A compact fine-grained calorimeter for luminosity measurement at a linear collider
I. Bozovic Jelisavcic
备注：
Talk presented on behalf of the FCAL Collaboration, at the International Workshop on Future Linear Colliders (LCWS2019), Sendai, Japan, 28 October-1 November, 2019. C19-10-28
Based on a paper published in 2019 by the FCAL Collaboration, this talk is giving an update of the Collaboration's effort to design prototype of highly compact calorimeter to instrument the very forward region of a detector at future $e^+e^-$ colliders. A luminometer prototype, based on sub-millimeter thick detector planes, is tested with an electron-beam of energy 1-5 GeV. The effective Moliere radius of the prototype comprising eight detector planes was measured to be (8.1 +/- 0.1 (stat.) +/- 0.3 (syst.))mm, and the result is well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.
This note describes R&D to be carried out on the data acquisition system for a calorimeter at the future International Linear Collider. A generic calorimeter and data acquisition system is described. Within this framework modified designs and potential bottlenecks within the current system are described. Solutions leading up to a technical design report will to be carried out within CALICE-UK groups.
The CALICE collaboration is preparing large scale prototypes for highly granular calorimeters for detectors to be operated at a future linear electron positron collider. Currently a prototype of a SiW electromagnetic calorimeter is assembled which in terms of dimensions and layout meets already most of the requirements given by the linear collider physics program and hence the detector design.
This paper describes an R&D electronic program for the next generation of linear collider electromagnetic calorimeter. After a brief presentation of the requirements, a global scheme of the electronics is given. Then, we describe the three different building blocks developed in 0.35\mum CMOS technology: an amplifier, a comparator and finally the pipelined ADC
The CALICE collaboration conducts calorimeter R&D for highly granular calorimeters, mainly for their application in detectors for a future lepton collider at the TeV scale. The activities ranges from generic R&D with small devices up to extensive beam tests with prototypes comprising up to several 100000 calorimeter cells. CALICE has validated the performance of particle flow algorithms with test beam data and delivers the proof of principle that highly granular calorimeters can be built, operated and understood. The successes achieved in the past years allows the step from prototypes to calor…
Application Specific Integrated Circuits, ASICs, similar to those envisaged for the readout electronics of the central calorimeters of detectors for a future lepton collider have been exposed to high-energy electromagnetic showers. A salient feature of these calorimeters is that the readout electronics will be embedded into the calorimeter layers. In this article it is shown that interactions of shower particles in the volume of the readout electronics do not alter the noise pattern of the ASICs. No signal at or above the MIP level has been observed during the exposure. The upper limit at the …
Detectors at future e+e- collider need special calorimeters in the very forward region for a fast estimate and precise measurement of the luminosity, to improve the hermeticity and mask the central tracking detectors from backscattered particles. Design optimized for the ILC collider using Monte Carlo simulations is presented. Sensor prototypes have been produced and dedicated FE ASICs have been developed and tested. For the first time, sensors have been connected to the front-end and ADC ASICs and tested in an electron beam. Results on the performance are discussed.
The FCAL collaboration is preparing large-scale prototypes of special calorimeters to be used in the very forward region at future electron-positron colliders. Two compact calorimeters are foreseen, LumiCal and BeamCal, designed as sandwich calorimeters with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small. Silicon sensor prototypes and dedicated FE ASICs have been developed and produced for LumiCal. The ASICs have been designed to cope with the timing and dynamic range requirements. The electromagnetic calorimeters of the LUXE experiment are based on a similar technology to that devel…
Jet substructure variables for hadronic jets with transverse momenta in the range from 2.5 TeV to 20 TeV were studied using several designs for the spatial size of calorimeter cells. The studies used the full Geant4 simulation of calorimeter response combined with realistic reconstruction of calorimeter clusters. In most cases, the results indicate that the performance of jet-substructure reconstruction improves with reducing cell size of a hadronic calorimeter from $Δη\times Δϕ= 0.087\times0.087$, which are similar to the cell sizes of the calorimeters of LHC experiments, by a factor of four,…
A data acquisition (DAQ) system has been developed which will read out and control calorimeters serving as prototype systems for a future detector at an electron-positron linear collider. This is a modular, flexible and scalable DAQ system in which the hardware and signals are standards-based, using FPGAs and serial links. The idea of a backplaneless system was also pursued with a commercial development board housed in a PC and a chain of concentrator cards between it and the detector forming the basis of the system. As well as describing the concept and performance of the system, its merits a…
The beam calorimeter, located in the very forward and backward region of the next generation electron-positron linear accelerator, will be an important apparatus to search for or identify new particles beyond Standard Model. One of its key design issues is to estimate the radiation dosage due to beam related backgrounds. We used the geant-based package, Jupiter, for the proposed GLD detector in this study. The dosage received per year for the inner most ring will be around 10 Mrad. An algorithm for electron identification with beam calorimeter under nominal background condition is developed an…
Detectors at future $e^+e^-$ colliders need special calorimeters in the very forward region for a fast estimate and precise measurement of the luminosity, to improve the hermeticity and mask the central tracking detectors from backscattered particles. In our concept, two compact calorimeters are foreseen, LumiCal and BeamCal. Both are designed as sandwich calorimeters with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small, facilitating such the measurement of electron showers in the presence of background. Silicon sensor prototypes and dedicated FE ASICs have been developed and produced…
The measurement of physics processes at new energy frontier experiments requires excellent spatial, time, and energy resolutions to resolve the structure of collimated high-energy jets. In a future Muon Collider, the beam-induced backgrounds (BIB) represent the main challenge in the design of the detectors and of the event reconstruction algorithms. The technology and the design of the calorimeters should be chosen to reduce the effect of the BIB, while keeping good physics performance. Several requirements can be inferred: i) high granularity to reduce the overlap of BIB particles in the same…
High precision physics at future colliders requires unprecedented highly granular calorimeters for the application of the Particle Flow (PF) algorithm. The physical proof of concept was given in the previous campaign of beam tests of physic prototypes within the CALICE collaboration. We present here the latest beam and laboratory test results and R&D developments for the Silicon-Tungsten Electromagnetic Calorimeter technological prototype with fully embedded very front-end (VFE) electronics for the International Large Detector at the International Linear Collider project.
We report on several versions of the calibration and monitoring system dedicated to scintillator tile calorimeters built within the CALICE collaboration and intended for future linear collider experiments. Whereas the first, a 1 m3 analogue hadron calorimeter prototype, was already built and tested in beam, second-technological prototype-is currently being developed. Both prototypes are based on scintillating tiles that are individually read out by new photodetectors, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Since the SiPM response shows a strong dependence on the temperature and bias voltage and the…
The first technological SDHCAL prototype having been successfully tested, a new phase of R&D, to validate completely the SDHCAL option for the International Linear Detector (ILD) project of the International Linear Collider (ILC), has started with the conception and the realisation of a new prototype. The new one is intended to host few but large active layers of the future SDHCAL. The new active layers, made of Glass Resistive Plate Chambers (GRPC) with sizes larger than 2m^2 will be equipped with a new version of the electronic readout, fulfilling the requirements of the future ILD detector.…
The FCAL collaboration is preparing large scale prototypes of special calorimeters to be used in the very forward region at a future linear electron positron collider for a precise and fast luminosity measurement and beam-tuning. These calorimeters are designed as sensor-tungsten calorimeters with very thin sensor planes to keep the Moliere radius small and dedicated FE electronics to match the timing and dynamic range requirements. A partially instrumented prototype was investigated in the CERN PS T9 beam in 2014 and at the DESY-II Synchrotron in 2015. It was operated in a mixed particle beam…
A silicon-based fine granularity calorimeter is a potential technology for the future International Linear Collider ILC, the future circular collider CEPC, and is also the chosen technology for the upgraded CMS experiment of the Large Hadron Collider. Active silicon sensing pads are used as MIP counters and the standard calibration of the calorimeter uses weights based on the average energy loss, $dEdx$. In this work, the limitations of the dEdx calibration method in terms of energy linearity, scale and resolution are explored. In the case of a calorimeter with varying passive layer thickness …
An improved weighting algorithm applied to hadron showers has been developed for a fine grained LAr calorimeter. The new method uses tabulated weights which depend on the density of energy deposited in individual cells and in a surrounding cone whose symmetry axis connects the interaction vertex with the highest energy cluster in the shower induced by a hadron. The weighting of the visible energy and the correction for losses due to noise cuts are applied in separate steps. In contrast to standard weighting procedures the new algorithm allows to reconstruct the total energy as well as the spat…
The FCAL collaboration is preparing large-scale prototypes of special calorimeters to be used in the very forward region at future electron-positron colliders for a precise measurement of integrated luminosity and for instant luminosity measurement and assisting beam-tuning. LumiCal is designed as a silicon-tungsten sandwich calorimeter with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small, facilitating such the measurement of electron showers in the presence of background. Dedicated front-end electronics has been developed to match the timing and dynamic range requirements. A partiall…
The Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) is designed to study a hot and dense baryonic matter formed in heavy-ion collisions at SQRT(sNN)=4-11 GeV at the NICA accelerator complex (Dubna, Russia). Large-sized electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) of the MPD spectrometer will provide precise spatial and energy measurements for photons and electrons in the central pseudorapidity region of |eta|<1.2. The Shashlyk-type sampling structure of the ECal is optimized for the photons energy range from about 40 MeV to 2-3 GeV. Fine segmentation and projective geometry of the calorimeter allow to deal with high multi…
The performance demands of future particle-physics experiments investigating the high-energy frontier pose a number of new challenges, forcing us to find new solutions for the detection, identification, and measurement of final-state particles in subnuclear collisions. One such challenge is the precise measurement of muon momenta at very high energy, where the curvature provided by conceivable magnetic fields in realistic detectors proves insufficient to achieve the desired resolution. In this work we show the feasibility of an entirely new avenue for the measurement of the energy of muons bas…
A prototype of a Si-W EM calorimeter was built with Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors as the active elements. With a pixelsize of 30 $μ$m it allows digital calorimetry, i.e. the particles' energy is determined by counting pixels, not by measuring the energy deposited. Although of modest size, with a width of only four Moliere radii, it has 39 million pixels. We describe the construction and tuning of the prototype and present results from beam tests and compare them with predictions of GEANT-based Monte Carlo simulations. We show the shape of showers caused by electrons in unprecedented detail. …
Beam test of a Pb/SciFi prototype for the Barrel Imaging Calorimeter at the Electron-Ion Collider
Sungkyunkwan University（成均馆大学）；Kyungpook National University（庆北国立大学）；Pusan National University（釜山国立大学）；Kangwon National University（江原国立大学）；Yonsei University（延世大学）；Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）
Calorimeters will provide critical measurements at future collider detectors. As the traditional challenge of high dynamic range, high precision, and high readout rates for signal amplitudes is compounded by increasing granularity and precision timing the readout systems will become increasingly complex. This white paper reviews the challenges and opportunities in calorimeter readout at future collider detectors.
The CALICE collaboration develops prototypes for highly granular calorimeters for detectors at a future linear electron positron collider. The highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter prototype was tested in particle beams. We present the study of the interactions of hadrons in this prototype.
A prototype Silicon-Tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) for an International Linear Collider (ILC) detector was installed and tested during summer and autumn 2006 at CERN. The detector had 6480 silicon pads of dimension 1x1 cm^2. Data were collected with electron beams in the energy range 6 to 45 GeV. The analysis described in this paper focuses on electromagnetic shower reconstruction and characterises the ECAL response to electrons in terms of energy resolution and linearity. The detector is linear to within approximately the 1% level and has a relative energy resolution of (16.6 +- …
The electromagnetic sampling calorimeters of the SPD experiment (NICA collider) are being investigated by Monte Carlo method. The simulation is used to study in detail the influence of energy leakages from the module on its energy resolution. The values of the stochastic and constant terms are obtained for the SPD calorimeter prototypes.
An iron- plastic-scintillator shashlik calorimeter with a 4.3 $X_0$ longitudinal segmentation was tested in November 2016 at the CERN East Area facility with charged particles up to 5 GeV. The performance of this detector in terms of electron energy resolution, linearity, response to muons and hadron showers are presented in this paper and compared with simulation. Such a fine-grained longitudinal segmentation is achieved using a very compact light readout system developed by the SCENTT and ENUBET Collaborations, which is based on fiber-SiPM coupling boards embedded in the bulk of the detector…
Crystal calorimeters have a long history of pushing the frontier on high-resolution electromagnetic (EM) calorimetry. We explore in this paper major innovations in collider detector performance that can be achieved with crystal calorimetry when longitudinal segmentation and dual-readout capabilities are combined with a new high EM resolution approach to PFA in multi-jet events, such as $e^+e^+\rightarrow HZ$ events in all-hadronic final-states at Higgs factories. We demonstrate a new technique for pre-processing $π^0$ momenta through combinatoric di-photon pairing in advance of applying jet al…
The CALICE Collaboration is conducting R\&D for highly granular calorimeters with an emphasis on detectors for Linear Colliders. This contribution briefly summarises recent tests of large scale technological prototypes of a silicon tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter and hadron calorimeters featuring either a gaseous medium or scintillator with a SiPM readout as active material.
Within the CALICE collaboration, several concepts for the hadronic calorimeter of a future linear collider detector are studied. After having demonstrated the capabilities of the measurement methods in "physics prototypes", the focus now lies on improving their implementation in "engineering prototypes", that are scalable to the full linear collider detector. The Analog Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) concept is a sampling calorimeter of tungsten or steel absorber plates and plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active material. The front-end chips are integrate…
This paper describes the implementation and performance of CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination for the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter, representing the first application of CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination for particle identification at an electron-positron collider. The pulse shape characterization algorithms applied by the Belle II calorimeter are described. Control samples of $γ$, $μ^+$, $π^\pm$, $K^\pm$ and $p/\bar{p}$ are used to demonstrate the significant insight into the secondary particle composition of calorimeter clusters that is provided by CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination…
Precision physics at future multi-TeV lepton colliders such as CLIC requires excellent jet energy resolution. The detectors need deep calorimeter systems to limit the energy leakage also for very highly energetic particles and jets. At the same time, compact physical dimensions are mandatory to permit the installation of the complete calorimeter system inside high-field solenoidal magnets. This requires very dense absorbers, making tungsten a natural choice for hadron calorimeters at such a future collider. To study the performance of such a calorimeter, a physics prototype with tungsten absor…
The precise measurement of hadronic jet energy is crucial to maximise the physics reach of a future Linear Collider. An important ingredient required to achieve this is the efficient identification of photons within hadronic showers. One configuration of the ILD detector concept employs a highly granular silicon-tungsten sampling calorimeter to identify and measure photons, and the GARLIC algorithm described in this paper has been developed to identify photons in such a calorimeter. We describe the algorithm and characterise its performance using events fully simulated in a model of the ILD de…
Differentiable Full Detector Simulation of a Projective Dual-Readout Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter with Longitudinal Segmentation and Precision Timing
LumiCal will be the luminosity calorimeter for the proposed International Large Detector of the International Linear Collider (ILC). The ILC physics program requires the integrated luminosity to be measured with a relative precision on the order of 10e-3, or 10e-4 when running in GigaZ mode. Luminosity will be determined by counting Bhabha scattering events coincident in the two calorimeter modules placed symmetrically on opposite sides of the interaction point. To meet these goals, the energy resolution of the calorimeter must be better than 1.5% at high energies. LumiCal has been designed as…
Two MiniPlug calorimeters, designed to measure the energy and lateral position of particles in the pseudorapidity region of 3.6<|eta|<5.1 of the CDF detector, have been installed as part of the Run II CDF upgrade at the Tevatron collider. Detector performance and first results from $\bar pp$ collision data are presented.
The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will provide 5-7 times greater luminosities than assumed in the original detector design. An improved trigger system requires an upgrade of the readout electronics of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter. Concepts for the future readout of the 182,500 calorimeter cells at 40-80 MHz and 16-bit dynamic range and the developments of radiation-tolerant, low-noise, low-power, and high-bandwidth front-end electronic components, including preamplifiers and shapers, 14-bit ADCs, and 10-Gb/s laser diode array drivers, are presented in this paper.
The CALICE collaboration is currently developing an engineering prototype of an analog hadron calorimeter for a future linear collider detector. It is based on scintillating tiles that are individually read out by silicon photomultipliers. The prototype will contain about 2500 detector channels, which corresponds to one calorimeter layer and aims at demonstrating the feasibility of building a detector with fully integrated front-end electronics. The concept and engineering status of the prototype, as well as results from the DESY test setups are reported here.
Detector-plane prototypes of the very forward calorimetry of a future detector at an e+e- collider have been built and their performance was measured in an electron beam. The detector plane comprises silicon or GaAs pad sensors, dedicated front-end and ADC ASICs, and an FPGA for data concentration. Measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio and the response as a function of the position of the sensor are presented. A deconvolution method is successfully applied, and a comparison of the measured shower shape as a function of the absorber depth with a Monte-Carlo simulation is given.
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan has started real data taking from April 2018 to probe a New Physics beyond the Standard Model by measuring CP violation precisely and rare weak decays of heavy quark and lepton. The experiment is performed at the high luminosity SuperKEKB e^+ e^- collider with 80 x 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 as an ultimate instantaneous luminosity. In order to develop and test an appropriate trigger algorithm under much higher luminosity and beam background environment than previous KEKB collider, a detail simulation study of the Belle II calorimeter trigger system is very crucial…
The general purpose spherical nonmagnetic detector (SND) is now taking data at VEPP-2M $e^+e^-$ collider in BINP (Novosibirsk) in the centre of mass energy range of $0.2 ÷1.4$ GeV. The energy calibration of the NaI(Tl) calorimeter of the SND detector with cosmic muons is described. Using this method, the energy resolution of $5.5 % (σ)$ for 500 MeV photons was achieved.
The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of $72 \times 72\,{\rm cm}^{2}$ and a tile siz…
This paper presents the design, implementation and validation of the software alignment procedure used to perform geometric calibration of the electromagnetic calorimeter with respect to the tracking system of the SND detector which is taking data at the VEPP-2000 e^{+}e^{-}collider (BINP, Novosibirsk). This procedure is based on the mathematical model describing the relative calorimeter position. The parameter values are determined by minimizing a χ^{2} function using the difference between particle directions reconstructed in these two subdetectors for e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-} scatte…
The Belle II experiment is presently in phase-2 operation at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider in KEK (Tsukuba, Japan). The detector is an upgrade of the Belle experiment at the KEKB collider and it is optimized for the study of rare B decays, being also sensitive to signals of New Physics beyond the Standard Model. The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECL) is based on CsI(Tl) scintillation crystals. It splits in a barrel and two annular end-cap regions, these latter named Forward and Backward, according to the asymmetric design of the collider. CsI(Tl) crystals deliver a high light output …
Within the CALICE collaboration, several concepts for the hadronic calorimeter of a future lepton collider detector are studied. After having demonstrated the capabilities of the measurement methods in "physics prototypes", the focus now lies on improving their implementation in "technological prototypes", that are scalable to the full linear collider detector. The Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter (AHCAL) concept is a sampling calorimeter of tungsten or steel absorber plates and plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active components. The front-end electronics…
