We continue the study of computable embeddings for pairs of structures, i.e. for classes containing precisely two non-isomorphic structures. Surprisingly, even for some pairs of simple linear orders, computable embeddings induce a non-trivial degree structure. Our main result shows that although $\{ω\cdot 2, ω^\star \cdot 2\}$ is computably embeddable in $\{ω^2, {(ω^2)}^\star\}$, the class $\{ω\cdot k,ω^\star \cdot k\}$ is \emph{not} computably embeddable in $\{ω^2, {(ω^2)}^\star\}$ for any natural number $k \geq 3$.
We study the complexity of automatic structures via well-established concepts from both logic and model theory, including ordinal heights (of well-founded relations), Scott ranks of structures, and Cantor-Bendixson ranks (of trees). We prove the following results: 1) The ordinal height of any automatic well- founded partial order is bounded by ω^ω; 2) The ordinal heights of automatic well-founded relations are unbounded below the first non-computable ordinal; 3) For any computable ordinal there is an automatic structure of Scott rank at least that ordinal. Moreover, there are automatic structu…
A computable structure $\mathcal{A}$ has degree of categoricity $\mathbf{d}$ if $\mathbf{d}$ is exactly the degree of difficulty of computing isomorphisms between isomorphic computable copies of $\mathcal{A}$. Fokina, Kalimullin, and Miller showed that every degree d.c.e. in and above $\mathbf{0}^{(n)}$, for any $n < ω$, and also the degree $\mathbf{0}^{(ω)}$, are degrees of categoricity. Later, Csima, Franklin, and Shore showed that every degree $\mathbf{0}^{(α)}$ for any computable ordinal $α$, and every degree d.c.e. in and above $\mathbf{0}^{(α)}$ for any successor ordinal $α$, is a degree…
We consider the following problem for various infinite time machines. If a real is computable relative to large set of oracles such as a set of full measure or just of positive measure, a comeager set, or a nonmeager Borel set, is it already computable? We show that the answer is independent from ZFC for ordinal time machines (OTMs) with and without ordinal parameters and give a positive answer for most other machines. For instance, we consider, infinite time Turing machines (ITTMs), unresetting and resetting infinite time register machines (wITRMs, ITRMs), and α-Turing machines for countable …
We investigate the complexity of embeddings between bi-embeddable structures. In analogy with categoricity spectra, we define the bi-embeddable categoricity spectrum of a structure $\mathcal A$ as the family of Turing degrees that compute embeddings between any computable bi-embeddable copies of $\mathcal A$; the degree of bi-embeddable categoricity of $\mathcal A$ is the least degree in this spectrum (if it exists). We extend many known results about categoricity spectra to the case of bi-embeddability. In particular, we exhibit structures without degree of bi-embeddable categoricity, and we …
Several theorems about the equivalence of familiar theories of reverse mathematics with certain well-ordering principles have been proved by recursion-theoretic and combinatorial methods (Friedman, Marcone, Montalban et al.) and with far-reaching results by proof-theoretic technology (Afshari, Freund, Girard, Rathjen, Thomson, Valencia Vizcano, Weiermann et al.), employing deduction search trees and cut elimination theorems in infinitary logics with ordinal bounds in the latter case. At type level one, the well-ordering principles are of the form (*) "if X is well-ordered then f(X) is well-ord…
This survey paper examines the effective model theory obtained with the BSS model of real number computation. It treats the following topics: computable ordinals, satisfaction of computable infinitary formulas, forcing as a construction technique, effective categoricity, effective topology, and relations with other models for the effective theory of uncountable structures.
The Carlson-Simpson lemma is a combinatorial statement occurring in the proof of the Dual Ramsey theorem. Formulated in terms of variable words, it informally asserts that given any finite coloring of the strings, there is an infinite sequence with infinitely many variables such that for every valuation, some specific set of initial segments is homogeneous. Friedman, Simpson, and Montalban asked about its reverse mathematical strength. We study the computability-theoretic properties and the reverse mathematics of this statement, and relate it to the finite union theorem. In particular, we prov…
Informally, a mathematical statement is robust if its strength is left unchanged under variations of the statement. In this paper, we investigate the lack of robustness of Ramsey's theorem and its consequence under the frameworks of reverse mathematics and computable reducibility. To this end, we study the degrees of unsolvability of cohesive sets for different uniformly computable sequence of sets and identify different layers of unsolvability. This analysis enables us to answer some questions of Wang about how typical sets help computing cohesive sets. We also study the impact of the number …
We investigate the complexity of isomorphisms of computable structures on cones in the Turing degrees. We show that, on a cone, every structure has a strong degree of categoricity, and that degree of categoricity is $\bf{0^{(α)}}$ for some $α$. To prove this, we extend Montalbán's $η$-system framework to deal with limit ordinals in a more general way. We also show that, for any fixed computable structure, there is an ordinal $α$ and a cone in the Turing degrees such that the exact complexity of computing an isomorphism between the given structure and another copy $\mathcal{B}$ in the cone is a…
Non-monotone inductive definitions were studied in the late 1960's and early 1970's with the aim of understanding connections between the complexity of the formulas defining the induction steps and the size of the ordinals measuring the duration of the inductions. In general, any type 2 functional will generate an inductive process, and in this paper we will view non-monotone induction as a functional of type 3. We investigate the associated computation theory inherited from the Kleene schemes and we investigate the nature of the associated companion of sets with codes computable in non-monoto…
We show that for each computable ordinal $α>0$ it is possible to find in each Martin-Löf random $Δ^0_2$ degree a sequence $R$ of Cantor-Bendixson rank $α$, while ensuring that the sequences that inductively witness $R$'s rank are all Martin-Löf random with respect to a single countably supported and computable measure. This is a strengthening for random degrees of a recent result of Downey, Wu, and Yang, and can be understood as a randomized version of it.
We divide the class of infinite computable trees into three types. For the first and second types, $0'$ computes a nontrivial self-embedding while for the third type $0''$ computes a nontrivial self-embedding. These results are optimal and we obtain partial results concerning the complexity of nontrivial self-embeddings of infinite computable trees considered up to isomorphism. We show that every infinite computable tree must have either an infinite computable chain or an infinite $Π^0_1$ antichain. This result is optimal and has connections to the program of reverse mathematics.
In several classes of countable structures it is known that every hyperarithmetic structure has a computable presentation up to bi-embeddability. In this article we investigate the complexity of embeddings between bi-embeddable structures in two such classes, the classes of linear orders and Boolean algebras. We show that if $\mathcal L$ is a computable linear order of Hausdorff rank $n$, then for every bi-embeddable copy of it there is an embedding computable in $2n-1$ jumps from the atomic diagrams. We furthermore show that this is the best one can do: Let $\mathcal L$ be a computable linear…
In this thesis, we investigate the computational content and the logical strength of Ramsey's theorem and its consequences. For this, we use the frameworks of reverse mathematics and of computable reducibility. We proceed to a systematic study of various Ramsey-type statements under a unified and minimalistic framework and obtain a precise analysis of their interrelations. We clarify the role of the number of colors in Ramsey's theorem. In particular, we show that the hierarchy of Ramsey's theorem induced by the number of colors is strictly increasing over computable reducibility, and exhibit …
Two structures $A$ and $B$ are $n$-equivalent if player II has a winning strategy in the $n$-move Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé game on $A$ and $B$. In earlier papers we studied $n$-equivalence classes of ordinals and coloured ordinals. In this paper we similarly treat a class of scattered order-types, focussing on monomials and sums of monomials in $ω$ and its reverse $ω^*$.
To enable the study of open sets in computational approaches to mathematics, lots of extra data and structure on these sets is assumed. For both foundational and mathematical reasons, it is then a natural question, and the subject of this paper, what the influence of this extra data and structure is on the logical and computational properties of basic theorems pertaining to open sets. To answer this question, we study various basic theorems of analysis, like the Baire category, Heine, Heine-Borel, Urysohn, and Tietze theorems, all for open sets given by their (third-order) characteristic funct…
In a previous paper, the author introduced the idea of intrinsic density --- a restriction of asymptotic density to sets whose density is invariant under computable permutation. We prove that sets with well-defined intrinsic density (and particularly intrinsic density 0) exist only in Turing degrees that are either high ($\mathbf{a}'\ge_{\rm T}\emptyset"$) or compute a diagonally non-computable function. By contrast, a classic construction of an immune set in every non-computable degree actually yields a set with intrinsic lower density 0 in every non-computable degree. We also show that the f…
Computably enumerable equivalence relations (ceers) received a lot of attention in the literature. The standard tool to classify ceers is provided by the computable reducibility $\leq_c$. This gives rise to a rich degree-structure. In this paper, we lift the study of $c$-degrees to the $Δ^0_2$ case. In doing so, we rely on the Ershov hierarchy. For any notation $a$ for a non-zero computable ordinal, we prove several algebraic properties of the degree-structure induced by $\leq_c$ on the $Σ^{-1}_{a}\smallsetminus Π^{-1}_a$ equivalence relations. A special focus of our work is on the (non)existe…
A function is diagonally non-computable (d.n.c.) if it diagonalizes against the universal partial computable function. D.n.c. functions play a central role in algorithmic randomness and reverse mathematics. Flood and Towsner asked for which functions h, the principle stating the existence of an h-bounded d.n.c. function (DNR_h) implies the Ramsey-type König's lemma (RWKL). In this paper, we prove that for every computable order h, there exists an~$ω$-model of DNR_h which is not a not model of the Ramsey-type graph coloring principle for two colors (RCOLOR2) and therefore not a model of RWKL. T…
We study the reverse mathematics of pigeonhole principles for finite powers of the ordinal $ω$. Four natural formulations are presented and their relative strengths are compared. In the analysis of the pigeonhole principle for $ω^2$, we uncover two weak variants of Ramsey's Theorem for pairs.
A problem is a multivalued function from a set of \emph{instances} to a set of \emph{solutions}. We consider only instances and solutions coded by sets of integers. A problem admits preservation of some computability-theoretic weakness property if every computable instance of the problem admits a solution relative to which the property holds. For example, cone avoidance is the ability, given a non-computable set $A$ and a computable instance of a problem $\mathsf{P}$, to find a solution relative to which $A$ is still non-computable. In this article, we compare relativized versions of computabi…
