases, we provide a pre-Nichols algebra that substitutes the distinguished one in the sense that it projects onto all finite GK-dimensional pre-Nichols algebras. We build these two substitutes as non-trivial central extensions with finite GK-dimension of the corresponding distinguished pre-Nic…
We determine the multiplicities of a class of roots for Nichols algebras of diagonal type of rank two, and identify the corresponding root vectors. Our analysis is based on a precise description of the relations of the Nichols algebra in the corresponding degrees.
We present a divisibility relation for the dimensions and Hilbert series of certain classes of Nichols algebras of non-abelian group type, which generalizes Nichols algebras over Coxeter groups with constant cocycle -1. For this we introduce three groups of isomorphisms acting on Nichols algebras, which generalize the exchange operator introduced by Milinski and Schneider for Coxeter groups in "Pointed indecomposable Hopf algebras over Coxeter groups".
We construct reflection functors for Yetter-Drinfeld modules over Nichols systems and discuss their fundamental properties. We will obtain properties about the geometry of the support of Nichols systems and their Yetter-Drinfeld modules, by looking at iterated reflections. We will also study the maximal subobject of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over Nichols systems and find a special morphism, that we name Shapovalov morphism, whose kernel coincides with this maximal subobject. Moreover, we will use this morphism to characterize properties about the reflections of the Yetter-Drinfeld modules. We ca…
Nichols algebras are fundamental objects in the construction of quantized enveloping algebras and in the classification of pointed Hopf algebras by lifting method of Andruskiewitsch and Schneider. Arithmetic root systems are invariants of Nichols algebras of diagonal type with a certain finiteness property. In the present paper, all rank 4 Nichols algebras of diagonal type with a finite arithmetic root system over fields of arbitrary characteristic are classified. Our proof uses the classification of the finite arithmetic root systems of rank 4.
We contribute to the classification of Hopf algebras with finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension, $\operatorname{GKdim}$ for short, through the study of Nichols algebras over abelian groups. We deal first with braided vector spaces over $\mathbb Z$ with the generator acting as a single Jordan block and show that the corresponding Nichols algebra has finite $\operatorname{GKdim}$ if and only if the size of the block is 2 and the eigenvalue is $\pm 1$; when this is 1, we recover the quantum Jordan plane. We consider next a class of braided vector spaces that are direct sums of blocks and points that …
We obtain a presentation by generators and relations of any Nichols algebra of diagonal type with finite root system. We prove that the defining ideal is finitely generated. The proof is based in Kharchenko's theory of PBW basis of Lyndon words. We prove that the lexicographic order on Lyndon words is convex for such PBW generators and so the PBW basis is orthogonal with respect to the canonical non-degenerate form associated to the Nichols algebra.
Yetter--Drinfel'd modules of diagonal type admit an equivalence relation which conjecturally preserves dimension and Gel'fand--Kirillov dimension of the corresponding Nichols algebras. This relation is determined explicitly for all rank 2 Yetter--Drinfeld modules where the Gel'fand--Kirillov dimension is known to be finite. Key Words: Brandt groupoid, Hopf algebra, pseudo-reflections, Weyl group
We formulate the generation of finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebras by group-like elements and skew-primitives in geometric terms. This is done through a more general study of connected and coconnected Hopf algebras inside a braided fusion category $\mathcal{C}$. We describe such Hopf algebras as orbits for the action of a reductive group on an affine variety. We then show that the closed orbits are precisely the orbits of Nichols algebras, and that all other algebras are therefore deformations of Nichols algebras. For the case where the category $\mathcal{C}$ is the category $^G_G\mathcal…
In a vertex algebra setting, we consider non-local screening operators associated to the basis of any non-integral lattice. We have previously shown that, under certain restrictions, these screening operators satisfy the relations of a quantum shuffle algebra or Nichols algebra associated to a diagonal braiding, which encodes the non-locality and non-integrality. In the present article, we take all finite-dimensional diagonal Nichols algebras, as classified by Heckenberger, and find all lattice realizations of the braiding that are compatible with reflections. Usually, the realizations are uni…
For $n,m\in \mathbb{N}$, let $H_{n,m}$ be the dual of the Radford algebra of dimension $n^{2}m$. We present new finite-dimensional Nichols algebras arising from the study of simple Yetter-Drinfeld modules over $H_{n,m}$. Along the way, we describe the simple objects in ${}^{H_{n,m}}_{H_{n,m}}\mathcal{YD}$ and their projective envelopes. Then, we determine those simple modules that give rise to finite-dimensional Nichols algebras for the case $n=2$. There are 18 possible cases. We present by generators and relations the corresponding Nichols algebras on five of these eighteen cases. As an appli…
This is a report on the present state of the problem of determining the dimension of the Nichols algebra associated to a rack and a cocycle. This is relevant for the classification of finite-dimensional complex pointed Hopf algebras whose group of group-likes is non-abelian. We deal mainly with simple racks. We recall the notion of rack of type D, collect the known lists of simple racks of type D and include preliminary results for the open cases. This notion is important because the Nichols algebra associated to a rack of type D and any cocycle has infinite dimension. For those racks not of t…
Let $\mathcal{B}_{\mathfrak{q}}$ be a finite-dimensional Nichols algebra of diagonal type corresponding to a matrix $\mathfrak{q} \in \mathbf{k}^{θ\times θ}$, where $\mathbf{k}$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. Let $\mathcal{L}_{\mathfrak{q}}$ be the Lusztig algebra associated to $\mathcal{B}_{\mathfrak{q}}$, see http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04518. We present $\mathcal{L}_{\mathfrak{q}}$ as an extension (as braided Hopf algebras) of $\mathcal{B}_{\mathfrak{q}}$ by $\mathfrak Z_{\mathfrak{q}}$ where $\mathfrak Z_{\mathfrak{q}}$ is isomorphic to the universal enveloping algebra…
The Nichols algebras of diagonal type with finite root system are either of standard, super or (yet) unidentified type. A concrete description of the defining relations of all those Nichols algebras was given in \cite{A-exp presentation}. In the present paper we use this result to give an explicit presentation of all Nichols algebras of unidentified type.
We prove that finite GK-dimensional pre-Nichols algebras of super and standard type are quotients of the corresponding distinguished pre-Nichols algebras, except when the braiding matrix is of type super A and the dimension of the braided vector space is three. For these two exceptions we explicitly construct substitutes as braided central extensions of the corresponding pre-Nichols algebras by a polynomial ring in one variable. Via bosonization this gives new examples of finite GK-dimensional Hopf algebras.
We study graded right coideal subalgebras of Nichols algebras of semisimple Yetter-Drinfeld modules. Assuming that the Yetter-Drinfeld module admits all reflections and the Nichols algebra is decomposable, we construct an injective order preserving and order reflecting map between morphisms of the Weyl groupoid and graded right coideal subalgebras of the Nichols algebra. Here morphisms are ordered with respect to right Duflo order and right coideal subalgebras are ordered with respect to inclusion. If the Weyl groupoid is finite, then we prove that the Nichols algebra is decomposable and the a…
Arithmetic root systems are invariants of Nichols algebras of diagonal type with a certain finiteness property. They can also be considered as generalizations of ordinary root systems with rich structure and many new examples. On the other hand, Nichols algebras are fundamental objects in the construction of quantized enveloping algebras, in the noncommutative differential geometry of quantum groups, and in the classification of pointed Hopf algebras by the lifting method of Andruskiewitsch and Schneider. In the present paper arithmetic root systems are classified in full generality. As a bypr…
We present new examples of finite-dimensional Nichols algebra over fields of characteristic 2 starting from braided vector spaces that are not of diagonal type, admit realizations as Yetter-Drinfeld modules over finite abelian groups and are analogous to braidings over fields of odd characteristic with finite-dimensional Nichols algebras presented in arXiv:1905.03074. As these last ones, they are related to the Nichols algebras of finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension in characteristic 0 described in arXiv:1606.02521. New finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebras over fields of characteristic 2 are…
We formally define and study the distinguished pre-Nichols algebra $\widetilde{\mathcal{B}}(V)$ of a braided vector space of diagonal type $V$ with finite-dimensional Nichols algebra $\mathcal{B}(V)$. The algebra $\widetilde{\mathcal{B}}(V)$ is presented by fewer relations than $\mathcal{B}(V)$, so it is intermediate between the tensor algebra $T(V)$ and $\mathcal{B}(V)$. Prominent examples of distinguished pre-Nichols algebras are the positive parts of quantized enveloping (super)algebras and their multiparametric versions. We prove that these algebras give rise to new examples of Noetherian …
This is a survey on Nichols algebras of diagonal type with finite dimension, or more generally with arithmetic root system. The knowledge of these algebras is the cornerstone of the classification program of pointed Hopf algebras with finite dimension, or finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension; and their structure should be indispensable for the understanding of the representation theory, the computation of the various cohomologies, and many other aspects of finite dimensional pointed Hopf algebras. These Nichols algebras were classified in [H-classif RS] as a notable application of the notions of …
Let $\mathcal{B}_\mathfrak{q}$ be a finite-dimensional Nichols algebra of diagonal type corresponding to a matrix $\mathfrak{q}$. We consider the graded dual $\mathcal{L}_{\mathfrak{q}}$ of the distinguished pre-Nichols algebra $\widetilde{\mathcal{B}}_{\mathfrak{q}}$ from [A3] and the divided powers algebra $\mathcal{U}_{\mathfrak{q}}$, a suitable Drinfeld double of $\mathcal{L}_{\mathfrak{q}} # \mathbf{k} \mathbb{Z}^θ$. We provide basis and presentations by generators and relations of $\mathcal{L}_{\mathfrak{q}}$ and $\mathcal{U}_{\mathfrak{q}}$, and prove that they are noetherian and have f…
In the structure theory of quantized enveloping algebras, the algebra isomorphisms determined by Lusztig led to the first general construction of PBW bases of these algebras. Also, they have important applications to the representation theory of these and related algebras. In the present paper the Drinfel'd double for a class of graded Hopf algebras is investigated. Various quantum algebras, including multiparameter quantizations of semisimple Lie algebras and of Lie superalgebras, are covered by the given definition. For these Drinfel'd doubles Lusztig maps are defined. It is shown that these…
It is an important open problem whether the dimension of the Nichols algebra B(O,ρ) is finite when O is the class of the transpositions and ρis the sign representation, with m>= 6. In the present paper, we discard most of the other conjugacy classes showing that very few pairs (O,ρ) might give rise to finite-dimensional Nichols algebras.
We classify finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebras with abelian coradical, up to isomorphism, and show that they are cocycle deformations of the associated graded Hopf algebra. More generally, for any braided vector space of diagonal type $V$ with a principal realization in the category of Yetter-Drinfeld modules of a cosemisimple Hopf algebra $H$ and such that the Nichols algebra $\mathfrak{B}(V)$ is finite-dimensional, thus presented by a finite set $\mathcal G$ of relations, we define a family of Hopf algebras $\mathfrak{u}(\boldsymbolλ)$, $\boldsymbolλ\in \Bbbk^{\mathcal G}$, which are c…
We introduce a general framework for associating to a homogeneous quantum principal bundle a Yetter-Drinfeld module structure on the cotangent space of the base calculus. The holomorphic and anti-holomorphic Heckenberger-Kolb calculi of the quantum Grassmannians are then presented in this framework. This allows us to express the calculi in terms of the corresponding Nichols algebras. The extension of this result to all irreducible quantum flag manifolds is then conjectured.
Fomin and Kirillov initiated a line of research into the realization of the cohomology and $K$-theory of generalized flag varieties $G/B$ as commutative subalgebras of certain noncommutative algebras. This approach has several advantages, which we discuss. This paper contains the most comprehensive result in a series of papers related to the mentioned line of research. More precisely, we give a model for the $T$-equivariant $K$-theory of a generalized flag variety $K_T(G/B)$ in terms of a certain braided Hopf algebra called the Nichols-Woronowicz algebra. Our model is based on the Chevalley-ty…
We construct symmetric pairs for Drinfeld doubles of pre-Nichols algebras of diagonal type and determine when they possess an Iwasawa decomposition. This extends G. Letzter's theory of quantum symmetric pairs. Our results can be uniformly applied to Kac-Moody quantum groups for a generic quantum parameter, for roots of unity in respect to both big and small quantum groups, to quantum supergroups and to exotic quantum groups of ufo type. We give a second construction of symmetric pairs for Heisenberg doubles in the above generality and prove that they always admit an Iwasawa decomposition. For …
