Shashlyk-type electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) of the Multi-Purpose Detector at heavy-ion NICA collider is optimized to provide precise spatial and energy measurements for photons and electrons in the energy range from about 40 MeV to 2-3 GeV. To deal with high multiplicity of secondary particles from Au-Au reactions, ECal has a fine segmentation and consists of 38,400 cells ("towers"). Given the big number of "towers" and the time constraint, it is not possible to calibrate every ECal "tower" with beam. In this paper, we describe the strategy of the first-order calibration of ECal with cosmic muons.
The Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) is designed to study a hot and dense baryonic matter formed in heavy-ion collisions at SQRT(sNN)=4-11 GeV at the NICA accelerator complex (Dubna, Russia). Large-sized electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) of the MPD spectrometer will provide precise spatial and energy measurements for photons and electrons in the central pseudorapidity region of |eta|<1.2. The Shashlyk-type sampling structure of the ECal is optimized for the photons energy range from about 40 MeV to 2-3 GeV. Fine segmentation and projective geometry of the calorimeter allow to deal with high multi…
The motivation for a cosmic muon veto (CMV) detector is to explore the possibility of locating the proposed large Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India based Neutrino Observatory (INO) at a shallow depth. An initial effort in that direction, through the assembly and testing of a $\sim$ 1 m $\times$ 1 m $\times$ 0.3 m plastic scintillator based detector, is described. The plan for making a CMV detector for a smaller prototype mini-ICAL is also outlined.
The performance demands of future particle-physics experiments investigating the high-energy frontier pose a number of new challenges, forcing us to find new solutions for the detection, identification, and measurement of final-state particles in subnuclear collisions. One such challenge is the precise measurement of muon momenta at very high energy, where the curvature provided by conceivable magnetic fields in realistic detectors proves insufficient to achieve the desired resolution. In this work we show the feasibility of an entirely new avenue for the measurement of the energy of muons bas…
The ionization signals in the liquid argon of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter are studied in detail using cosmic muons. In particular, the drift time of the ionization electrons is measured and used to assess the intrinsic uniformity of the calorimeter gaps and estimate its impact on the constant term of the energy resolution. The drift times of electrons in the cells of the second layer of the calorimeter are uniform at the level of 1.3 % in the barrel and 2.8 % in the endcaps. This leads to an estimated contribution to the constant term of (0.29 +0.05 -0.04) % in the barrel and (0.54 +…
The measurement of physics processes at new energy frontier experiments requires excellent spatial, time, and energy resolutions to resolve the structure of collimated high-energy jets. In a future Muon Collider, the beam-induced backgrounds (BIB) represent the main challenge in the design of the detectors and of the event reconstruction algorithms. The technology and the design of the calorimeters should be chosen to reduce the effect of the BIB, while keeping good physics performance. Several requirements can be inferred: i) high granularity to reduce the overlap of BIB particles in the same…
The Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is planned to be set up in an underground cavern with a rock overburden of more than 1 km. This overburden reduces the cosmic muon flux by a factor of 10$^{6}$ with respect to that at sea level. In this paper, we examine the possibility of a 100 m shallow depth ICAL (SICAL) detector. The cosmic muons would have to be detected in a veto detector surrounding ICAL with an efficiency of 99.99 % in order to have the same level of muon background leaking undetected through the veto detector as at the 1 km depth underg…
The ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter has been operating continuously since August 2006. At this time, only part of the calorimeter was readout, but since the beginning of 2008, all calorimeter cells have been connected to the ATLAS readout system in preparation for LHC collisions. This paper gives an overview of the liquid argon calorimeter performance measured in situ with random triggers, calibration data, cosmic muons, and LHC beam splash events. Results on the detector operation, timing performance, electronics noise, and gain stability are presented. High energy deposits from radiative cosm…
A Shashlyk-type electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) will be used in the Multi-purpose Detector at Nuclotron-based Ion Collider facility to study the properties of nuclear matter. In this experiment, the ECal detector is responsible for measuring the energy and position of the incident particles, and identifying them with the information obtained from itself and other detectors. This paper analyzes the position resolution of the Tsinghua ECal modules using the data from a beam test in DESY. Several reconstruction methods are studied in detail. With a deep learning based algorithm, the position r…
In this talk I discuss the use of calorimeter timing both for detector commissioning and in searches for new physics. In particular I present real and simulated cosmic ray muons data results for the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter system. The analysis shows that several detector errors such as imperfect calibrations can be uncovered. I also demonstrate the use of ATLAS Tile Calorimeters excellent timing resolution in suppressing cosmic ray fake missing transverse energy in searches for supersymmetry.
The calibration procedure of a finely granulated digital hadron calorimeter with Resistive Plate Chambers as active elements is described. Results obtained with a stack of nine layers exposed to muons from the Fermilab test beam are presented.
A Kalman filter package has been developed for reconstructing muon ($μ^\pm$) tracks (coming from the neutrino interactions) in ICAL detector. Here, we describe the algorithm of muon track fitting, with emphasis on the error propagation of the elements of Kalman state vector along the muon trajectory through dense materials and inhomogeneous magnetic field. The higher order correction terms are included for reconstructing muon tracks at large zenith angle $θ$ (measured from the perpendicular to the detector planes). The performances of this algorithm and its limitations are discussed.
The CMS Hadron Calorimeter in the barrel, endcap and forward regions is fully commissioned. Cosmic ray data were taken with and without magnetic field at the surface hall and after installation in the experimental hall, hundred meters underground. Various measurements were also performed during the few days of beam in the LHC in September 2008. Calibration parameters were extracted, and the energy response of the HCAL determined from test beam data has been checked.
The general purpose spherical nonmagnetic detector (SND) is now taking data at VEPP-2M $e^+e^-$ collider in BINP (Novosibirsk) in the centre of mass energy range of $0.2 ÷1.4$ GeV. The energy calibration of the NaI(Tl) calorimeter of the SND detector with cosmic muons is described. Using this method, the energy resolution of $5.5 % (σ)$ for 500 MeV photons was achieved.
The Muon $g-2$ experiment, E989, is currently taking data at Fermilab with the aim of reducing the experimental error on the muon anomaly by a factor of four and possibly clarifying the current discrepancy with the theoretical prediction. A central component of this four-fold improvement in precision is the laser calibration system of the calorimeters, which has to monitor the gain variations of the photo-sensors with a 0.04\% precision on the short-term ($\sim 1\,$ms). This is about one order of magnitude better than what has ever been achieved for the calibration of a particle physics calori…
The facilities designed to study collisions of relativistic nuclei, such as the MPD at NICA (JINR), STAR at RHIC (BNL), ALICE, ATLAS and CMS at the LHC (CERN), are equipped with pairs of hadronic Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC) to detect forward nucleons at the both sides of the interaction point and estimate the collision centrality. The energy deposited in a ZDC fluctuates from one event to another, but on average it is proportional to the number of absorbed nucleons. Forward nucleons are also emitted in electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) of nuclei in ultraperipheral collisions, and they are …
I present an application of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to separate muons and pions in the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter (ECL). The ECL is designed to measure the energy deposited by charged and neutral particles. It also provides important contributions to the particle identification (PID) system. Identification of low-momenta muons and pions in the ECL is crucial if they do not reach the outer muon detector. Track-seeded cluster energy images provide the maximal possible information. The shape of the energy depositions for muons and pions in the crystals around an extrapolate…
A single calorimeter station for the Muon $g-2$ experiment at Fermilab includes the following subsystems: a 54-element array of PbF$_{2}$ Cherenkov crystals read out by large-area SiPMs, bias and slow-control electronics, a suite of 800 MSPS waveform digitizers, a clock and control distribution network, a gain calibration and monitoring system, and a GPU-based frontend read out through a MIDAS data acquisition environment. The entire system performance was evaluated using 2.5 - 5 GeV electrons at the End Station Test Beam at SLAC. This paper includes a description of the individual subsystems …
The magnetised Iron CALorimeter detector (ICAL), proposed to be built at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO), is designed to study atmospheric neutrino oscillations. The ICAL detector is optimized to measure the muon momentum, its direction and charge. A GEANT4-based package has been developed by the INO collaboration to simulate the ICAL geometry and propagation of particles through the detector. The simulated muon tracks are reconstructed using the Kalman Filter algorithm. Here we present the first study of the response of the ICAL detector to muons using this simulations package to d…
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is a general-purpose experimental setup at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN to investigate the production of new particles in the proton-proton collisions at a centre of mass energy 13 TeV. The third run of the data taken is started in April 2022 and will continue till the end of 2025. Then, during a long shutdown time, the existing CMS hadron endcap calorimeter will be replaced with a new high granularity calorimeter (HGCal) designed for the higher LHC luminosity. The HGCal contains the stainless-steel absorber plates with a relative permeabilit…
A compact and fast electromagnetic calorimeter prototype was designed, built, and tested in preparation for a next-generation, high-rate muon g-2 experiment. It uses a simple assembly procedure: alternating layers of 0.5-mm-thick tungsten plates and 0.5-mm-diameter plastic scintillating fiber ribbons. This geometry leads to a detector having a calculated radiation length of 0.69 cm, a Moliere radius of 1.73 cm, and a measured intrinsic sampling resolution term of (11.8\pm1.1)/\sqrt{E(GeV)}, in the range 1.5 to 3.5 GeV. The construction procedure, test beam results, and GEANT-4 comparative simu…
The resolution and the linearity of time measurements made with the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter are studied with samples of data from test beam electrons, cosmic rays, and beam-produced muons. The resulting time resolution measured by lead tungstate crystals is better than 100 ps for energy deposits larger than 10 GeV. Crystal-to-crystal synchronization with a precision of 500 ps is performed using muons produced with the first LHC beams in 2008.
The magnetized Iron CALorimeter detector (ICAL) which is proposed to be built in the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) laboratory, aims to study atmospheric neutrino oscillations primarily through charged current interactions of muon neutrinos and anti-neutrinos with the detector. The response of muons and charge identification efficiency, angle and energy resolution as a function of muon momentum and direction are studied from GEANT4-based simulations in the peripheral regions of the detector. This completes the characterisation of ICAL with respect to muons over the entire detector and …
The Tile hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS detector has undergone extensive testing in the experimental hall since its installation in late 2005. The readout, control and calibration systems have been fully operational since 2007 and the detector successfully collected data from the LHC single beams in 2008 and first collisions in 2009. This paper gives an overview of the Tile Calorimeter performance as measured using random triggers, calibration data, data from cosmic ray muons and single beam data. The detector operation status, noise characteristics and performance of the calibration system…
The Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab will search for coherent, neutrinoless conversion of muons into electrons in the field of a nucleus, with a sensitivity improvement of a factor of 10^4 over previous experiments. Such a charged lepton flavor-violating reaction probes new physics at a scale inaccessible with direct searches at either present or planned high energy colliders. The conversion electron is mono-energetic with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass. If no events are observed in three years of running, Mu2e will set a limit on the ratio between the conversion rate and the capture r…
The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented.
A prototype module for an International Linear Collider (ILC) detector was built, installed, and tested between 2006 and 2009 at CERN and Fermilab as part of the CALICE test beam program, in order to study the possibilities of extending energy sampling behind a hadronic calorimeter and to study the possibilities of providing muon tracking. The "tail catcher/muon tracker" (TCMT) is composed of 320 extruded scintillator strips (dimensions 1000 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm) packaged in 16 one-meter square planes interleaved between steel plates. The scintillator strips were read out with wavelength shifting…
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC is the central hadronic calorimeter designed for reconstruction of hadrons, jets, tau-particles and missing transverse energy. TileCal is a scintillator-steel sampling calorimeter and it covers the region of $|η| < 1.7$. The scintillation light produced in the scintillator tiles is transmitted by wavelength shifting fibers to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The analog signals from the PMTs are amplified, shaped and digitized by sampling the signal every 25 ns. The TileCal frontend electronics reads out the signals produced by abou…
A highly granular hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) based on scintillator tiles with individual readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) has been constructed by the CALICE collaboration and has been tested extensively in particle beams at CERN. The 7608 SiPMs coupled to scintillator tiles in the approximately 1 cubic meter large calorimeter allow large sample studies of behavior of these devices under varying voltage and temperature as well as their saturation behavior. We also present detailed studies of the temperature dependence of the calorimeter signal in muon and hadron beams. The calibrati…
Muons can be identified with high efficiency and purity and reconstructed with high precision is a detector with a dual readout calorimeter and a dual solenoid to return the flux without iron. We shown CERN test beam data for the calorimeter and calculations for the magnetic fields and the track reconstruction. For isolated tracks, the rejection of pions against muons ranges from $10^3$ at 20 GeV/c to $10^5$ at 300 GeV/c.
The calorimeter and muon systems are essential components to provide a trigger for the LHCb experiment. The calorimeter system comprises a scintillating pad detector and pre-shower, followed by electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters. The calorimeter system allows photons, electrons and hadrons to be identified, and their energy to be measured. The muon system consists of five measuring stations equipped with Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPCs) and triple-Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors, separated by iron filters. It allows the muons identification and transverse momentum measur…
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab searches for the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of a aluminum nucleus. The dynamic of such a process is well modeled by a two-body decay, resulting in a monoenergetic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass (104.967 MeV). The calorimeter of this experiment plays an important role to provide excellent particle identification capabilities and an online trigger filter while aiding the track reconstruction capabilities. The baseline calorimeter configuration consists of two …
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) calorimeter regional trigger system is designed to detect signatures of isolated and non-isolated electrons/photons, jets, ?-leptons, and missing and total transverse energy using a deadtimeless pipelined architecture. This system contains 18 crates of custom-built electronics. The pre-production prototype backplane, boards, links and Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) have been built and their performance is characterized.
A prototype Scintillator-Tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ScECAL) for the ILC detector was tested in 2008 at the Fermilab test beam. Data were collected with electron, pion and muon beams in the energy range 1 to 32GeV combined with hadronic calorimeter and Tail catcher. One of the main objectives of the CALICE program is to establish the technology of Scintillator-based electromagnetic calorimeter and validate the prformance of the calorimeter. From preliminary results of the first approach of analysis with electron beam, we obtain the ScECAL energy resolution σstochastic = 15.15+/-0.03%…
A large sample of cosmic ray events collected by the CMS detector is exploited to measure the specific energy loss of muons in the lead tungstate of the electromagnetic calorimeter. The measurement spans a momentum range from 5 GeV/c to 1 TeV/c. The results are consistent with the expectations over the entire range. The calorimeter energy scale, set with 120 GeV/c electrons, is validated down to the sub-GeV region using energy deposits, of order 100 MeV, associated with low-momentum muons. The muon critical energy in lead tungstate is measured to be 160+5/-6 plus or minus 8 GeV, in agreement w…
The in-situ commissioning of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter is taking place since three years. During this period, it has been fully tested by means of frequent calibration runs, and the analysis of the large cosmic muon data samples and of the few beam splash events that occurred on September 10th, 2008. This has allowed to obtain a stable set of calibration constants for the first collisions, and to measure the in-situ calorimeter performances that were found to be at the expected level.
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadronic calorimeter covering the most central region of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. It is a key detector for the measurement of hadrons, jets, tau leptons and missing transverse energy. The TileCal calibration system comprises radioactive source, laser and charge injection elements and it allows to monitor and equalize the calorimeter response at each stage of the signal production, from scintillation light to digitization. This contribution presents a brief description of the different TileCal calibration systems as well as the latest results on the…
The Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab will search for coherent, neutrino-less conversion of negative muons into electrons in the field of an Aluminum nucleus, $μ^- + Al \to e^- +Al$. Data collection start is planned for the end of 2021. The dynamics of such charged lepton flavour violating (CLFV) process is well modelled by a two-body decay, resulting in a mono-energetic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass. If no events are observed in three years of running, Mu2e will set an upper limit on the ratio between the conversion and the capture rates %\convrate of $\leq 6\ \times\ 10…
The performance demands of future particle-physics experiments investigating the high-energy frontier pose a number of new challenges, forcing us to find improved solutions for the detection, identification, and measurement of final-state particles in subnuclear collisions. One such challenge is the precise measurement of muon momentum at very high energy, where an estimate of the curvature provided by conceivable magnetic fields in realistic detectors proves insufficient for achieving good momentum resolution when detecting, e.g., a narrow, high mass resonance decaying to a muon pair. In this…
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab searches for the charged flavor violating conversion of a muon into an electron in the Coulomb field of a nucleus. The detector consists of a straw tube tracker and a CSI crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, both housed in a superconducting solenoid. Both the front-end and the digital electronics, located inside the cryostat, will be operated in vacuum under a 1 T magnetic field, having to sustain the high flux of neutrons and ionizing particles coming from the muons stopping target. These harsh experimental conditions make the design of the calorimeter waveform…
The CALICE collaboration has constructed a highly granular hadronic calorimeter based on small scintillator tiles read out with silicon photomultipliers. With this detector, data was taken at CERN and at Fermilab. The high granularity of the detector allows the identification of minimum-ionizing track segments within hadronic showers, demonstrating the imaging capabilities of particle flow calorimeters. These tracks can be used for the cell-by-cell calibration of such a calorimeter. The possibility to calibrate a complete ILC calorimeter with such track segments in the absence of muons is also…
The Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHCAL) is a large prototype of an imaging calorimeter using Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as active media. The readout is segmented into 1\times1 cm2 pads, each with a single bit resolution, hence the denomination of digital. The total channel count is close to 500,000. The DHCAL construction and assembly was completed in fall 2010, followed by a series of test beam campaigns in the FTBF test beam at Fermilab. In this paper we report on the analysis of events collected with the broadband muon beam. These events are utilized to geometrically align the layers ho…
The ATLAS liquid argon (LAr) calorimeter system consists of an electromagnetic barrel calorimeter and two end-caps with electromagnetic, hadronic and forward calorimeters. The construction of the full calorimeter system is completed since mid-2004. The detector has been operated with LAr at nominal high voltage and fully equipped with readout electronics. Online software, monitoring tools and offline signal reconstruction have been developed for data collection and processing. Extensive tests with calibration pulses have been carried out, and the electronics calibration scheme for all 182468 c…
Precision physics at future multi-TeV lepton colliders such as CLIC requires excellent jet energy resolution. The detectors need deep calorimeter systems to limit the energy leakage also for very highly energetic particles and jets. At the same time, compact physical dimensions are mandatory to permit the installation of the complete calorimeter system inside high-field solenoidal magnets. This requires very dense absorbers, making tungsten a natural choice for hadron calorimeters at such a future collider. To study the performance of such a calorimeter, a physics prototype with tungsten absor…
The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future $e^{+}e^{-}$ linear collider with a center-of-mass energy of up to 3 TeV. The design of a CLIC experiment is driven by the requirements related to the physics goals, as well as by the experimental conditions. For example, the short time between two bunch crossings of 0.5 ns and the backgrounds due to beamstrahlung have direct impact on the design of a CLIC experiment. The Silicon Detector (SiD) is one of the concepts currently being discussed as a possible detector for the International Linear Collider (ILC). In this thesis we develo…
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab searches for the charged-lepton flavour violating (CLFV) conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus, with a distinctive signature of a mono-energetic electron of energy slightly below the muon rest mass (104.967 MeV). The Mu2e goal is to improve by four orders of magnitude the search sensitivity with respect to the previous experiments. Any observation of a CLFV signal will be a clear indication of new physics. The Mu2e detector is composed of a tracker, an electro- magnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays…
The prototype of the hadron calorimeter module consisting of 66 scintillator/lead layers with the 15x15 cm^2 cross section and 5 nuclear interaction lengths has been designed and produced for the zero degree calorimeter of the BM@N experiment. The prototype has been tested with high energy muon beam of the U-70 accelerator at IHEP. The results of the beam test for different types of photo multipliers and light guides are presented. The results of the Monte-Carlo simulation of the calorimeter response and energy resolution are presented for the 2-16 GeV protons.
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab looks for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) improving by 4 orders of magnitude the current experimental sensitivity for the muon to electron conversion in a muonic atom. A positive signal could not be explained in the framework of the current Standard Model of particle interactions and therefore would be a clear indication of new physics. In 3 years of data taking, Mu2e is expected to observe less than one background event mimicking the electron coming from muon conversion. Achieving such a level of background suppression requires a deep knowledge of the ex…
In 2002 the first combined beam test of the hadronic and electromagnetic liquid-argon endcap calorimeters of the ATLAS experiment took place at the SPS test beam at CERN. A total of 15 million events from electrons, muons and pions in the energy range from 6 to 200 GeV were recorded. The entire calibration chain, from digital filter weights, over calibration constants, to clustering and energy weights, as is relevant for the energy calibration of hadronic and electromagnetic showers in ATLAS was tested and applied to the beam test data. The calibration methods and first results for the combine…
Methods are presented for calibrating the hadron calorimeter system of the CMS detector at the LHC. The hadron calorimeters of the CMS experiment are sampling calorimeters of brass and scintillator, and are in the form of one central detector and two endcaps. These calorimeters cover pseudorapidities $|η| <$ 3 and are positioned inside a solenoidal magnet. An outer calorimeter, outside the magnet coil, covers $|η| <$ 1.26, and a steel and quartz-fiber Cherenkov forward calorimeter extends the coverage to $|η| <$ 5.19. The initial calibration of the calorimeters was based on results from test b…
The CALICE Si-W electromagnetic calorimeter has been tested with electron beams (1 to 6 GeV) at DESY in May 2006, as well as electrons (6 to 45 GeV) and hadrons (6 to 80 GeV) at CERN in August and October 2006. Several millions of events have been taken at different incident angles and three beam impact positions. The ECAL calibration is performed with muon beams and shows a good uniformity for nearly all channels. The large statistics available allows not only to characterise the ECAL physics performance, but also to identify subtle hardware effects.
