Souvik Paul, Ankita Mishra, Jayanta Dey, Sarthak Satapathy, Sabyasachi Ghosh
Fluidity of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is studied where interaction between quark and gluon is mapped through fugacity in particle distribution function using lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) results.
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We compare the numerical results of thermal photon distribution from the hot QCD matter produced by high energy nuclear collisions, based on hydrodynamical model, with the recent experimental data obtained by CERN WA80. Through the asymptotic value of the slope parameter of the transverse momentum distribution, we discuss the characteristic temperature of the QCD fluid.
Quark-gluon plasma (QGP) droplet formation is re-considered with the addition of three loop correction to the earlier loop factors in the mean field potential. The correction of the three loop factor increases stability in the droplet formations of QGP at different parametrization factors of the QGP fluid and it is in better agreement in comparison to the lattice results of pressure, energy density and other thermodynamic relations. This implies that the contribution of the three loop enhances in showing the characteristic features of the QGP fluid. It shows that increasing the loop increased …
We calculate thermal photon and electron pair distribution from hot QCD matter produced in high energy heavy-ion collisions, based on a hydrodynamical model which is so tuned as to reproduce the recent experimental data at CERN SPS, and compare these electromagnetic spectra with experimental data given by CERN WA80 and CERES. We investigate mainly the effects of the off-shell properties of the source particles on the electromagnetic spectra.
Magnetodynamic Characteristics and QGP Energy Dissipation in RMHD Framework with Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
本文基于RMHD框架研究重离子碰撞中QGP能量密度演化，分析不同磁场时间演变模型对能量耗散的影响，揭示磁场动态、QCD相结构与流体膨胀的相互作用，为区分流体类型提供观测特征。
We analyse the azimuthal correlation function for high p_T charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at the RHIC energy. By using a dynamical model in which hydrodynamics is combined with explicit propagation of high p_T partons, we study the effect of the intrinsic transverse momentum of initial partons on the azimuthal back-to-back correlations.
The dynamical development of expanding Quark-gluon Plasma (QGP) flow is studied in a 3+1D fluid dynamical model with a globally symmetric, initial condition. We minimize fluctuations arising from complex dynamical processes at finite impact parameters and from fluctuating random initial conditions to have a conservative fluid dynamical background estimate for the statistical distributions of the thermodynamical parameters. We also avoid a phase transition in the equation of state, and we let the matter supercool during the expansion. Then central Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV …
We review free energy evolution of QGP (Quark-gluon plasma) under zero-loop, one loop and two loop corrections in the mean field potential. The free energies of QGP under the comparison of zero-loop and loop corrections of the interacting potential among the quarks, anti-quarks and gluons are shown. We observe that the formation of stable QGP droplet is dependent on the loop corrections with the different parametrization values of fluid. With the increase in the parametrization value, stability of droplet formation increases with smaller size of droplet. This indicates that the formation of QG…
Momentum distribution of charm hadrons in a fluid-dynamic approach
本文利用输运理论与流体动力学的映射，提出并验证了QGP中粲夸克扩散的流体动力学描述方法，通过对比最新实验数据进一步约束了QGP的输运系数。
Fluid dynamics of charm quarks from heavy to light-ion collisions
该研究利用输运理论与流体动力学的映射，建立QCD等离子体中重夸克扩散的流体动力学描述，并在多种碰撞系统中计算粲强子横动量分布及粲密度与扩散场演化。
The effect of two loop correction in the formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) droplet is studied with the introduction of the two loop correction factor in the mean field potential. Due to the correction factor it shows stability in the droplet formation of QGP indicating at different parametrization factors of the QGP fluid. The correction factor in the potential also shows gluon parameter factor shifts to a larger value from its earlier value of gluon factor of one loop correction in obtaining the stable droplets. The results show decreasing in the observable QGP droplets and droplet sizes …
We study dynamics of a QGP fluid induced by energetic partons propagating through it. We construct a (3+1)-dimensional QGP-fluid+Jet model. When a jet traverses a uniform fluid, it induces a Mach cone structure of energy density distribution and a vortex ring surrounding a path of the jet. When a pair of jets travels through a radially expanding fluid, low momentum particles are dominantly induced at large angles from the quenched jet. This result is qualitatively consistent with observation of the CMS Collaboration at LHC.
A way to describe the hydrodynamics of the quark-gluon plasma using a DBI action is proposed, based on the model found by Heisenberg for high energy scattering of nucleons. The expanding plasma is described as a shockwave in a DBI model for a real scalar standing in for the pion, and I show that one obtains a fluid description in terms of a relativistic fluid that near the shock is approximately ideal ($η\simeq 0$) and conformal. One can introduce an extra term inside the square root of the DBI action that generates a shear viscosity term in the energy-momentum tensor near the shock, as well a…
The relativistic diffusion process of heavy quarks is formulated on the basis of the relativistic Langevin equation in Itô discretization scheme. The drag force inside the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is parametrized according to the formula for the strongly coupled plasma obtained by the AdS/CFT correspondence. The diffusion dynamics of charm and bottom quarks in QGP is described by combining the Langevin simulation under the background matter described by the relativistic hydrodynamics. Theoretical calculations of the nuclear modification factor R_{AA} and the elliptic flow v_{2} for the single …
Based on an analogy with topologically ordered new state of matter in condensed matter systems, we propose a low energy effective field theory for a parity conserving liquid-like quark-gluon plasma (QGP) around critical temperature in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) system. It shows that below a QCD gap which is expected several times of the critical temperature, the QGP behaves like topological fluid. Many exotic phenomenon of QGP near the critical temperature discovered at RHIC are more readily understood by the suggestion that QGP is a topologically ordered state.
The dynamics of Quark-gluon plasma (QGP) as a lump of deconfined free quarks and gluons is elaborated. Based on the first principal we construct the Lagrangian that represents the dynamics of QGP. To induce a hydrodynamics approach, we substitute the gluon fields with flow fields. As a result, the derived equation of Motion (E.O.M) for gluon dominated QGP shows the form that similar to Euler equation, and the energy momentum tensor also represents explicitly the system of ideal fluid. Combining the E.O.M and energy momentum tensor, the pressure and energy density distribution as the equation o…
Fluid dynamics of charm quarks in the quark--gluon plasma
本文首次提出夸克-胶子等离子体中粲夸克扩散的流体动力学方法，结合格点QCD扩散常数，定量解释LHC实验数据，揭示粲夸克在重离子碰撞介质中快速流体化。
We assume that the initial hydrodynamic environment is a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) phase where merely u and d quarks are considered when adding a magnetic field. When considering the chiral magnetic effect in relativistic heavy ion collisions, an anomalous current will be formed in the QGP environment. The chiral magnetic current formed by these u and d quarks has an impact on the heavy quarkonium. By using fluid/gravity duality, the metric with anomalous flow is established by using fluid/gravity duality, so as to introduce the magnetic field effect into the corresponding metric. And then we u…
We develop the dynamical core-corona initialization framework as a phenomenological description of the formation of quark gluon plasma (QGP) fluids in high-energy nuclear collisions. Using this framework, we investigate the fraction of the fluidized energy to the total energy and strange hadron yield ratios as functions of multiplicity and scrutinize the multiplicity scaling of hadron yield ratios recently reported by the ALICE Collaboration. Our results strongly indicate that the QGP fluids are partly formed even at the averaged multiplicity for nonsingle diffractive p+p events.
Ultrarelativistic collisions between heavy nuclei briefly generate the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of matter characterized by deconfined partons last seen microseconds after the Big Bang. The properties of the QGP are of intense interest, and a large community has developed over several decades, to produce, measure and understand this primordial plasma. The plasma is now recognized to be a strongly-coupled fluid with remarkable properties, and hydrodynamics is commonly used to quantify and model the system. An important feature of any fluid is its vorticity, related to the local angu…
We derive the special and general relativistic hydrodynamic equations of motion for ideal fluids from a variational principle. Our approach allows to find approximate solutions, whenever physically motivated trial functions can be used. Illustrating this, a Rayleigh-Plesset type equation for the relativistic motion of a spherical (QGP) droplet is obtained. Also the corresponding general relativistic effective Lagrangian for spherically symmetric systems is presented.
Thermal Radiation from an Analytic Hydrodynamic Model with Hadronic and QGP Sources in Heavy-Ion Collisions
本文基于解析流体动力学模型，结合热辐射和强子化过程，研究重离子碰撞中热光子的产生及实验数据的拟合，探讨初始温度与碰撞中心性的关系。
We present an analysis of the longitudinal $\bar Λ_0$ polarization in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The polarization of $\bar Λ_0$'s coming from the decay chain $\barΞ\to \barΛ_0+π$ exhibits a very well differentiated behavior depending on the production region of the primordial $\bar Ξ$'s. This effect reflects the different values of the $N_{\bar Ξ}/N_{\bar Λ_0}$ ratio in the QGP region, where nucleon-nucleon interactions take place in a hot and dense environment, and the peripherical region, in which ordinary nucleon-nucleon interactions occur. An increase in the longitudinal $\ba…
Smallest drop of QGP: Thermodynamic properties in p-Pb collisions
本文利用粘性相对论流体动力学混合模型研究5.02 TeV p-Pb碰撞中物质的演化与热力学性质，并与实验及格点QCD计算对比，支持高多重数p-Pb碰撞中形成强相互作用物质集体相。
The specific shear viscosity (eta/s)_QGP of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) can be extracted from elliptic flow data in heavy-ion collisions by comparing them with the dynamical model VISHNU which couples a viscous fluid dynamic description of the QGP with a microscopic kinetic description of the late hadronic rescattering and freeze-out stage. A robust method for fixing (eta/s)_QGP from the collision centrality dependence of the eccentricity-scaled charged hadron elliptic flow is presented. The systematic uncertainties associated with this extraction method are discussed, with specific attention to …
We build a new phenomenological framework that bridges the long wavelength bulk viscous transport properties of the strongly-coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) and short distance hard jet transport properties in the QGP. The full nonperturbative chromo-electric (E) and chromo-magnetic (M) structure of the near "perfect fluid" like sQGP in the critical transition region are integrated into a semi-Quark-Gluon-Monopole Plasma (sQGMP) model lattice-compatibly and implemented into the new CUJET3.0 jet quenching framework. All observables computed from CUJET3.0 are found to be consistent with availab…
Based on the first principle calculation, a Lagrangian for the system describing quarks, gluons, and their interactions, is constructed. Ascribed to the existence of dissipative behavior as a consequence of strong interaction within quark-gluon plasma (QGP) matter, auxiliary terms describing viscosities are constituted into the Lagrangian. Through a "kind" of phase transition, gluon field is redefined as a scalar field with four-vector velocity inherently attached. Then, the Lagrangian is elaborated further to produce the energy-momentum tensor of dissipative fluid-like system and the equation…
The specific shear viscosity (eta/s)_QGP of a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) at temperatures T_c < T < 2T_c is extracted from the centrality dependence of the eccentricity-scaled elliptic flow measured in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Coupling viscous fluid dynamics for the QGP with a microscopic transport model for hadronic freeze-out we find that the eccentricity-scaled elliptic flow is a universal function of charged multiplicity per unit overlap area, (1/S)(dN_ch/dy), that depends only on the viscosity but not on the model used for computing the initial fireball eccentricity. Comparin…
According to extensive ab initio calculations of lattice QCD, the very large energy density available in heavy-ion collisions at SPS and now at RHIC must be sufficient to generate quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of matter in the form of plasma of free quarks and gluons. The new state of matter discovered at RHIC seems to be perfect fluid rather than free plasma. Its shear viscosity is assumed to be almost zero. In this work, I first considered the theoretical and phenomenological consequences of this discovery and finally asked questions about the nature of phase transition and propertie…
Impact of vorticity and viscosity on the hydrodynamic evolution of hot QCD medium
本文在相对论二阶黏滞流体动力学框架下研究热QCD介质，发现涡量与黏度耦合显著延长有涡QGP寿命，而静磁场对非旋转介质会略微缩短其寿命，并给出涡量变化率。
Relativistic Vorticity in the Quark-Gluon Plasma: Generation Symmetries, Explosive Dilution, and Azimuthal Spin Alignment
研究夸克-胶子等离子体中涡度，通过解决协变输运方程等方法，揭示其非线性涡度拉伸与相对论体积膨胀竞争，证明QGP膨胀可正则化连续流，还预测特定初始拓扑下全局中快度超子极化消失。
We study the effects of jet quenching on the hydrodynamical evolution of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) fluid created in a heavy-ion collision. In jet quenching, a hard QCD parton, before fragmenting into a jet of hadrons, deposits a fraction of its energy in the medium, leading to suppressed production of high-pT hadrons. Assuming that the deposited energy quickly thermalizes, we simulate the subsequent hydrodynamic evolution of the QGP fluid. For partons moving at supersonic speed, v_p > c_s, and sufficiently large energy loss, a shock wave forms leading to conical flow [1]. The PHENIX Collabo…
The study of transport coefficients of strongly interacting matter got impetus after the discovery of perfect fluid ever created at ultrarelativistic heavy ion collision experiments. In this article, we have calculated one such coefficient viz. electrical conductivity of the quark gluon plasma (QGP) phase which exhibits a momentum anisotropy. Relativistic Boltzmann's kinetic equation has been solved in the relaxation-time approximation to obtain the electrical conductivity. We have used the quasiparticle description to define the basic properties of QGP. We have compared our model results with…
The colliding heavy ions create extremely strong magnetic and electric fields that significantly affect the evolution of the produced quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The knowledge of these fields is essential for establishing the role of topological fluctuations in the QGP through the chiral magnetic effect and related anomaly-induced phenomena. In this talk, we describe our work on the evolution of the QGP in electric and magnetic fields in the framework of hydrodynamics supplemented, in a perturbative fashion, by the dynamical electromagnetism. The evolution of the QGP fluid is described within th…
Heavy flavor as a probe of hot QCD matter produced in proton-proton collisions
本文采用新开发的EPOS4HQ方法定量研究质子-质子碰撞中重味粒子的集体行为，通过分析粒子谱、椭圆流等观测量并与实验对比，区分初态、等离子体相互作用及末态强子化效应。
Hydrodynamization of charm quarks in heavy-ion collisions
针对重离子碰撞中重夸克的热化疑问，基于输运理论与流体动力学的映射建立粲夸克的流体动力学描述并给出动量分布结果，同时结合LQCD计算指出底夸克也可在QGP寿命内实现晚期流体动力学化。
In this contribution we report a recently developed Anomalous-Viscous Fluid Dynamics (AVFD) framework, which simulates the evolution of fermion currents in QGP on top of the bulk expansion from data-validated VISHNU hydrodynamics. With reasonable estimates of initial conditions and magnetic field lifetime, the predicted CME signal is quantitatively consistent with change separation measurements in 200GeV Au-Au collisions at RHIC. We further develop the event-by-event AVFD simulations that allow direct evaluation of two-particle correlations arising from CME signal as well as the non-CME backgr…
We develop a relativistic Langevin dynamics under the background of strongly interacting quark-gluon fluid described by the (3+1)-dimensional hydrodynamics. The drag force acting on charm and bottom quarks is parametrized according to the formula obtained from the anti-de-Sitter space/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. In this setup, we calculate the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm{AA}}$ for the single-electrons from the charm and bottom quarks to extract the magnitude of the drag force from the PHENIX and STAR data. The $R_{\rm{AA}}$ for single-electrons with $p_{T}\geq 3$ G…
We have attempted to build first some simplified model to map the interaction of quarks and gluons, which can be contained by their thermodynamical quantity like entropy density, obtained from calculation of lattice quantum chromo dynamics (LQCD). With respect to entropy density of the standard non-interacting massless quark gluon plasma (QGP), its interacting values from LQCD simulation are reduced as we go from higher to lower temperature through the cross-over of quark-hadron phase transition. By parameterizing increasing degeneracy factor or increasing interaction-fugacity or decreasing th…
A systematic investigation of hard thermal photon spectra from central ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions is presented with emphasis on the effects of bremsstrahlung processes in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Bremsstrahlung photon production in the quark-gluon plasma has recently been considered within the Braaten-Pisarski method in thermal QCD, where rates have been found that exhibit the same order in the coupling constants as those describing the lowest order processes, Compton scattering and q\bar{q}-annihilation. The impact of these bremsstrahlung photon production rates on the therm…
Longitudinal structure of the quark-gluon plasma from differently shaped nuclei
该研究提出通过质量相近、形状不同的原子核碰撞消除非流效应，以成像QGP的三维几何，揭示了传统流测量的偏差，为QGP三维成像提供新方法。
The total angular momentum is conserved in the evolution of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) created in heavy-ion collision, and consists of two sectors: the orbital angular momentum (OAM) caused by kinetic motion, and the spin, an intrinsic degree of freedom of quarks and gluons. Microscopic scattering processes allow the conversion between these two components, hence the spin density could eventually have non-trivial influence on the QGP evolution. A hydrodynamic theory, with the spin polarization effect properly taken into account, is required to quantitatively study the polarization rate for o…
Investigating quarkonium collectivity in heavy-ion collisions
本研究利用2023年Run 3重离子碰撞数据，采用多种实验方法测量夸克偶素的流系数，以探究其集体性，为QGP中重夸克的产生与热化研究提供新约束，深化相关理论认知。
Heavy-quark observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, like the nuclear modification factor and the elliptic flow, give insight into the mechanisms of high-momentum suppression and low-momentum thermalization of heavy quarks. Here, we present a global study of these two observables within a coupled approach of the heavy-quark propagation in a realistic fluid dynamical medium, MC@sHQ+EPOS2, and compare to experimental data from RHIC and LHC experiments. The heavy quarks scatter elastically and inelastically with the quasiparticles of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), which are represent…
In the Israel-Stewart's theory of dissipative hydrodynamics, we study the scaling properties elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions. Initial energy density of the fluid was fixed to reproduce STAR data on $ϕ$ meson multiplicity in 0-5% Au+Au collisions, such that irrespective of fluid viscosity, entropy at the freeze-out is similar in ideal or in viscous evolution. Initial eccentricity or constituent quark number scaling is only approximate in ideal or minimally viscous ($η/s=1/4π$) fluid. Eccentricity scaling become nearly exact in more viscous fluid ($η/s \geq$0.12). However, in more viscous flui…
The Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is the QCD phase of matter expected to be formed at small proper-times in the collision of heavy-ions at high energy. Experimental observations seem to favor a strongly coupled QCD plasma with the hydrodynamic properties of a quasi-perfect fluid, i.e. rapid thermalization (or isotropization) and small viscosity. The theoretical investigation of such properties is not obvious, due to the the strong coupling. The Gauge/Gravity correspondence provides a stimulating framework to explore the strong coupling regime of gauge theories using the dual string description. Aft…
We study the radial expansion of cylindrical tubes in a hot QGP. These tubes are treated as perturbations in the energy density of the system which is formed in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We start from the equations of relativistic hydrodynamics in two spatial dimensions and cylindrical symmetry and perform an expansion of these equations in a small parameter, conserving the nonlinearity of the hydrodynamical formalism. We consider both ideal and viscous fluids and the latter are studied with a relativistic Navier-Stokes equation. We use the equation of state of the MIT bag model. I…
A new effective field theory for heavy quarks in the quark-gluon plasma
本文开发了一种有效场论框架，将夸克胶子等离子体视为相对论性无耗散无色流体，通过与重夸克耦合系统获取重夸克与声子的相互作用，并计算了相关准粒子宽度与散射过程。
When the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) - a system of deconfined quarks and gluons - is in a nonequilibrium state, it is usually unstable with respect to color collective modes. The instabilities, which are expected to strongly influence dynamics of the QGP produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, are extensively discussed under the assumption that the plasma is weakly coupled. We begin by presenting the theoretical approaches to study the QGP, which include: field theory methods based on the Keldysh-Schwinger formalism, classical and kinetic theories, and fluid techniques. The dispersion equa…
Non-perturbative Thermodynamics of Quark Gluon Plasma and Gravitational Waves
研究非微扰背景对 QGP 热力学和引力波相互作用的影响，揭示其在半经典描述中的限制与作用。
The dynamics of shower development for a jet traveling through the QGP involves a variety of scales, one of them being the heavy quark mass. Even though the mass of the heavy quarks plays a subdominant role during the high virtuality portion of the jet evolution, it does affect longitudinal drag and diffusion, stimulating additional radiation from heavy quarks. These emissions partially compensate the reduction in radiation from the dead cone effect. In the lower virtuality part of the shower, when the mass is comparable to the transverse momenta of the partons, scattering and radiation proces…
QGP tomography aims to constrain the parameters characterizing the properties and evolution of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) formed in heavy-ion collisions, by exploiting low and high-$p_\perp$ theory and data. Higher-order harmonics $v_n$ ($n>2$) are an important -- but seldom explored -- part of this approach. However, to take full advantage of them, several issues have to be addressed: i) consistency of different methods for calculating $v_n$, ii) importance of event-by-event fluctuations to high-$p_\perp$ $R_{AA}$ and $v_2$ predictions, iii) sensitivity of higher harmonics to the initial state …
Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) is the macroscopic manifestation of the fundamental chiral anomaly in a many-body system of chiral fermions, and emerges as anomalous transport current in hydrodynamic framework. Experimental observation of CME is of great interest and significant efforts have been made to look for its signals in heavy ion collisions. Encouraging evidence of CME-induced charge separation has been reported from both RHIC and LHC, albeit with ambiguity due to potential background contributions. Crucial for addressing such issue, is the need of quantitative predictions for both CME si…
The shear viscosity to entropy density ratio (η/s) of quark gluon plasma produced in ultra- relativistic heavy-ion collisions has been studied from the energy loss of heavy quarks in QGP medium. We have also studied the bulk viscosity to entropy density ratio (ζ/s) and fluidity measure(F) of the medium using the obtained η/s values. In addition to that, we have estimated the heavy quark bound state potential (V) inside this medium. Our finding of η/s agrees well with the results obtained by Lattice QCD (LQCD) and functional renormalization group technique.
To study the rate of energy and momentum loss of a heavy quark in QGP, specifically in the hydrodynamic regime, we use fluid/gravity duality and construct a perturbative procedure to find the string solution in gravity side. We show that by this construction the drag force exerted on the quark can be computed perturbatively, order by order in a boundary derivative expansion. At ideal order, our result is just the drag force exerted on a moving quark in thermal plasma with thermodynamics variables promoted to become local functions of space and time. Furthermore, we apply this procedure to a tr…
Experiments on high-energy heavy-ion collisions reveal the formation and some intriguing properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a new phase of matter predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the quantum field theory of strong interactions. The phenomenological success of relativistic hydrodynamic simulations with remarkably weak shear viscosity, modeling QGP as an almost perfect fluid, are in favor of the occurrence of a strongly-coupled QGP expanding and cooling during the reaction. A derivation of these features in QCD at strong coupling is still lacking and represents a very intricat…
1+1 dimensional relativistic viscous non-resistive magnetohydrodynamics with longitudinal boost invariance
本文研究了1+1维相对论无电阻磁流体力学，推导了包含剪切粘度的一阶和二阶解析解，发现磁场与剪切粘度共同导致流体早期加热及后续冷却变慢，显著影响QGP温度演化。
The transition of QGP from fluid-dynamical regime to freeze-out is accompanied by the onset of instabilities. In the present paper we investigate the impact of the magnetic field on the Rayleigh instability. We show that extremely strong field generated in peripheral heavy ion collisions has an insignificant influence on the Rayleigh bubble dynamics. Magnetic "friction" turns out to be much weaker than the viscous one.
In the present work, we investigate the effects of magnetic field on expanding hot and dense nuclear matter as an ideal fluid. We consider QGP, on the particular case of a (1 + 2) dimensional longitudinally boost-invariant fluid expansion, in the background of an inhomogeneous magnetic field that is generated by external sources. We assume the magnetic field points in the direction perpendicular to the reaction plane, follows the power-law decay in proper time, and has two components on the transverse plane. To simplify the calculation, we suppose the investigated fluid has azimuthal symmetry,…
We have attempted to build a parametric based simplified and analytical model to map the interaction of quarks and gluons in presence of magnetic field, which has been constrained by quark condensate and thermodynamical quantities like pressure, energy density etc., obtained from the calculation of lattice quantum chromodynamics. To fulfill that mapping, we have assumed a parametric temperature and magnetic field dependent degeneracy factor, average energy, momentum and velocity of quarks and gluons. Implementing this QCD interaction in calculation of transport coefficient at finite magnetic f…
Shear viscosity is a crucial property of QCD matter which determines the collective behavior of the the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Extending the near-equilibrium, high-precision investigations in theory and experiment, we take into account the fact that, in a collision, the QGP is generated far from equilibrium. We use the AdS/CFT correspondence to study a strongly coupled plasma and find a significant impact on the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density, $η/s$. In particular, we investigate the initial heating phase and find a decrease reaching do…
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