We study the geodesic Voronoi diagram of a set $S$ of $n$ linearly moving sites inside a static simple polygon $P$ with $m$ vertices. We identify all events where the structure of the Voronoi diagram changes, bound the number of such events, and then develop a kinetic data structure (KDS) that maintains the geodesic Voronoi diagram as the sites move. To this end, we first analyze how often a single bisector, defined by two sites, or a single Voronoi center, defined by three sites, can change. For both these structures we prove that the number of such changes is at most $O(m^3)$, and that this is tight in the worst case. Moreover, we develop compact, responsive, local, and efficient kinetic data structures for both structures. Our data structures use linear space and process a worst-case optimal number of events. Our bisector and Voronoi center kinetic data structures handle each event in $O(\log^2 m)$ time. Both structures can be extended to efficiently support updating the movement of the sites as well. Using these data structures as building blocks we obtain a compact KDS for maintaining the full geodesic Voronoi diagram.
Given a set of sites in a simple polygon, a geodesic Voronoi diagram of the sites partitions the polygon into regions based on distances to sites under the geodesic metric. We present algorithms for computing the geodesic nearest-point, higher-order and farthest-point Voronoi diagrams of m point sites in a simple n-gon, which improve the best known ones for m <= n/ polylog n. Moreover, the algorithms for the geodesic nearest-point and farthest-point Voronoi diagrams are optimal for m <= n/ polylog n. This partially answers a question posed by Mitchell in the Handbook of Computational Geometry.
Given a set of point sites in a simple polygon, the geodesic farthest-point Voronoi diagram partitions the polygon into cells, at most one cell per site, such that every point in a cell has the same farthest site with respect to the geodesic metric. We present an $O(n\log\log n+m\log m)$- time algorithm to compute the geodesic farthest-point Voronoi diagram of $m$ point sites in a simple $n$-gon. This improves the previously best known algorithm by Aronov et al. [Discrete Comput. Geom. 9(3):217-255, 1993]. In the case that all point sites are on the boundary of the simple polygon, we can compu…
Given a family of k disjoint connected polygonal sites in general position and of total complexity n, we consider the farthest-site Voronoi diagram of these sites, where the distance to a site is the distance to a closest point on it. We show that the complexity of this diagram is O(n), and give an O(n log^3 n) time algorithm to compute it. We also prove a number of structural properties of this diagram. In particular, a Voronoi region may consist of k-1 connected components, but if one component is bounded, then it is equal to the entire region.
The point inclusion tests for polygons, in other words the point-in-polygon (PIP) algorithms, are fundamental tools for many scientific fields related to computational geometry, and they have been studied for a long time. The PIP algorithms get direct or indirect geometric definition of a polygonal entity, and validate its containment of a given point. The PIP algorithms, which are working directly on the geometric entities, derive linear boundary definitions for the edges of the polygons. Moreover, almost all direct test methods rely on the two-point form of the line equation to partition the…
The geodesic Voronoi diagram of m point sites inside a simple polygon of n vertices is a subdivision of the polygon into m cells, one to each site, such that all points in a cell share the same nearest site under the geodesic distance. The best known lower bound for the construction time is Omega( n + m log m ), and a matching upper bound is a long-standing open question. The state-of-the-art construction algorithms achieve O( (n+m) log (n+m) ) and O( n+m log m log^2 n ) time, which are optimal for m=Omega(n) and m=O( n / log^3 n ), respectively. In this paper, we give a construction algorithm…
This paper presents an algorithm to generate a new kind of polygonal mesh obtained from triangulations. Each polygon is built from a terminal-edge region surrounded by edges that are not the longest-edge of any of the two triangles that share them. The algorithm is termed Polylla and is divided into three phases. The first phase consists of labeling each edge of the input triangulation according to its size; the second phase builds polygons (simple or not) from terminal-edges regions using the label system; and the third phase transforms each non simple polygon into simple ones. The final mesh…
The geodesic edge center of a polygon is a point c inside the polygon that minimizes the maximum geodesic distance from c to any edge of the polygon, where geodesic distance is the shortest path distance inside the polygon. We give a linear-time algorithm to find a geodesic edge center of a simple polygon. This improves on the previous O(n log n) time algorithm by Lubiw and Naredla [European Symposium on Algorithms, 2021]. The algorithm builds on an algorithm to find the geodesic vertex center of a simple polygon due to Pollack, Sharir, and Rote [Discrete & Computational Geometry, 1989] and an…
We give lower bounds for the combinatorial complexity of the Voronoi diagram of polygonal curves under the discrete Frechet distance. We show that the Voronoi diagram of n curves in R^d with k vertices each, has complexity Omega(n^{dk}) for dimension d=1,2 and Omega(n^{d(k-1)+2}) for d>2.
Polygonal chains are fundamental objects in many applications like pattern recognition and protein structure alignment. A well-known measure to characterize the similarity of two polygonal chains is the famous Frèchet distance. In this paper, for the first time, we consider the Voronoi diagram of polygonal chains in $d$-dimension ($d=2,3$) under the discrete Frèchet distance. Given $n$ polygonal chains ${\cal C}$ in $d$-dimension ($d=2,3$), each with at most $k$ vertices, we prove fundamental properties of such a Voronoi diagram {\em VD}$_F({\cal C})$ by presenting the first known upper and lo…
Let $P$ be a simple polygon with $n$ vertices. For any two points in $P$, the geodesic distance between them is the length of the shortest path that connects them among all paths contained in $P$. Given a set $S$ of $m$ sites being a subset of the vertices of $P$, we present a randomized algorithm to compute the geodesic farthest-point Voronoi diagram of $S$ in $P$ running in expected $O(n + m)$ time. That is, a partition of $P$ into cells, at most one cell per site, such that every point in a cell has the same farthest site with respect to the geodesic distance. In particular, this algorithm …
The geodesic $k$-center problem in a simple polygon with $n$ vertices consists in the following. Find a set $S$ of $k$ points in the polygon that minimizes the maximum geodesic distance from any point of the polygon to its closest point in $S$. In this paper, we focus on the case where $k=2$ and present an exact algorithm that returns a geodesic $2$-center in $O(n^2\log^2 n)$ time.
Given a set $S$ of $m$ point sites in a simple polygon $P$ of $n$ vertices, we consider the problem of computing the geodesic farthest-point Voronoi diagram for $S$ in $P$. It is known that the problem has an $Ω(n+m\log m)$ time lower bound. Previously, a randomized algorithm was proposed [Barba, SoCG 2019] that can solve the problem in $O(n+m\log m)$ expected time. The previous best deterministic algorithms solve the problem in $O(n\log \log n+ m\log m)$ time [Oh, Barba, and Ahn, SoCG 2016] or in $O(n+m\log m+m\log^2 n)$ time [Oh and Ahn, SoCG 2017]. In this paper, we present a deterministic …
This paper studies the geodesic diameter of polygonal domains having h holes and n corners. For simple polygons (i.e., h = 0), the geodesic diameter is determined by a pair of corners of a given polygon and can be computed in linear time, as known by Hershberger and Suri. For general polygonal domains with h >= 1, however, no algorithm for computing the geodesic diameter was known prior to this paper. In this paper, we present the first algorithms that compute the geodesic diameter of a given polygonal domain in worst-case time O(n^7.73) or O(n^7 (log n + h)). The main difficulty unlike the si…
Abstract Color Voronoi Diagrams and Circular Sequences of Color Permutations
Division of AI Computer Science and Engineering, Kyonggi University（京畿大学人工智能与计算机科学工程系）；Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana（瑞士意大利大学信息学院）
We consider the problem of covering the boundary of a simple polygon on n vertices using the minimum number of geodesic unit disks. We present an O(n \log^2 n+k) time 2-approximation algorithm for finding the centers of the disks, with k denoting the number centers found by the algorithm.
Given a polygon $P$, for two points $s$ and $t$ contained in the polygon, their \emph{geodesic distance} is the length of the shortest $st$-path within $P$. A \emph{geodesic disk} of radius $r$ centered at a point $v \in P$ is the set of points in $P$ whose geodesic distance to $v$ is at most $r$. We present a polynomial time $2$-approximation algorithm for finding a densest geodesic unit disk packing in $P$. Allowing arbitrary radii but constraining the number of disks to be $k$, we present a $4$-approximation algorithm for finding a packing in $P$ with $k$ geodesic disks whose minimum radius…
Motivated by the $k$-center problem in location analysis, we consider the \emph{polygon burning} (PB) problem: Given a polygonal domain $P$ with $h$ holes and $n$ vertices, find a set $S$ of $k$ vertices of $P$ that minimizes the maximum geodesic distance from any point in $P$ to its nearest vertex in $S$. Alternatively, viewing each vertex in $S$ as a site to start a fire, the goal is to select $S$ such that fires burning simultaneously and uniformly from $S$, restricted to $P$, consume $P$ entirely as quickly as possible. We prove that PB is NP-hard when $k$ is arbitrary. We show that the di…
Given a simple polygon $P$ and a set $Q$ of points contained in $P$, we consider the geodesic $k$-center problem where we want to find $k$ points, called \emph{centers}, in $P$ to minimize the maximum geodesic distance of any point of $Q$ to its closest center. In this paper, we focus on the case for $k=2$ and present the first exact algorithm that efficiently computes an optimal $2$-center of $Q$ with respect to the geodesic distance in $P$.
In this paper, we show that the $L_1$ geodesic diameter and center of a simple polygon can be computed in linear time. For the purpose, we focus on revealing basic geometric properties of the $L_1$ geodesic balls, that is, the metric balls with respect to the $L_1$ geodesic distance. More specifically, in this paper we show that any family of $L_1$ geodesic balls in any simple polygon has Helly number two, and the $L_1$ geodesic center consists of midpoints of shortest paths between diametral pairs. These properties are crucial for our linear-time algorithms, and do not hold for the Euclidean …
Visualizing Higher Order Structures, Overlap Regions, and Clustering in the Hilbert Geometry
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology（托马斯·杰斐逊科学与技术高中）；University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA（洛林大学、法国国家科学研究中心、法国信息与自动化研究所、洛林研究与应用计算实验室）；Montgomery Blair High School（蒙哥马利·布莱尔高中）；Haverford College（哈弗福德学院）
Polygons are a paramount data structure in computational geometry. While the complexity of many algorithms on simple polygons or polygons with holes depends on the size of the input polygon, the intrinsic complexity of the problems these algorithms solve is often related to the reflex vertices of the polygon. In this paper, we give an easy-to-describe linear-time method to replace an input polygon $\mathcal{P}$ by a polygon $\mathcal{P}'$ such that (1) $\mathcal{P}'$ contains $\mathcal{P}$, (2) $\mathcal{P}'$ has its reflex vertices at the same positions as $\mathcal{P}$, and (3) the number of…
Recent work has demonstrated that the interior material layout of a 3D model can be designed to make a fabricated replica satisfy application-specific demands on its physical properties such as resistance to external loads. A widely used practice to fabricate such models is by layer-based additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing, which however suffers from the problem of adding and removing interior supporting structures. In this paper, we present a novel method for generating support-free elliptic hollowing for 3D shapes which can entirely avoid additional supporting structures. To achieve …
In this paper we study the problem of computing the geodesic center of a simple polygon when the available workspace is limited. For an $n$-vertex simple polygon, we give a time-space trade-off algorithm that finds the geodesic center in $O(T(n, s) \log^2 n+ \frac{n^2}{s} \log n)$ expected time and uses $O(s)$ additional words of space where $s\in Ω(\log n) \cap O(n)$, and $T(n, s)$ is the time needed for constructing the shortest path tree of a given point inside a simple polygon, in depth-first order, with $O(s)$ extra space. Applying the best current known time-space trade-off of Oh and Ahn…
Given two points in a simple polygon $P$ of $n$ vertices, its geodesic distance is the length of the shortest path that connects them among all paths that stay within $P$. The geodesic center of $P$ is the unique point in $P$ that minimizes the largest geodesic distance to all other points of $P$. In 1989, Pollack, Sharir and Rote [Disc. \& Comput. Geom. 89] showed an $O(n\log n)$-time algorithm that computes the geodesic center of $P$. Since then, a longstanding question has been whether this running time can be improved (explicitly posed by Mitchell [Handbook of Computational Geometry, 2000]…
Let $P$ be a set of $n$ points and $Q$ a convex $k$-gon in ${\mathbb R}^2$. We analyze in detail the topological (or discrete) changes in the structure of the Voronoi diagram and the Delaunay triangulation of $P$, under the convex distance function defined by $Q$, as the points of $P$ move along prespecified continuous trajectories. Assuming that each point of $P$ moves along an algebraic trajectory of bounded degree, we establish an upper bound of $O(k^4nλ_r(n))$ on the number of topological changes experienced by the diagrams throughout the motion; here $λ_r(n)$ is the maximum length of an $…
Nowadays, big data of digital media (including images, videos and 3D graphical models) are frequently modeled as low-dimensional manifold meshes embedded in a high-dimensional feature space. In this paper, we summarized our recent work on geodesic centroidal Voronoi tessellations(GCVTs), which are intrinsic geometric structures on manifold meshes. We show that GCVT can find a widely range of interesting applications in computer vision and graphics, due to the efficiency of search, location and indexing inherent in these intrinsic geometric structures. Then we present the challenging issues of …
The Voronoi Diagram of Rotating Rays with applications to Floodlight Illumination
Università Roma Tre（罗马第三大学）；Università della Svizzera italiana（瑞士意大利语联邦理工学院）；University of Novi Sad（诺维萨德大学）；Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚理工大学）
For the analysis of systems consisting of small, regular objects, the methods of mathematical morphology applied to images of these systems are well-suited. One of these methods is the use of Voronoi polygons. It was found that the Voronoi tessellation method represents a powerful tool for the analysis of thin film morphology and provides nanostructural information to many multi-particle assemblies. In these notes, several morphological algorithms are analyzed and we study how to join all of them to design a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides as input for the system the "AFM image" a…
Given two point sets in the plane, we study the minimization of the bottleneck distance between a point set B and an equally-sized subset of a point set A under translations. We relate this problem to a Voronoi-type diagram and derive polynomial bounds for its complexity that are optimal in the size of A. We devise efficient algorithms for the construction of such a diagram and its lexicographic variant, which generalize to higher dimensions. We use the diagram to find an optimal bottleneck matching under translations, to compute a connecting path of minimum bottleneck cost between two positio…
We present an efficient dynamic data structure that supports geodesic nearest neighbor queries for a set $S$ of point sites in a static simple polygon $P$. Our data structure allows us to insert a new site in $S$, delete a site from $S$, and ask for the site in $S$ closest to an arbitrary query point $q \in P$. All distances are measured using the geodesic distance, that is, the length of the shortest path that is completely contained in $P$. Our data structure achieves polylogarithmic update and query times, and uses $O(n\log^3n\log m + m)$ space, where $n$ is the number of sites in $S$ and $…
The geodesic between two points $a$ and $b$ in the interior of a simple polygon~$P$ is the shortest polygonal path inside $P$ that connects $a$ to $b$. It is thus the natural generalization of straight line segments on unconstrained point sets to polygonal environments. In this paper we use this extension to generalize the concept of the order type of a set of points in the Euclidean plane to geodesic order types. In particular, we show that, for any set $S$ of points and an ordered subset $\mathcal{B} \subseteq S$ of at least four points, one can always construct a polygon $P$ such that the p…
We present an algorithm to compute the geodesic $L_1$ farthest-point Voronoi diagram of $m$ point sites in the presence of $n$ rectangular obstacles in the plane. It takes $O(nm+n \log n + m\log m)$ construction time using $O(nm)$ space. This is the first optimal algorithm for constructing the farthest-point Voronoi diagram in the presence of obstacles. We can construct a data structure in the same construction time and space that answers a farthest-neighbor query in $O(\log(n+m))$ time.
Recently, simple conditions for well-behaved-ness of anisotropic Voronoi diagrams have been proposed. While these conditions ensure well-behaved-ness of two types of practical anisotropic Voronoi diagrams, as well as the geodesic-distance one, in any dimension, they are both prohibitively expensive to evaluate, and not well-suited for typical problems in approximation or optimization. We propose simple conditions that can be efficiently evaluated, and are better suited to practical problems of approximation and optimization. The practical utility of this analysis is enhanced by the fact that o…
We show that in the Klein projective ball model of hyperbolic space, the hyperbolic Voronoi diagram is affine and amounts to clip a corresponding power diagram, requiring however algebraic arithmetic. By considering the lesser-known Beltrami hemisphere model of hyperbolic geometry, we overcome the arithmetic limitations of Klein construction. Finally, we characterize the bisectors and geodesics in the other Poincar\' e upper half-space, the Poincaré ball, and the Lorentz hyperboloid models, and discusses on degenerate cases for which the dual hyperbolic Delaunay complex is not a triangulation.
We present an efficient dynamic data structure that supports geodesic nearest neighbor queries for a set of point sites $S$ in a static simple polygon $P$. Our data structure allows us to insert a new site in $S$, delete a site from $S$, and ask for the site in $S$ closest to an arbitrary query point $q \in P$. All distances are measured using the geodesic distance, that is, the length of the shortest path that is completely contained in $P$. Our data structure supports queries in $O(\sqrt{n}\log n\log^2 m)$ time, where $n$ is the number of sites currently in $S$, and $m$ is the number of vert…
To date, location privacy protection is a critical issue in Location-Based Services (LBS). In this work, we propose a novel geometric framework based on the classical discrete geometric structure, the Voronoi-Delaunay duality (VDD). We utilize the fact that the user location cannot be recovered if only given an irregular $n$-sided Voronoi cell around it, and the anonymity zone is the intersection of all the parallel strips perpendicular to and bounded by $n$ Voronoi edges. The irregular Voronoi cell and its variations can be used as the concealing space to hide the user location or the region …
We unveil an alluring alternative to parametric search that applies to both the non-geodesic and geodesic Fréchet optimization problems. This randomized approach is based on a variant of red-blue intersections and is appealing due to its elegance and practical efficiency when compared to parametric search. We present the first algorithm for the geodesic Fréchet distance between two polygonal curves $A$ and $B$ inside a simple bounding polygon $P$. The geodesic Fréchet decision problem is solved almost as fast as its non-geodesic sibling and requires $O(N^{2\log k)$ time and $O(k+N)$ space afte…
Intrinsic Delaunay triangulation (IDT) is a fundamental data structure in computational geometry and computer graphics. However, except for some theoretical results, such as existence and uniqueness, little progress has been made towards computing IDT on simplicial surfaces. To date the only way for constructing IDTs is the edge-flipping algorithm, which iteratively flips the non-Delaunay edge to be locally Delaunay. Although the algorithm is conceptually simple and guarantees to stop in finite steps, it has no known time complexity. Moreover, the edge-flipping algorithm may produce non-regula…
We introduce the \emph{visibility center} of a set of points inside a polygon -- a point $c_V$ such that the maximum geodesic distance from $c_V$ to see any point in the set is minimized. For a simple polygon of $n$ vertices and a set of $m$ points inside it, we give an $O((n+m) \log {(n+m)})$ time algorithm to find the visibility center. We find the visibility center of \emph{all} points in a simple polygon in $O(n \log n)$ time. Our algorithm reduces the visibility center problem to the problem of finding the geodesic center of a set of half-polygons inside a polygon, which is of independent…
We investigate the combinatorial complexity of geodesic Voronoi diagrams on polyhedral terrains using a probabilistic analysis. Aronov etal [ABT08] prove that, if one makes certain realistic input assumptions on the terrain, this complexity is Θ(n + m \sqrt n) in the worst case, where n denotes the number of triangles that define the terrain and m denotes the number of Voronoi sites. We prove that under a relaxed set of assumptions the Voronoi diagram has expected complexity O(n+m), given that the sites have a uniform distribution on the domain of the terrain(or the surface of the terrain). Fu…
Maximal Distortion of Geodesic Diameters in Polygonal Domains
Algoresearch L.L.C.（Algoreresearch有限责任公司）；Research Institute of the University of Bucharest（布加勒斯特大学研究所）；Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics（阿尔弗雷德·雷尼数学研究所）；California State University Northridge（北岭加州州立大学）；Tufts University（塔夫茨大学）
The Hilbert metric is a distance function defined for points lying within a convex body. It generalizes the Cayley-Klein model of hyperbolic geometry to any convex set, and it has numerous applications in the analysis and processing of convex bodies. In this paper, we study the geometric and combinatorial properties of the Voronoi diagram of a set of point sites under the Hilbert metric. Given any convex polygon $K$ bounded by $m$ sides, we present two algorithms (one randomized and one deterministic) for computing the Voronoi diagram of an $n$-element point set in the Hilbert metric induced b…
Given a simple polygon $P$ on $n$ vertices, and a set $D$ of $m$ pairwise intersecting geodesic disks in $P$, we show that five points in $P$ are always sufficient to pierce all the disks in $D$. This improves the previous bound of 14, obtained by Bose, Carmi, and Shermer.
In this paper, we propose to compute Voronoi diagrams over mesh surfaces driven by an arbitrary geodesic distance solver, assuming that the input is a triangle mesh as well as a collection of sites $P=\{p_i\}_{i=1}^m$ on the surface. We propose two key techniques to solve this problem. First, as the partition is determined by minimizing the $m$ distance fields, each of which rooted at a source site, we suggest keeping one or more distance triples, for each triangle, that may help determine the Voronoi bisectors when one uses a mark-and-sweep geodesic algorithm to predict the multi-source dista…
We devise the following dynamic algorithms for both maintaining as well as querying for the visibility and weak visibility polygons amid vertex insertions and/or deletions to the simple polygon. * A fully-dynamic algorithm for maintaining the visibility polygon of a fixed point located interior to the simple polygon amid vertex insertions and deletions to the simple polygon. The time complexity to update the visibility polygon of a point $q$ due to the insertion (resp. deletion) of vertex $v$ to (resp. from) the current simple polygon is expressed in terms of the number of combinatorial change…
We study algorithms and combinatorial complexity bounds for \emph{stable-matching Voronoi diagrams}, where a set, $S$, of $n$ point sites in the plane determines a stable matching between the points in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and the sites in $S$ such that (i) the points prefer sites closer to them and sites prefer points closer to them, and (ii) each site has a quota or "appetite" indicating the area of the set of points that can be matched to it. Thus, a stable-matching Voronoi diagram is a solution to the well-known post office problem with the added (realistic) constraint that each post office has …
Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)（齐鲁工业大学（山东省科学院））；Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute（山东人工智能研究院）；University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学）；The University of Liverpool（利物浦大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Université Paris-Sud（巴黎第十一大学）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）；University Paris Dauphine, PSL Research University（巴黎第九大学（巴黎文理研究大学））
The Voronoi diagram-based dual-front active contour models are known as a powerful and efficient way for addressing the image segmentation and domain partitioning problems. In the basic formulation of the dual-front models, the evolving contours can be considered as the interfaces of adjacent Voronoi regions. Among these dual-front models, a crucial ingredient is regarded as the geodesic metrics by which the geodesic distances and the corresponding Voronoi diagram can be estimated. In this paper, we introduce a type of asymmetric quadratic metrics dual-front model. The metrics considered are b…
