The beam calorimeter, located in the very forward and backward region of the next generation electron-positron linear accelerator, will be an important apparatus to search for or identify new particles beyond Standard Model. One of its key design issues is to estimate the radiation dosage due to beam related backgrounds. We used the geant-based package, Jupiter, for the proposed GLD detector in this study. The dosage received per year for the inner most ring will be around 10 Mrad. An algorithm for electron identification with beam calorimeter under nominal background condition is developed and is used for the feasibility study of smuon search. The result is satisfactory.
The GLD is a detector for the experiment at the International Linear Collider (ILC). It consists of a large calorimeter and a gaseous central tracker placed in a moderate magnetic field, both electro-magnetic and hadron calorimeters being placed inside the magnetic coil to have enough hermeticity and good jet energy resolution. The outline of the GLD is presented.
The CALICE collaboration is preparing large scale prototypes for highly granular calorimeters for detectors to be operated at a future linear electron positron collider. Currently a prototype of a SiW electromagnetic calorimeter is assembled which in terms of dimensions and layout meets already most of the requirements given by the linear collider physics program and hence the detector design.
The CALICE collaboration conducts calorimeter R&D for highly granular calorimeters, mainly for their application in detectors for a future lepton collider at the TeV scale. The activities ranges from generic R&D with small devices up to extensive beam tests with prototypes comprising up to several 100000 calorimeter cells. CALICE has validated the performance of particle flow algorithms with test beam data and delivers the proof of principle that highly granular calorimeters can be built, operated and understood. The successes achieved in the past years allows the step from prototypes to calor…
Application Specific Integrated Circuits, ASICs, similar to those envisaged for the readout electronics of the central calorimeters of detectors for a future lepton collider have been exposed to high-energy electromagnetic showers. A salient feature of these calorimeters is that the readout electronics will be embedded into the calorimeter layers. In this article it is shown that interactions of shower particles in the volume of the readout electronics do not alter the noise pattern of the ASICs. No signal at or above the MIP level has been observed during the exposure. The upper limit at the …
Detectors at future e+e- collider need special calorimeters in the very forward region for a fast estimate and precise measurement of the luminosity, to improve the hermeticity and mask the central tracking detectors from backscattered particles. Design optimized for the ILC collider using Monte Carlo simulations is presented. Sensor prototypes have been produced and dedicated FE ASICs have been developed and tested. For the first time, sensors have been connected to the front-end and ADC ASICs and tested in an electron beam. Results on the performance are discussed.
The FCAL collaboration is preparing large-scale prototypes of special calorimeters to be used in the very forward region at future electron-positron colliders. Two compact calorimeters are foreseen, LumiCal and BeamCal, designed as sandwich calorimeters with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small. Silicon sensor prototypes and dedicated FE ASICs have been developed and produced for LumiCal. The ASICs have been designed to cope with the timing and dynamic range requirements. The electromagnetic calorimeters of the LUXE experiment are based on a similar technology to that devel…
Detectors at future $e^+e^-$ colliders need special calorimeters in the very forward region for a fast estimate and precise measurement of the luminosity, to improve the hermeticity and mask the central tracking detectors from backscattered particles. In our concept, two compact calorimeters are foreseen, LumiCal and BeamCal. Both are designed as sandwich calorimeters with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small, facilitating such the measurement of electron showers in the presence of background. Silicon sensor prototypes and dedicated FE ASICs have been developed and produced…
The measurement of physics processes at new energy frontier experiments requires excellent spatial, time, and energy resolutions to resolve the structure of collimated high-energy jets. In a future Muon Collider, the beam-induced backgrounds (BIB) represent the main challenge in the design of the detectors and of the event reconstruction algorithms. The technology and the design of the calorimeters should be chosen to reduce the effect of the BIB, while keeping good physics performance. Several requirements can be inferred: i) high granularity to reduce the overlap of BIB particles in the same…
The FCAL collaboration is preparing large scale prototypes of special calorimeters to be used in the very forward region at a future linear electron positron collider for a precise and fast luminosity measurement and beam-tuning. These calorimeters are designed as sensor-tungsten calorimeters with very thin sensor planes to keep the Moliere radius small and dedicated FE electronics to match the timing and dynamic range requirements. A partially instrumented prototype was investigated in the CERN PS T9 beam in 2014 and at the DESY-II Synchrotron in 2015. It was operated in a mixed particle beam…
The FCAL collaboration is preparing large-scale prototypes of special calorimeters to be used in the very forward region at future electron-positron colliders for a precise measurement of integrated luminosity and for instant luminosity measurement and assisting beam-tuning. LumiCal is designed as a silicon-tungsten sandwich calorimeter with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small, facilitating such the measurement of electron showers in the presence of background. Dedicated front-end electronics has been developed to match the timing and dynamic range requirements. A partiall…
The performance demands of future particle-physics experiments investigating the high-energy frontier pose a number of new challenges, forcing us to find new solutions for the detection, identification, and measurement of final-state particles in subnuclear collisions. One such challenge is the precise measurement of muon momenta at very high energy, where the curvature provided by conceivable magnetic fields in realistic detectors proves insufficient to achieve the desired resolution. In this work we show the feasibility of an entirely new avenue for the measurement of the energy of muons bas…
Calorimeters will provide critical measurements at future collider detectors. As the traditional challenge of high dynamic range, high precision, and high readout rates for signal amplitudes is compounded by increasing granularity and precision timing the readout systems will become increasingly complex. This white paper reviews the challenges and opportunities in calorimeter readout at future collider detectors.
Jet substructure variables for hadronic jets with transverse momenta in the range from 2.5 TeV to 20 TeV were studied using several designs for the spatial size of calorimeter cells. The studies used the full Geant4 simulation of calorimeter response combined with realistic reconstruction of calorimeter clusters. In most cases, the results indicate that the performance of jet-substructure reconstruction improves with reducing cell size of a hadronic calorimeter from $Δη\times Δϕ= 0.087\times0.087$, which are similar to the cell sizes of the calorimeters of LHC experiments, by a factor of four,…
This note describes R&D to be carried out on the data acquisition system for a calorimeter at the future International Linear Collider. A generic calorimeter and data acquisition system is described. Within this framework modified designs and potential bottlenecks within the current system are described. Solutions leading up to a technical design report will to be carried out within CALICE-UK groups.
Crystal calorimeters have a long history of pushing the frontier on high-resolution electromagnetic (EM) calorimetry. We explore in this paper major innovations in collider detector performance that can be achieved with crystal calorimetry when longitudinal segmentation and dual-readout capabilities are combined with a new high EM resolution approach to PFA in multi-jet events, such as $e^+e^+\rightarrow HZ$ events in all-hadronic final-states at Higgs factories. We demonstrate a new technique for pre-processing $π^0$ momenta through combinatoric di-photon pairing in advance of applying jet al…
This paper describes the implementation and performance of CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination for the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter, representing the first application of CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination for particle identification at an electron-positron collider. The pulse shape characterization algorithms applied by the Belle II calorimeter are described. Control samples of $γ$, $μ^+$, $π^\pm$, $K^\pm$ and $p/\bar{p}$ are used to demonstrate the significant insight into the secondary particle composition of calorimeter clusters that is provided by CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination…
Precision physics at future multi-TeV lepton colliders such as CLIC requires excellent jet energy resolution. The detectors need deep calorimeter systems to limit the energy leakage also for very highly energetic particles and jets. At the same time, compact physical dimensions are mandatory to permit the installation of the complete calorimeter system inside high-field solenoidal magnets. This requires very dense absorbers, making tungsten a natural choice for hadron calorimeters at such a future collider. To study the performance of such a calorimeter, a physics prototype with tungsten absor…
This paper describes an R&D electronic program for the next generation of linear collider electromagnetic calorimeter. After a brief presentation of the requirements, a global scheme of the electronics is given. Then, we describe the three different building blocks developed in 0.35\mum CMOS technology: an amplifier, a comparator and finally the pipelined ADC
The precise measurement of hadronic jet energy is crucial to maximise the physics reach of a future Linear Collider. An important ingredient required to achieve this is the efficient identification of photons within hadronic showers. One configuration of the ILD detector concept employs a highly granular silicon-tungsten sampling calorimeter to identify and measure photons, and the GARLIC algorithm described in this paper has been developed to identify photons in such a calorimeter. We describe the algorithm and characterise its performance using events fully simulated in a model of the ILD de…
The Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) is designed to study a hot and dense baryonic matter formed in heavy-ion collisions at SQRT(sNN)=4-11 GeV at the NICA accelerator complex (Dubna, Russia). Large-sized electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) of the MPD spectrometer will provide precise spatial and energy measurements for photons and electrons in the central pseudorapidity region of |eta|<1.2. The Shashlyk-type sampling structure of the ECal is optimized for the photons energy range from about 40 MeV to 2-3 GeV. Fine segmentation and projective geometry of the calorimeter allow to deal with high multi…
Differentiable Full Detector Simulation of a Projective Dual-Readout Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter with Longitudinal Segmentation and Precision Timing
Within the CALICE collaboration, several concepts for the hadronic calorimeter of a future lepton collider detector are studied. After having demonstrated the capabilities of the measurement methods in "physics prototypes", the focus now lies on improving their implementation in "technological prototypes", that are scalable to the full linear collider detector. The Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter (AHCAL) concept is a sampling calorimeter of tungsten or steel absorber plates and plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active components. The front-end electronics…
A data acquisition (DAQ) system has been developed which will read out and control calorimeters serving as prototype systems for a future detector at an electron-positron linear collider. This is a modular, flexible and scalable DAQ system in which the hardware and signals are standards-based, using FPGAs and serial links. The idea of a backplaneless system was also pursued with a commercial development board housed in a PC and a chain of concentrator cards between it and the detector forming the basis of the system. As well as describing the concept and performance of the system, its merits a…
Two finely segmented and very compact calorimeters are foreseen for the instrumentation of the very forward region of the ILC and the CLIC detectors; a luminometer to measure the rate of low angle Bhabha scattering events with a precision better than $10^{-3}$ and, at lower polar angles, a detector for fast luminosity estimate. Both devices will improve the hermeticity of the detector in searches for new particles. Due to the expected high occupancy, fast front-end electronics is needed. The calorimeter closest to the beampipe will be hit by a large amount of beamstrahlung remnants, so that ra…
High precision physics at future colliders requires unprecedented highly granular calorimeters for the application of the Particle Flow (PF) algorithm. The physical proof of concept was given in the previous campaign of beam tests of physic prototypes within the CALICE collaboration. We present here the latest beam and laboratory test results and R&D developments for the Silicon-Tungsten Electromagnetic Calorimeter technological prototype with fully embedded very front-end (VFE) electronics for the International Large Detector at the International Linear Collider project.
Calorimeters with silicon detectors have many unique features and are proposed for several world-leading experiments. We discuss the tests of the first three 18x18 cm$^2$ layers segmented into 1024 pixels of the technological prototype of the silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for a future $e^+e^-$ collider. The tests have beem performed in November 2015 at CERN SPS beam line.
The granularity of calorimeter has been revolutionary boosted for future collider experiments. The calorimeter has been pushed to a stage that the sub structure of showers especially hadronic showers can be recorded to a high precision. New reconstruction algorithms are expected from these informations. Following the idea that shower follows the topology of the tree, we developed Arbor, a Particle Flow Algorithm framework. Tested on both simulated data and test beam data, it can successfully separate nearby showers. It has comparable jet energy resolution the best PFA algorithm for Internation…
Based on a paper published in 2019 by the FCAL Collaboration, this talk is giving an update of the Collaboration's effort to design prototype of highly compact calorimeter to instrument the very forward region of a detector at future $e^+e^-$ colliders. A luminometer prototype, based on sub-millimeter thick detector planes, is tested with an electron-beam of energy 1-5 GeV. The effective Moliere radius of the prototype comprising eight detector planes was measured to be (8.1 +/- 0.1 (stat.) +/- 0.3 (syst.))mm, and the result is well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.
In this White Paper for the 2021 Snowmass process, we discuss aspects of precision timing within electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter systems for high-energy physics collider experiments. Areas of applications include particle identification, event and object reconstruction, and pileup mitigation. Two different system options are considered, namely cell-level timing capabilities covering the full detector volume, and dedicated timing layers integrated in calorimeter systems. A selection of technologies for the different approaches is also discussed.
We report on several versions of the calibration and monitoring system dedicated to scintillator tile calorimeters built within the CALICE collaboration and intended for future linear collider experiments. Whereas the first, a 1 m3 analogue hadron calorimeter prototype, was already built and tested in beam, second-technological prototype-is currently being developed. Both prototypes are based on scintillating tiles that are individually read out by new photodetectors, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Since the SiPM response shows a strong dependence on the temperature and bias voltage and the…
Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) have been proposed as a method of improving the jet energy resolution of future colliding beam detectors. PFAs require calorimeters with high granularity to enable three-dimensional imaging of events. The Calorimeter for the Linear Collider Collaboration (CALICE) is developing and testing prototypes of such highly segmented calorimeters. In this context, a large prototype of a Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHCAL) was developed and constructed by a group led by Argonne National Laboratory. The DHCAL consists of 52 layers, instrumented with Resistive Plate Chambers …
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC is scheduled to undergo a major upgrade, in 2022, for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The ATLAS upgrade program for high luminosity is split into three phases: Phase-0 occurred during $2013-2014$ and prepared the LHC for Run 2; Phase-I, foreseen for 2019, will prepare the LHC for Run 3, whereafter the peak luminosity reaches $2-3 \times 10^{34}$ cm$^{2}s^{-1}$; finally, Phase-II, which is foreseen for 2024, will prepare the collider for the HL-LHC operation (…
The next generation experiment in high energy particle physics will be International Linear Collider of electron and positron at the TeV scale. The experiment is aim to search the Higgs particle and to measure its properties. The physics program required the detector with high performance. One of the central detector is a Electromagnetic calorimeter, is going to measure the energy and position of high energy photons. Fine granularity and compactness brings to utilize the Si-W sampling detector. Due to high granularity the electromagnetic calorimeter will comprise of the order of $10^8$ readout…
The first technological SDHCAL prototype having been successfully tested, a new phase of R&D, to validate completely the SDHCAL option for the International Linear Detector (ILD) project of the International Linear Collider (ILC), has started with the conception and the realisation of a new prototype. The new one is intended to host few but large active layers of the future SDHCAL. The new active layers, made of Glass Resistive Plate Chambers (GRPC) with sizes larger than 2m^2 will be equipped with a new version of the electronic readout, fulfilling the requirements of the future ILD detector.…
A silicon-based fine granularity calorimeter is a potential technology for the future International Linear Collider ILC, the future circular collider CEPC, and is also the chosen technology for the upgraded CMS experiment of the Large Hadron Collider. Active silicon sensing pads are used as MIP counters and the standard calibration of the calorimeter uses weights based on the average energy loss, $dEdx$. In this work, the limitations of the dEdx calibration method in terms of energy linearity, scale and resolution are explored. In the case of a calorimeter with varying passive layer thickness …
Conceptual Design of a Novel Highly Granular Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter for Future Higgs Factories
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics（粒子探测与电子学国家重点实验室）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；China Center of Advanced Science and Technology（中国高等科学技术中心）；Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学物理与天文学院核物理与粒子物理研究所）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学李政道研究所）；National Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MoE)（暗物质物理全国重点实验室、粒子物理与宇宙学上海市重点实验室、粒子天体物理 cosmology 教育部重点实验室）
We explore the fractal nature of particle showers using Monte-Carlo simulation. We define the fractal dimension of showers measured in a high granularity calorimeter designed for a future lepton collider. The shower fractal dimension reveals detailed information of the spatial configuration of the shower. %the information hidden in the details of shower spatial configuration, It is found to be characteristic of the type of interaction and highly sensitive to the nature of the incident particle. Using the shower fractal dimension, we demonstrate a particle identification algorithm that can effi…
A brief review of the background for experiments at future electron-positron linear colliders is done. Two sources of background are discussed: the beam delivery system and the interaction point. The abundance of background muons, neutrons, photons and electron-positron pairs is quoted for different sub-detectors and both background sources. The background caused by the beamstrahlung is described in more detail. Space distributions are sketched and the impact on calorimeters is discussed for the background neutrons.
The FCAL collaboration is preparing large-scale prototypes of special calorimeters to be used in the very forward region at future electron-positron colliders for instant luminosity measurement and a precise measurement of integrated luminosity and for assisting beam-tuning. LumiCal is designed as silicon-tungsten sandwich calorimeter with very thin sensor planes to keep the Molière radius small, thus facilitating the measurement of electron showers in the presence of background. Dedicated FE electronics has been developed to match the timing and dynamic range requirements. A partially instrum…
Beam test of a Pb/SciFi prototype for the Barrel Imaging Calorimeter at the Electron-Ion Collider
Sungkyunkwan University（成均馆大学）；Kyungpook National University（庆北国立大学）；Pusan National University（釜山国立大学）；Kangwon National University（江原国立大学）；Yonsei University（延世大学）；Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）
National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center（国家能源研究科学计算中心）；Berkeley Lab（伯克利实验室）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；Berkeley Institute for Data Science（伯克利数据科学研究所）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
Score-based generative models are a new class of generative algorithms that have been shown to produce realistic images even in high dimensional spaces, currently surpassing other state-of-the-art models for different benchmark categories and applications. In this work we introduce CaloScore, a score-based generative model for collider physics applied to calorimeter shower generation. Three different diffusion models are investigated using the Fast Calorimeter Simulation Challenge 2022 dataset. CaloScore is the first application of a score-based generative model in collider physics and is able…
This paper presents the status of Monte Carlo simulation of one of the luminosity detectors considered for the future e+e- International Linear Collider (ILC). The detector consists of a tungsten/silicon sandwich calorimeter with pad readout. The study was performed for Bhabha scattering events assuming a zero crossing angle for the beams.
Beam test, simulation, and performance evaluation of PbF$_2$ and PWO-UF crystals with SiPM readout for a semi-homogeneous calorimeter prototype with longitudinal segmentation
The Analogue Hadron Calorimeter (AHCAL) developed by the CALICE collaboration is a scalable engineering prototype for a Linear Collider detector. It is a sampling calorimeter of steel absorber plates and plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as active material (SiPM-on-tile). The front-end chips are integrated into the active layers of the calorimeter and are designed for minimizing power consumption by rapidly cycling the power according to the beam structure of a linear accelerator. 38 layers of the sampling structure are equipped with cassettes containing 5…
