Symmetries of Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitudes, together with the recursive expansions, induce nontrivial identities for pure Yang-Mills amplitudes. In the previous work \cite{Hou:2018bwm}, we have already proven that the identities induced from tree level single-trace EYM amplitudes can be precisely expanded in terms of BCJ relations. In this paper, we extend the discussions to those identities induced from all tree level \emph{multi-trace} EYM amplitudes. Particularly, we establish a refined graphic rule for multi-trace EYM amplitudes and then show that the induced identities can be fully decomposed in terms of BCJ relations.
We consider $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills on a circle (cylindrical space-time) and quantize the eigenvalues of the holonomy. In this way the Mandelstam identities associated with the holonomy are trivially solved. Furthermore we indicate that there are exactly two physically inequivalent representations of the algebra of gauge-invariant operators, resulting in different spectra.
A reformulation of the superconformal Ward identities that combines all the superconformal currents and the associated parameters in one multiplet is given for theories with rigid N=1 or N=2 supersymmetry. This form of the Ward Identities is applied to spontaneously broken N=2 Yang-Mills theory and used to derive a condition on the low energy effective action. This condition is satisfied by the solution proposed by Seiberg and Witten.
We consider Yang-Mills theory in a general class of Abelian gauges. Exploiting the residual Abelian symmetry on a quantum level, we derive a set of Ward identities in functional form, valid to all orders in perturbation theory. As a consequence, the coupling constant is only renormalised through the Abelian two-point function. This implies that asymptotic freedom in all Abelian gauges can be understood from an effective Abelian theory alone, which can be interpreted as Abelian dominance in the high energy regime.
Two aspects of the color charge in Coulomb gauge continuum Yang-Mills theory are discussed. The first aspect is the existence of a conserved and vanishing total charge exhibited within the first order functional formalism. The second aspect is the closure of the set of Slavnov-Taylor identities in the second order functional formalism, such that the exact solution for temporal Green's functions is in principle possible and thereby preserving the color charge.
The supercurrent components of the N=1, D=4 Super-Yang-Mills theory in the Wess-Zumino gauge are coupled to the components of a background supergravitation field in the ``new minimal'' representation, in order to describe the various conservation laws in a functional way through the Ward identities for the diffeomorphisms and for the local supersymmetry, Lorentz and R-transformations. We also incorporate in the same functional formalism the supertrace identities, which leads however to a slight modification of the new minimal representation for supergravity, thus leading to a conformal version…
In this paper the stability and the renormalizability of Yang-Mills theory in the Background Field Gauge are studied. By means of Ward Identities of Background gauge invariance and Slavnov-Taylor Identities the stability of the classical model is proved and, in a regularization independent way, its renormalizability is verified. A prescription on how to build the counterterms is given and the possible anomalies which may appear for Ward Identities and for Slavnov-Taylor Identities are shown.
A solution to Slavnov-Taylor identities in a general four dimensional N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory containing arbitrary matter superfields is proposed. The solution proposed appears just a simple generalization of an analogous solution in the pure supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory.
The Slavnov-Taylor identities of Coulomb gauge Yang-Mills theory are derived from the (standard, second order) functional formalism. It is shown how these identities form closed sets from which one can in principle fully determine the Green's functions involving the temporal component of the gauge field without approximation, given appropriate input.
We examine the self-consistency of the first-order formulation of the Yang-Mills theory. By comparing the generating functional $Z$ before and after integrating out the additional field $F^a_{μν}$, we derive a set of structural identities that must be satisfied by the Green's functions at all orders. These identities, which hold in any dimension, are distinct from the usual Ward identities and are necessary for the internal consistency of the first-order formalism. They relate the Green's functions involving the fields $F^a_{μν}$, to Green's functions in the second-order formulation which cont…
We analyze the restoration of the Slavnov-Taylor (ST) identities for pure massless Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge within the BPHZL renormalization scheme with IR regulator. We obtain the most general form of the action-like part of the symmetric regularized action, obeying the relevant ST identities and all other relevant symmetries of the model, to all orders in the loop expansion. We also give a cohomological characterization of the fulfillment of BPHZL IR power-counting criterion, guaranteeing the existence of the limit where the IR regulator goes to zero. The technique analyzed in t…
We derive and calculate the space-time translational gauge identities in quantum Yang-Mills gravity with a general class of gauge conditions involving two arbitrary parameters. These identities of the Abelian group of translation are a generalization of Ward-Takahasi-Fradkin identities and important for general discussions of possible renormalization of Yang-Mills gravity with translational gauge symmetry. The gauge identities in Yang-Mills gravity with a general class of gauge conditions are substantiated by explicit calculations.
We suggest a novel extension to the Kaluza-Klein scheme that allows us to obtain consistently all SU(n) Einstein-Yang-Mills theories. This construction is based on allowing the five-dimensional spacetime to carry some non-vanishing torsion; however, the four-dimensional spacetime remains intrinsically torsion-free.
We introduce the concept of general gauge theory which includes Yang-Mills models. In the framework of the causal approach and show that the anomalies can appear only in the vacuum sector of the identities obtained from the gauge invariance condition by applying derivatives with respect to the basic fields. Then we provide a general result about the absence of anomalies in higher orders of perturbation theory. This result reduces the renormalizability proof to the study of lower orders of perturbation theory. For the Yang-Mills model one can perform this computation explicitly and obtains its …
The introduction of a space-time lattice as a regulator of field theories breaks symmetries associated with continuous space-time, i.e.\ Poincar{é} invariance and supersymmetry. A non-zero gluino mass in the supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory causes an additional soft breaking of supersymmetry. We employ the lattice form of SUSY Ward identities, imposing that their continuum form would be recovered when removing the lattice regulator, to obtain the critical hopping parameter where broken symmetries can be recovered.
Color-ordered amplitudes in gauge theories satisfy non-linear identities involving amplitude products of different helicity configurations. We consider the origin of such identities and connect them to the Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) relations between gravity and gauge theory amplitudes. Extensions are made to one-loop order of the full N=4 super Yang-Mills multiplet.
Recent work by Cachazo, He, and Yuan shows that connected prescription residues obey the global identities of $\mathcal{N} = 4$ super-Yang-Mills amplitudes. In particular, they obey the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) amplitude identities. Here we offer a new way of interpreting this result via objects that we call residue numerators. These objects behave like the kinematic numerators introduced by BCJ except that they are associated with individual residues. In particular, these new objects satisfy a double-copy formula relating them to the residues appearing in recently-discovered analogs of t…
We provide a study of the supersymmetric Adler--Bardeen anomaly in the $\N=1, d=4,6,10$ super-Yang--Mills theories. We work in the component formalism that includes shadow fields, for which Slavnov--Taylor identities can be independently set for both gauge invariance and supersymmetry. We find a method with improved descent equations for getting the solutions of the consistency conditions of both Slavnov--Taylor identities and finding the local field polynomials for the standard Adler--Bardeen anomaly and its supersymmetric counterpart. We give the explicit solution for the ten-dimensional cas…
We study the all-order restoration of the Slavnov-Taylor (ST) identities for Yang-Mills theory with massive fermions in the presence of singlet axial-vector currents. By making use of the ST parameterization of the symmetric quantum effective action a natural set of normalization conditions is derived allowing to reduce the algebraic complexity of higher orders ST identities up to a homogeneous linear problem. Explicit formulas for the action-like part of the symmetric vertex functional are given to all orders in the loop expansion.
An alternative approach to perturbative Yang-Mills theories in four (3+1) dimensional space-time based on the causal Epstein-Glaser method in QFT was recently proposed. In this short note we show that the set of identities between C-number distributions expressing nonabelian gauge invariance in the causal approach imply identities which are analogous to the well-known Slavnov-Taylor identities. We explicitly derive the Z-factor relations at one-loop level.
In this paper we show that Yang-Mills theory in the Curci-Ferrari-Delbourgo-Jarvis gauge admits some up to now unknown local linear Ward identities. These identities imply some non-renormalization theorems with practical simplifications for perturbation theory. We show in particular that all renormalization factors can be extracted from two-point functions. The Ward identities are shown to be related to supergauge transformations in the superfield formalism for Yang-Mills theory. The case of non-zero Curci-Ferrari mass is also addressed.
We show how Supersymmetric Ward identities can be used to obtain amplitudes involving gluinos or adjoint scalars from purely gluonic amplitudes. We obtain results for all one-loop six-point NMHV amplitudes in $\NeqFour$ Super Yang-Mills theory which involve two gluinos or two scalar particles. More general cases are also discussed.
Wilson's exact renormalization group equations are derived and integrated for the relevant part of the pure Yang-Mills action. We discuss in detail how modified Slavnov-Taylor identities controle the breaking of BRST invariance in the presence of a finite infrared cutoff $k$ through relations among different parameters in the effective action. In particular they imply a nonvanishing gluon mass term for nonvanishing $k$. The requirement of consistency between the renormalization group flow and the modified Slavnov- Taylor identities allows to control the self-consistency of truncations of the e…
The background gauge renormalization of the first order formulation of the Yang-Mills theory is studied by using the BRST identities. Together with the background symmetry, these identities allow for an iterative proof of renormalizability to all orders in perturbation theory. However, due to the fact that certain improper diagrams which violate the BRST symmetry should be removed, the renormalizability must be deduced indirectly. The recursive method involves rescalings and mixings of the fields, which lead to a renormalized effective action for the background field theory.
We consider non-planar contributions to the correlation functions of BMN operators in free N = 4 super Yang Mills theory. We recalculate these non-planar contributions from a different kind of diagram and find some exact agreements. The vertices of these diagrams are represented by free planar three point functions, thus our calculations provide some interesting identities for correlation functions of BMN operators in N = 4 super Yang Mills theory. These diagrams look very much like loop diagrams in a second quantized string field theory, thus these identities could possibly be interpreted as …
Recently, Bjerrum-Bohr, Damgaard, Feng and Sondergaard derived a set of new interesting quadratic identities of the Yang-Mills tree scattering amplitudes. Here we comment that these quadratic identities of YM amplitudes actually follow directly from the KLT relation for graviton-dilaton-axion scattering amplitudes (in 4 dimensional spacetime). This clarifies their physical origin and also provides a simpler version of the new identities. We also comment that the recently discovered Bern-Carrasco-Johansson identities of YM helicity amplitudes can be verified by using (repeatedly) the Schouten i…
We prove the perturbative renormalisability of pure SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in the abelian gauge supplemented with mass terms. Whereas mass terms for the gauge fields charged under the diagonal U(1) allow to preserve the standard form of the Slavnov-Taylor identities (but with modified BRST variations), mass terms for the diagonal gauge fields require the study of modified Slavnov-Taylor identities. We comment on the renormalization group equations, which describe the variation of the effective action with the different masses. Finite renormalized masses for the charged gauge fields, in the li…
We study tree-level celestial amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory -- Mellin transforms of multi-gluon scattering amplitudes that convert them into the correlators of conformal primary fields on two-dimensional celestial sphere. By using purely field-theoretical methods, we show that the soft conformal limit of celestial amplitudes, in which one of the primary field operators associated to gauge bosons becomes a dimension one current, is dominated by the contributions of low-energy soft particles. This result confirms conclusions reached by using Yang-Mills theory formulated in curvilinear coordina…
We show that there exist spontaneously broken symmetries for massive modes with transformation parameters containing both Einstein and E8xE8 (or SO(32)) Yang-Mills indices in the 10D Heterotic string. The corresponding on-shell Ward identities are also constructed.
Tree-level color-ordered Yang-Mills (YM) amplitudes can be decomposed in terms of $(n-2)!$ bi-scalar (BS) amplitudes, whose expansion coefficients form a basis of Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) numerators. By the help of the recursive expansion of Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitudes, the BCJ numerators are given by polynomial functions of Lorentz contractions which are conveniently described by graphic rule. In this work, we extend the expansion of YM amplitudes to off-shell level. We define different types of off-shell extended numerators that can be generated by graphs. By the use of these e…
To control supersymmetry and gauge invariance in super-Yang-Mills theories we introduce new fields, called shadow fields, which enable us to enlarge the conventional Faddeev-Popov framework and write down a set of useful Slavnov-Taylor identities. These identities allow us to address and answer the issue of the supersymmetric Yang-Mills anomalies, and to perform the conventional renormalization programme in a fully regularization-independent way.
In enlarging the field content of pure Yang-Mills theory to a cutoff dependent matrix valued complex scalar field, we construct a vectorial operator, which is by definition invariant with respect to the gauge transformation of the Yang-Mills field and with respect to a Stueckelberg type gauge transformation of the scalar field. This invariant operator converges to the original Yang-Mills field as the cutoff goes to infinity. With the help of cutoff functions, we construct with this invariant a regularized action for the pure Yang-Mills theory. In order to be able to define both the gauge and s…
Using the shadow dependent decoupled Slavnov-Taylor identities associated to gauge invariance and supersymmetry, we discuss the renormalization of the N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory and of its coupling to gauge-invariant operators. We specify the method for the determination of non-supersymmetric counterterms that are needed to maintain supersymmetry.
In the present letter, a particular form of Slavnov-Taylor identities for the Curci-Ferrari model is deduced. This model consist of Yang-Mills theory in a particular non-linear covariant gauge, supplemented with mass terms for gluons and ghosts. It can be used as a regularization for the Yang-Mills theory preserving simple Slavnov-Taylor identities. Employing these identities two non-renormalization theorems are proved that reduce the number of independent renormalization factors from five to three. These new relations are verified by comparing to the already known three-loops renormalization …
The lagrangian of the N=1, D=10 dual supergravity interacting with the Yang-Mills matter multiplet is constructed starting immediately from the equations of motion obtained from the Bianchi Identities in the superspace approach. The difference is established in comparison with the Gates-Nishino lagrangian at the fourth order level in fermionic fields.
All tree-level amplitudes in Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) theory and gravity (GR) can be expanded in terms of color ordered Yang-Mills (YM) ones whose coefficients are polynomial functions of Lorentz inner products and are constructed by a graphic rule. Once the gauge invariance condition of any graviton is imposed, the expansion of a tree level EYM or gravity amplitude induces a nontrivial identity between color ordered YM amplitudes. Being different from traditional Kleiss-Kuijf (KK) and Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) relations, the gauge invariance induced identity includes polarizations in the…
We prove that the scattering equation formalism for Yang-Mills amplitudes can be used to make manifest the theory's color-kinematics duality. This is achieved through a concrete reduction algorithm which renders this duality manifest term-by-term. The reduction follows from the recently derived set of identities for amplitudes expressed in the scattering equation formalism that are analogous to monodromy relations in string theory. A byproduct of our algorithm is a generalization of the identities among gravity and Yang-Mills amplitudes.
We study the BRST renormalization of an alternative formulation of the Yang-Mills theory, where the matrix-propagator of the gluon and the complementary fields is diagonal. This procedure involves scalings as well as non-linear mixings of the fields and sources. We show, in the Landau gauge, that the BRST identities implement a recursive proof of renormalizability to all orders.
The superconformal Ward identities combined with N=2 harmonic analyticity are used to evaluate two-loop four-point correlation functions of gauge-invariant operators in D=4, N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in terms of the well-known one-loop box integral. The result is confirmed by a direct numerical computation.
A double-cover extension of the scattering equation formalism of Cachazo, He and Yuan (CHY) leads us to conjecture covariant factorization formulas of n-particle scattering amplitudes in Yang-Mills theories. Evidence is given that these factorization relations are related to Berends-Giele recursions through repeated use of partial fraction identities involving linearized propagators.
The coupling of Yang-Mills fields to the heterotic string in bosonic formulation is generalized to extended objects of higher dimension (p-branes). For odd p, the Bianchi identities obeyed by the field strengths of the (p+1)-forms receive Chern-Simons corrections which, in the case of the 5-brane, are consistent with an earlier conjecture based on string/5-brane duality.
Contribution of matter fields to the Gell-Mann-Low function for N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, regularized by higher covariant derivatives, is obtained using Schwinger-Dyson equations and Slavnov-Tailor identities. A possible deviation of the result from the corresponding contribution in the exact Novikov, Shifman, Vainshtein and Zakharov $β$-function is discussed.
In a superspace formulation of Yang-Mills theory previously proposed, we show how gauge-invariant operators and scalars can be incorporated keeping intact the (broken) $Osp(3,1|2)$ symmetry of the superspace action. We show in both cases, that the WT identities can be cast in a simple form $\frac{\partial\bar{W}}{\partialθ}=0$.
We consider duality transformations in N=2 Yang--Mills theory coupled to N=2 supergravity, in a manifestly symplectic and coordinate covariant setting. We give the essential of the geometrical framework which allows one to discuss stringy classical and quantum monodromies, the form of the spectrum of BPS saturated states and the Picard--Fuchs identities encoded in the special geometry of N=2 supergravity theories.
The classical formal equivalence upon a redefinition of the gauge connection between Chern-Simons theory and topological massive Yang-Mills theory in three-dimensional Euclidean space-time is analyzed at the quantum level within the BRST formulation of the Equivalence Theorem. The parameter controlling the change in the gauge connection is the inverse $λ$ of the topological mass. The BRST differential associated with the gauge connection redefinition is derived and the corresponding Slavnov-Taylor (ST) identities are proven to be anomaly-free. The Green functions of local operators constructed…
We study the transformation law of quantum fields in super Yang-Mills theory quantized in the Wess-Zumino gauge. It can be derived from a local version of generalized Slavnov-Taylor identities for general Green functions. Under suitable normalization conditions the transformations are local. Within the vector multiplet anomalous dimensions become equal. The breaking of susy shows up in Fock but not in Hilbert space and is not reflected in the transformation law for the fields.
We consistently incorporate Yang Mills matter fields into string corrected (deformed), D=10, N=1 Supergravity. We solve the Bianchi identities within the framework of the modified beta function favored constraints to second order in the string slope parameter $\g$ also including the Yang Mills fields. In the torsion, curvature and H sectors we find that a consistent solution is readily obtained with a Yang Mills modified supercurrent $A_{abc}$. We find a solution in the F sector following our previously developed method.
We carry out preliminary numerical study of Sugino's lattice formulation \cite{Sugino:2004qd,Sugino:2004qdf} of the two-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ super Yang-Mills theory (2d $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ SYM) with the gauge group $\SU(2)$. The effect of dynamical fermions is included by re-weighting a quenched ensemble by the pfaffian factor. It appears that the complex phase of the pfaffian due to lattice artifacts and flat directions of the classical potential are not problematic in Monte Carlo simulation. Various one-point supersymmetric Ward-Takahashi (WT) identities are examined for lattice s…
In the exact renormalization group (RG) flow in the infrared cutoff $Λ$ one needs boundary conditions. In a previous paper on $SU(2)$ Yang-Mills theory we proposed to use the nine physical relevant couplings of the effective action as boundary conditions at the physical point $Λ=0$ (these couplings are defined at some non-vanishing subtraction point $μ\ne 0$). In this paper we show perturbatively that it is possible to appropriately fix these couplings in such a way that the full set of Slavnov-Taylor (ST) identities are satisfied. Three couplings are given by the vector and ghost wave functio…
We renormalize QCD to one loop in coordinate space using constrained differential renormalization, and show explicitly that the Slavnov-Taylor identities are preserved by this method.
Using only general features of the S-matrix and quantum field theory, we prove by induction the Kawai-Lewellen-Tye relations that link products of gauge theory amplitudes to gravity amplitudes at tree level. As a bonus of our analysis, we provide a novel and more symmetric form of these relations. We also establish an infinite tower of new identities between amplitudes in gauge theories.
The operator, O_τ, that generates infinitesimal changes of the coupling constant in N=4 Yang-Mills sits in the same supermultiplet as the superconformal currents. We show how superconformal current Ward identities determine a class of terms in the operator product expansion of O_τwith any other operator. In certain cases, this leads to constraints on the coupling dependence of correlation functions in N=4 Yang-Mills. As an application, we demonstrate the exact non-renormalization of two and certain three-point correlation functions of BPS operators.
Starting with minimal requirements from the physical experience with higher gauge theories, i.e. gauge theories for a tower of differential forms of different form degrees, we discover that all the structural identities governing such theories can be concisely recombined into a so-called Q-structure or, equivalently, a Lie infinity algebroid. This has many technical and conceptual advantages: Complicated higher bundles become just bundles in the category of Q-manifolds in this approach (the many structural identities being encoded in the one operator Q squaring to zero), gauge transformations …
The recursive expansion of tree level multitrace Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitudes induces a refined graphic expansion, by which any tree-level EYM amplitude can be expressed as a summation over all possible refined graphs. Each graph contributes a unique coefficient as well as a proper combination of color-ordered Yang-Mills (YM) amplitudes. This expansion allows one to evaluate EYM amplitudes through YM amplitudes, the latter have much simpler structures in four dimensions than the former. In this paper, we classify the refined graphs for the expansion of EYM amplitudes into $\text{N}^{\,…
This article reports on how diagrammatic identities of Yang--Mills theory translate to diagrammatics for pure gravity. For this, we consider the Einstein--Hilbert action and follow the approach of Capper, Leibbrandt, and Medrano and expand the inverse metric density around the Minkowski metric. By analogy to Yang--Mills theory, cancellation identities are constructed for the graviton as well as the ghost vertices up to the valency of six.
In this short note, we prove the supersymmetric Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) relations between N=8 supergravity (SUGRA) and N=4 super Yang-Mills (SYM) tree-level amplitudes in the frame of S-matrix program, especially we do not use string theory or the explicit Lagrangian form of corresponding theories. Our supersymmetric KLT relations naturally unify the non-supersymmetric KLT relations and newly discovered gauge theory identities and produce more identities for amplitudes involving scalars and fermions. We point out also that these newly discovered identities can be used to reduce helicity basis…
The coupling of matter to supergravity with $N=1$ supersymmetry in $d=4$ dimensions is described in a geometric manner by Kähler superspace. A straightforward way to implement Kähler superspace is via $\mathrm{U}(1)$ superspace by identifying the $\mathrm{U}(1)$ pre-potential with the Kähler potential, which is a function of the matter (chiral) superfields. In this framework, the components of the supergravity multiplet are contained in the supervielbein and torsion tensor of superspace. Furthermore, interactions with the Yang-Mills (vector) multiplet are formulated by introducing a connection…
