arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2001.11042astro-ph.EP
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嵌入行星的原行星盘中的卵石漂移和星子形成

Pebble drift and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary discs with embedded planets

Linn E. J. Eriksson, Anders Johansen, Beibei Liu

摘要:

在原行星盘中通常可以观察到近轴对称的间隙和环。关于这些图案的起源的主要理论是,它们是由于嵌入行星的引力扭矩引起的气体间隙边缘的尘埃捕获。如果间隙边缘的固体浓度变得足够高,则可能通过流动不稳定性导致星子形成。我们测试这一假设进行全球1-D模拟尘埃演化和星子形成的原行星盘,是由多个行星扰动。我们探索了不同的颗粒大小,盘参数和行星质量的组合,并发现在所有这些情况下,星子的形式。我们还比较了我们的模拟与原行星盘观测卵石的空间分布。大于一个卵石隔离质量的行星在其气体间隙的边缘有效地捕获漂流的卵石,并且取决于间隙边缘的星子形成的效率,原行星盘在几十万年内转变为具有没有灰尘的大内孔的过渡盘或具有狭窄明亮环的盘。对于行星质量低于卵石隔离质量的模拟,结果是一个具有一系列弱环图案的圆盘,但环之间没有强烈的耗尽。将卵石的大小人为地降低到100微米大小的“淤泥”,我们发现行星之间的区域在长达50万年的时间尺度上耗尽了它们的卵石质量。这些模拟产生的星子也比标称模型中的毫米级粒子少,并且在100万年后仍然可以看到至少两个卵石环。

英文摘要:

Nearly-axisymmetric gaps and rings are commonly observed in protoplanetary discs. The leading theory regarding the origin of these patterns is that they are due to dust trapping at the edges of gas gaps induced by the gravitational torques from embedded planets. If the concentration of solids at the gap edges becomes high enough, it could potentially result in planetesimal formation by the streaming instability. We test this hypothesis by performing global 1-D simulations of dust evolution and planetesimal formation in a protoplanetary disc that is perturbed by multiple planets. We explore different combinations of particle sizes, disc parameters, and planetary masses, and find that planetesimals form in all these cases. We also compare the spatial distribution of pebbles from our simulations with protoplanetary disc observations. Planets larger than one pebble isolation mass catch drifting pebbles efficiently at the edge of their gas gaps, and depending on the efficiency of planetesimal formation at the gap edges, the protoplanetary disc transforms within a few 100,000 years to either a transition disc with a large inner hole devoid of dust or to a disc with narrow bright rings. For simulations with planetary masses lower than the pebble isolation mass, the outcome is a disc with a series of weak ring patterns but no strong depletion between the rings. Lowering the pebble size artificially to 100 micrometer-sized "silt", we find that regions between planets get depleted of their pebble mass on a longer time-scale of up to 0.5 million years. These simulations also produce fewer planetesimals than in the nominal model with millimeter-sized particles and always have at least two rings of pebbles still visible after 1 Myr.

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