In this paper, we give explicit exponential estimates $\displaystyle |x(t)|\leq M e^{ -γ(t-t_0) }$, where $t\geq t_0$, $M>0$, for solutions of a linear scalar delay differential equation $$ \dot{x}(t)+\sum_{k=1}^m b_k(t)x(h_k(t))=f(t),~~ t\geq t_0,~ x(t)=ϕ(t),~t\leq t_0. $$ We consider two different cases: when $γ>0$ (corresponding to exponential stability) and the case of $γ<0$ when the solution is, generally, growing.
In the first case, together with the exponential estimate, we also obtain an exponential stability test, in the second case we get estimation for solution growth. Here both the coefficients and the delays are measurable, not necessarily continuous.
We show the continuous dependence of solutions of linear nonautonomous second order parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with bounded delay on coefficients and delay. The assumptions are very weak: only convergence in the weak-* topology of delay coefficients is required. The results are important in the applications of the theory of Lyapunov exponents to the investigation of PDEs with delay.
This work is the first attempt to treat partial differential equations with discrete (concentrated) state-dependent delay. The main idea is to approximate the discrete delay term by a sequence of distributed delay terms (all with state-dependent delays). We study local existence and long-time asymptotic behavior of solutions and prove that the model with distributed delay has a global attractor while the one with discrete delay possesses the trajectory attractor.
Parabolic differential equations with discrete state-dependent delay are studied. The approach, based on an additional condition on the delay function introduced in [A.V. Rezounenko, Differential equations with discrete state-dependent delay: uniqueness and well-posedness in the space of continuous functions, Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods and Applications, 70 (11) (2009), 3978-3986] is developed. We propose and study a state-dependent analogue of the condition which is sufficient for the well-posedness of the corresponding initial value problem on the whole space of continuous functions …
We investigate a class of non-linear partial differential equations with discrete state-dependent delays. The existence and uniqueness of strong solutions for initial functions from a Banach space are proved. To get the well-posed initial value problem we restrict our study to a smaller metric space, construct the dynamical system and prove the existence of a compact global attractor.
Partial differential equations with discrete (concentrated) state-dependent delays in the space of continuous functions are investigated. In general, the corresponding initial value problem is not well posed, so we find an additional assumption on the state-dependent delay function to guarantee the well posedness. For the constructed dynamical system we study the long-time asymptotic behavior and prove the existence of a compact global attractor.
This document states the normal vector system for modified Hopf boundaries of delay differential systems with state and parameter dependent delays. Specifically, it states the proof for Proposition 1 in the paper entitled "Robust optimization of delay differential equations with state and parameter dependent delays" by the same authors [1].
In this paper, we propose a delayed perturbation of Mittag-Leffler type matrix function, which is an extension of the classical Mittag-Leffler type matrix function and delayed Mittag-Leffler type matrix function. With the help of the delayed perturbation of Mittag-Leffler type matrix function, we give an explicit formula of solutions to linear nonhomogeneous fractional delay differential equations.
We propose a delayed Mittag-Leffler type matrix function with logarithm, which is an extension of the classical Mittag-Leffler type matrix function with logarithm and delayed Mittag-Leffler type matrix function. With the help of the delayed Mittag-Leffler type matrix function with logarithm, we give an explicit form a of solutions to nonhomogeneous Hadamard type fractional time-delay linear differential equations. Moreover, we study existence uniqueness and stability in Ulam-Hyers sense of the Hadamard type fractional time-delay nonlinear equations.
We prove that characteristic equations of certain types of delay differential systems, under some mild conditions on their coefficients, can possess infinitely many complex roots.
In this paper, an original result in terms of a sufficient condition to test identifiability of nonlinear delayed-differential models with constant delays and multi-inputs is given. The identifiability is studied for the linearized system and a criterion for linear systems with constant delays is provided, from which the identifiability of the original nonlinear system can be proved. This result is obtained by combining a classical identifiability result for nonlinear ordinary differential systems due to M.S. Grewal and K. Glover (1976) with the identifiability of linear delayed-differential m…
This paper is concerned with the traveling wave solutions and asymptotic spreading of delayed lattice differential equations without quasimonotonicity. The spreading speed is obtained by constructing auxiliary equations and using the theory of lattice differential equations without time delay. The minimal wave speed of invasion traveling wave solutions is established by presenting the existence and nonexistence of traveling wave solutions.
Proportional delay is a particular case of time dependent delay. In this article, we consider differential equations involving multiple delays. The series solution of this equation leads to a class of special functions. This class of special functions is independent from all the existing special functions obtained as a solution of differential equations. We analyze the basic properties of this class and discuss various identities and relations.
Some errors contained in the author's previous article "An example of Bautin-type bifurcation in a delay differential equation", JMAA, 329(2007), 777-789, are listed and corrected. Original abstract: In a previous paper we gave sufficient conditions for a system of delay differential equations to present Bautin-type bifurcation. In the present work we present an example of delay equation that satisfies these conditions.
Stability analysis is performed for a linear differential equation with two delays. Geometric arguments show that when the two delays are rationally dependent, then the region of stability increases. When the ratio has the form 1/n, this study finds the asymptotic shape and size of the stability region. For example, a delay ration of 1/3 asymptotically produces a stability region 44.3% larger than any nearby delay ratios, showing extreme sensitivity in the delays. The study provides a systematic and geometric approach to finding the eigenvalues on the boundary of stability for this delay diffe…
The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the fundamental methods for analyzing delay differential equations arising in biology and medicine. These methods are employed to illustrate the effects of time delay on the behavior of solutions, which include destabilization of steady states, periodic and oscillatory solutions, bifurcations, and stability switches. The biological interpretations of delay effects are briefly discussed.
In this paper, we study the dynamical behaviors of neutral differential equations with small delays. We first establish the existence and smoothness of the global inertial manifolds for these equations. Then we further prove the smoothness of inertial manifolds with respect to small delays for a certain class of neutral differential equations. The method can be also applied to deal with more general small-delay systems. Finally, we apply our main results to the van der Pol oscillator model with small delay.
Existence of almost automorphic solutions for abstract delayed differential equations is established. Using ergodicity, exponential dichotomy and Bi-almost automorphicity on the homogeneous part, sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of almost automorphic solutions are given.
We consider a linear scalar delay differential equation (DDE), consisting of two arbitrary distributed time delays. We formulate necessary conditions for stability of the trivial solution which are independent of the distributions. For the case of one discrete and one gamma distributed delay, we give an explicit description of the region of stability of the trivial solution and discuss how this depends on the model parameters.
We study the analyticity of bounded solutions of systems of analytic state-dependent delay differential equations. We obtain the analyticity of solutions by transforming the system of state-dependent delay equations into an abstract ordinary differential equation in a subspace of the sequence space $l^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}^{N+1})$ and prove the existence of complex extension of the bounded solutions. An example is given to illustrate the general results.
Linear scalar differential equations with distributed delays appear in the study of the local stability of nonlinear differential equations with feedback, which are common in biology and physics. Negative feedback loops tend to promote oscillations around steady states, and their stability depends on the particular shape of the delay distribution. Since in applications the mean delay is often the only reliable information available about the distribution, it is desirable to find conditions for stability that are independent from the shape of the distribution. We show here that for a given mean…
We develop a global Hopf bifurcation theory for differential equations with a state-dependent delay governed by an algebraic equation, using the $S^1$-equivariant degree. We apply the global Hopf bifurcation theory to a model of genetic regulatory dynamics with threshold type state-dependent delay vanishing at the stationary state, for a description of the global continuation of the periodic oscillations.
This paper analyzes the eigenvalue distribution of neutral differential systems and the corresponding difference systems, and establishes the relationship between the eigenvalue distribution and delay-independent stability of neutral differential systems. By using the ``Complete Discrimination System for Polynomials", easily testable necessary and sufficient algebraic criteria for delay-independent stability of a class of neutral differential systems are established. The algebraic criteria generalize and unify the relevant results in the literature. Moreover, the maximal delay bound guaranteei…
The $μ$-neutral linear fractional multi-delayed differential nonhomogeneous system with noncommutative coefficient matrices is introduced. The novel $μ$-neutral multi-delayed perturbation of Mittag-Leffler type matrix function is proposed. Based on this, an explicit solution to the system is investigated step by step. The existence uniqueness of solutions to $μ$-neutral nonlinear fractional multi-delayed differential system is obtained with regard to the supremum norm. The notion of stability analysis in the sense of solutions to the described system is discussed on the grounds of the fixed po…
For systems of delay differential equations the Hopf bifurcation was investigated by several authors. The problem we consider here is that of the possibility of emergence of a codimension two bifurcation, namely the Bautin bifurcation, for some of such systems.
For autonomous delay differential equations $x'(t)=f(x_t)$ we construct a continuous semiflow of continuously differentiable solution operators $x_0\mapsto x_t$, $t\ge0$, on open subsets of the Fréchet space $C((-\infty,0],\mathbb{R}^n)$. For nonautonomous equations this yields a continuous process of differentiable solution operators. As an application we obtain processes which incorporate all solutions of Volterra integro-differential equations $x'(t)=\int_0^tk(t,s)h(x(s))ds$
We study delay-independent stability in nonlinear models with a distributed delay which have a positive equilibrium. Such models frequently occur in population dynamics and other applications. In particular, we construct a relevant difference equation such that its stability implies stability of the equation with a distributed delay and a finite memory. This result is, generally speaking, incorrect for systems with infinite memory. If the relevant difference equation is unstable, we describe the general delay-independent attracting set and also demonstrate that the equation with a distributed …
We present a review of known stability tests and new explicit exponential stability conditions for the linear scalar neutral equation with two delays $$ \dot{x}(t)-a(t)\dot{x}(g(t))+b(t)x(h(t))=0, $$ where $$ |a(t)|<1,~ b(t)\geq 0, ~h(t)\leq t, ~g(t)\leq t, $$ and for its generalizations, including equations with more than two delays, integro-differential equations and equations with a distributed delay.
In this paper we consider a class of differential equations with state-dependent delays. We show first and second-order differentiability of the solution with respect to parameters in a pointwise sense and also using the C-norm on the state-space, assuming that the state-dependent time lag function is piecewise strictly monotone.
Robust hyperbolicity and stability results for linear partial differential equations with delay will be given and, as an application, the effect of small delays to the asymptotic properties of feedback systems will be analyzed.
We employ the Craig-Wayne-Bourgain method to construct quasi-periodic solutions for delayed perturbation differential equations. Our results not only implement the existing literatures on constructing quasi-periodic solutions for DDE by the KAM method and space splitting technique, but also provide an example of application of multi-scale analysis method to non-selfadjoint problem.
We study the asymptotic dynamics of stochastic Young differential delay equations under the regular assumptions on Lipschitz continuity of the coefficient functions. Our main results show that, if there is a linear part in the drift term which has no delay factor and has eigenvalues of negative real parts, then the generated random dynamical system possesses a random pullback attractor provided that the Lipschitz coefficients of the remaining parts are small.
This paper provides a dynamical frame to study non-autonomous parabolic partial differential equations with finite delay. Assuming monotonicity of the linearized semiflow, conditions for the existence of a continuous separation of type II over a minimal set are given. Then, practical criteria for the uniform or strict persistence of the systems above a minimal set are obtained.
This paper studies the link between the number of critical eigenvalues and the number of delays in certain classes of delay-differential equations. There are two main results. The first states that for k purely imaginary numbers which are linearly independent over the rationals, there exists a scalar delay-differential equation depending on k fixed delays whose spectrum contains those k purely imaginary numbers. The second result is a generalization of the first result for delay-differential equations which admit a characteristic equation consisting of a product of s factors of scalar type. In…
We study parameter estimation for the two state model which describes the balance equation for carbon dioxide and oxygen in human respiratory system. These are nonlinear parameter dependent and because of the transport delay in the respiratory control system, they are modeled with delay differential equation. Numerically simulated noisy data are generated and several examples are studied with Levenberg-Marquardt and Trust-region algorithms to determine the values of unknown parameters.
A single dynamical system with time-delayed feedback can emulate networks. This property of delay systems made them extremely useful tools for Machine Learning applications. Here we describe several possible setups, which allow emulating multilayer (deep) feed-forward networks as well as recurrent networks of coupled discrete maps with arbitrary adjacency matrix by a single system with delayed feedback. While the network's size can be arbitrary, the generating delay system can have a low number of variables, including a scalar case.
We introduce and discuss Fréchet differentiability for maps between Fréchet spaces. For delay differential equations $x'(t)=f(x_t)$ we construct a continuous semiflow of continuously differentiable solution operators $x_0\mapsto x_t$, $t\ge0$, on submanifolds of the Fréchet space $C^1((-\infty,0],\mathbb{R}^n)$, and establish local invariant manifolds at stationary points by means of transversality and embedding properties. The results apply to examples with unbounded but locally bounded delay.
We present generalised Lyapunov-Razumikhin techniques for establishing global asymptotic stability of steady-state solutions of scalar delay differential equations. When global asymptotic stability cannot be established, the technique can be used to derive bounds on the persistent dynamics. The method is applicable to constant and variable delay problems, and we illustrate the method by applying it to the state-dependent delay differential equation known as the sawtooth equation, to find parameter regions for which the steady-state solution is globally asymptotically stable. We also establish …
A characteristic matrix function captures the spectral information of a bounded linear operator in a matrix-valued function. In this article, we consider a delay differential equation with one discrete time delay and assume this equation is equivariant with respect to a compact symmetry group. Under this assumption, the delay differential equation can have discrete wave solutions, i.e. periodic solutions that have a discrete group of spatio-temporal symmetries. We show that if a discrete wave solution has a period that is rationally related to the time delay, then we can determine its stabilit…
For a differential equation with a state-dependent delay we show that the associated solution manifold $X_f$ of codimnsion 1 in the space $C^1([-r,0],\mathbb {R})$ is an almost graph over a hyperplane, which implies that $X_f$ is diffeomorphic to the hyperplane. For the case considered previous results only provide a covering by 2 almost graphs.
We show that, for appropriate combinations of the values of the delay and the forcing frequency, it is possible to obtain easily high-order averaged versions of periodically forced systems of delay differential equations with constant delay. Our approach is based on the use of word-series techniques to obtain high-order averaged equations for differential equations without delay.
In this paper, we investigate a class of nonlinear impulsive stochastic differential evolution equations with infinite delay in Banach space. Based on the Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem, sufficient conditions of the existence of the square mean piecewise almost periodic solutions to this type of equations are derived. Moreover, the exponential stability of the square mean piecewise almost periodic solution is investigated.
In this work we present a novel framework for the computation of finite dimensional invariant sets of infinite dimensional dynamical systems. It extends a classical subdivision technique [Dellnitz/Hohmann 1997] for the computation of such objects of finite dimensional systems to the infinite dimensional case by utilizing results on embedding techniques for infinite dimensional systems. We show how to implement this approach for the analysis of delay differential equations and illustrate the feasibility of our implementation by computing invariant sets for three different delay differential equ…
In this note we prove that a fractional stochastic delay differential equation which satisfies natural regularity conditions generates a continuous random dynamical system on a subspace of a Hölder space which is separable.
When studying a general system of delay differential equation with a single constant delay, we encounter a certain lack of uniqueness in determining the coefficient of one of the third order terms of the series defining the center manifold. We solve this problem by considering a perturbation of the considered problem, perturbation that allows us to remove the singularity. The result generalizes a similar result obtained for scalar differential equations (J. Dyn. Diff. Eqns., 24/2012).
In this paper we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution of Young differential delay equations under weaker conditions than it is known in the literature. We also prove the continuity and differentiability of the solution with respect to the initial function and give an estimate for the growth of the solution. The proofs use techniques of stopping times, Shauder-Tychonoff fixed point theorem and a Gronwall-type lemma.
In this paper, we investigate a class of stochastic impulsive fractional differential evolution equations with infinite delay in Banach space. Firstly sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the mild solution for this type of equations are derived by means of the successive approximation. Then we use the Bihari's inequality to get the stability in mean square of the mild solution. Finally an example is presented to illustrate the results.
Traditional solvers for delay differential equations (DDEs) are designed around only a single method and do not effectively use the infrastructure of their more-developed ordinary differential equation (ODE) counterparts. In this work we present DelayDiffEq, a Julia package for numerically solving delay differential equations (DDEs) which leverages the multitude of numerical algorithms in OrdinaryDiffEq for solving both stiff and non-stiff ODEs, and manages to solve challenging stiff DDEs. We describe how compiling the ODE integrator within itself, and accounting for discontinuity propagation,…
In this note we consider local invariant manifolds of functional differential equations representing differential equations with state-dependent delay. Starting with a local center-stable and a local center-unstable manifold of the functional differential equation at a stationary point, we construct, by a straightforward application of the Implicit Mapping Theorem, a local center manifold.
We investigate singular perturbation problems caused by small delays in the view of pseudo-exponential dichotomy. For a general linear non-autonomous retarded differential equation with small delay, previous works established the existence of a pseudo-exponential dichotomy. The main objective of this paper is to give a detailed analysis of three splitting properties of this dichotomy. By obtaining serval new estimates and giving the explicit expressions of the bounds and the exponents associated with this dichotomy, we prove that as the delay tends to zero, the spectral gap approaches to infin…
For the model of periodic chronic myelogenous leukemia considered by Pujo-Menjouet, Mackey et al., model consisting of two delay differential equations, the equation for the density of so-called "resting cells" was studied from numerical and qualitative point of view in several works. In this paper we focus on the equation for the density of proliferating cells and study it from a qualitative point of view.
