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arXiv 1910.09552astro-ph.GA
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早型星系形成的经验限制

Empirical constraints on the formation of early-type galaxies

Benjamin P. Moster, Thorsten Naab, Simon D. M. White

摘要:

我们提出的早期型星系(ETGs)的形成和演化的经验模型EMERGE的约束。这个模型的参数进行调整,使它再现恒星质量函数的演变,具体的恒星形成率,宇宙恒星形成率,因为$z\approx10$以及“淬火”的星系分数和关联函数。我们发现,在固定的晕质量比晚型星系,而在固定的恒星质量ETGs填充更大质量的晕与透镜的结果。这种效应自然是由恒星-晕质量关系的形状和散射以及星系形成历史造成的。ETG的恒星质量组合主要是由“原位”恒星形成低于恒星质量的$3\times10^{11}\mathrm{M}_\odot$和合并和吸积的“异位”形成的恒星在更高的质量。质量依赖性与当前的宇宙学模拟相矛盾。低质量的ETGs显示出扩展的恒星形成向低红移与最近的估计从IFU调查。所有ETG的主要祖先都在“恒星形成的主序列”上,“红色序列”出现在$z \approx 2$。超过这个红移,超过95%的ETG祖星正在形成恒星。超过90%的具有$m_* > 10^{10}\mathrm{M}_\odot$的$z \approx 2$“主序星”星系演化成今天的ETG。在红移6以上,观测到的$10^{9}\mathrm{M}_\odot$以上的恒星质量函数中,有80%以上可以用$m_* > 10^{10}\mathrm{M}_\odot$的ETG祖先来解释。这意味着当前和未来的高红移观测主要是探测现今ETG的诞生。EMERGE的源代码和文档可以在github.com/bmoster/emerge上找到。

英文摘要:

We present constraints on the formation and evolution of early-type galaxies (ETGs) with the empirical model EMERGE. The parameters of this model are adjusted so that it reproduces the evolution of stellar mass functions, specific star formation rates, and cosmic star formation rates since $z\approx10$ as well as 'quenched' galaxy fractions and correlation functions. We find that at fixed halo mass present-day ETGs are more massive than late-type galaxies, whereas at fixed stellar mass ETGs populate more massive halos in agreement with lensing results. This effect naturally results from the shape and scatter of the stellar-to-halo mass relation and the galaxy formation histories. The ETG stellar mass assembly is dominated by 'in-situ' star formation below a stellar mass of $3\times10^{11}\mathrm{M}_\odot$ and by merging and accretion of 'ex-situ' formed stars at higher mass. The mass dependence is in tension with current cosmological simulations. Lower mass ETGs show extended star formation towards low redshift in agreement with recent estimates from IFU surveys. All ETGs have main progenitors on the 'main sequence of star formation' with the 'red sequence' appearing at $z \approx 2$. Above this redshift, over 95 per cent of the ETG progenitors are star-forming. More than 90 per cent of $z \approx 2$ 'main sequence' galaxies with $m_* > 10^{10}\mathrm{M}_\odot$ evolve into present-day ETGs. Above redshift 6, more than 80 per cent of the observed stellar mass functions above $10^{9}\mathrm{M}_\odot$ can be accounted for by ETG progenitors with $m_* > 10^{10}\mathrm{M}_\odot$. This implies that current and future high redshift observations mainly probe the birth of present-day ETGs. The source code and documentation of EMERGE are available at github.com/bmoster/emerge.

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