Jerome Benoit, Saif Eddin Jabari
The complexity of urban street networks is well accepted to reside in the information space where roads map to nodes and junctions to links between nodes. Assuming that information networks preserve their amount of surprisal on average leads us to adapt the single-flip Metropolis algorithm to compute information networks with minimal amounts of surprisal.
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We investigate urban street networks as a whole within the frameworks of information physics and statistical physics. Urban street networks are envisaged as evolving social systems subject to a logarithmical entropic equilibrium.
Urban street networks of unplanned or self-organized cities typically exhibit astonishing scale-free patterns. This scale-freeness can be shown, within the maximum entropy formalism (MaxEnt), as the manifestation of a fluctuating system that preserves on average some amount of information. Monte Carlo methods that can further this perspective are cruelly missing. Here we adapt to self-organized urban street networks the Metropolis algorithm. The "coming to equilibrium" distribution is established with MaxEnt by taking scale-freeness as prior hypothesis along with symmetry-conservation argument…
We investigate urban street networks as a whole within the frameworks of information physics and statistical physics. Urban street networks are envisaged as evolving social systems subject to a Boltzmann-mesoscopic entropy conservation. For self-organized urban street networks, our paradigm has already allowed us to recover the effectively observed scale-free distribution of roads and to foresee the distribution of junctions. The entropy conservation is interpreted as the conservation of the surprisal of the city-dwellers for their urban street network. In view to extend our investigations to …
Easy and intuitive navigability is of central importance in cities. The actual scale-free networking of urban street networks in their topological space, where navigation information is encoded by mapping roads to nodes and junctions to links between nodes, has still no simple explanation. Emphasizing the road-junction hierarchy in a holistic and systematic way leads us to envisage urban street networks as evolving social systems subject to a Boltzmann-mesoscopic entropy conservation. This conservation, which we may interpret in terms of surprisal, ensures the passage from the road-junction hi…
We investigate how efficient each area of urban street network is connected. Using the detour index, geographic features of street network and pairwise efficiency is studied. To do so, the detour index of 1,832,118 travel route pairs for 85 global cities are explored. We show that the detour index in urban street network is strongly dependent on the angular separation of a pair respective to the city center and that it is a unique property introduced by the intrinsic core-periphery structure of urban street networks. Lastly, a new way of mapping the street network to visualize the overview of …
Many complex networks demonstrate a phenomenon of striking degree correlations, i.e., a node tends to link to other nodes with similar (or dissimilar) degrees. From the perspective of degree correlations, this paper attempts to characterize topological structures of urban street networks. We adopted six urban street networks (three European and three North American), and converted them into network topologies in which nodes and edges respectively represent individual streets and street intersections, and compared the network topologies to three reference network topologies (biological, technol…
Modeling urban street patterns
城市街道模式形成平面网络，其经验性质不能用简单的模型（如规则网格或Voronoi镶嵌）来解释。最近的实证研究发现，不同城市的统计数据存在显著差异，这表明可能存在一种通用的、与细节无关的机制。我们提出了一个简单的模型的基础上，结合思想先前提出的研究叶斑图形成的局部优化过程。该模型的统计特性与观察到的经验模式吻合得很好。因此，我们的研究结果表明，在缺乏一个全球性的设计策略，许多不同的交通网络的演变确实遵循一个简单的通用机制。
OpenStreetMap offers a valuable source of worldwide geospatial data useful to urban researchers. This study uses the OSMnx software to automatically download and analyze 27,000 US street networks from OpenStreetMap at metropolitan, municipal, and neighborhood scales - namely, every US city and town, census urbanized area, and Zillow-defined neighborhood. It presents empirical findings on US urban form and street network characteristics, emphasizing measures relevant to graph theory, transportation, urban design, and morphology such as structure, connectedness, density, centrality, and resilien…
Models of street networks underlie research in urban travel behavior, accessibility, design patterns, and morphology. These models are commonly defined as planar, meaning they can be represented in two dimensions without any underpasses or overpasses. However, real-world urban street networks exist in three-dimensional space and frequently feature grade separation such as bridges and tunnels: planar simplifications can be useful but they also impact the results of real-world street network analysis. This study measures the nonplanarity of drivable and walkable street networks in the centers of…
Complex systems have been widely studied by social and natural scientists in terms of their dynamics and their structure. Scholars of cities and urban planning have incorporated complexity theories from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. From a structural standpoint, the urban form may be characterized by the morphological complexity of its circulation networks - particularly their density, resilience, centrality, and connectedness. This dissertation unpacks theories of nonlinearity and complex systems, then develops a framework for assessing the complexity of urban form and street net…
We explore the relation between urban road network characteristics particularly circuitry, street orientation entropy and the city's topography on the one hand and the building's orientation entropy on the other in order to quantify their effect on the city's solar potential. These statistical measures of the road network reveal the interplay between the built environment's design and its sustainability.
In this paper, we develop a novel approach to measuring urban sprawl based on street nodes and naturally defined urban boundaries, both extracted from massive volunteered geographic information OpenStreetMap databases through some data-intensive computing processes. The street nodes are defined as street intersections and ends, while the naturally defined urban boundaries constitute what we call natural cities. We find that the street nodes are significantly correlated with population of cities. Based on this finding, we set street nodes as a proxy of population to measure urban sprawl. We fur…
Cities worldwide exhibit a variety of street network patterns and configurations that shape human mobility, equity, health, and livelihoods. This study models and analyzes the street networks of every urban area in the world, using boundaries derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer. Street network data are acquired and modeled from OpenStreetMap with the open-source OSMnx software. In total, this study models over 160 million OpenStreetMap street network nodes and over 320 million edges across 8,914 urban areas in 178 countries, and attaches elevation and grade data. This article presen…
Universal Model of Urban Street Networks
该研究提出一种基于生成树和迭代加边的两步机制、由单一参数控制的普适生成模型，用于准确再现城市街道网络的关键普适特性，弥合经验观测与生成模型之间的差距。
Urban density, in the form of residents' and visitors' concentration, is long considered to foster diverse exchanges of interpersonal knowledge and skills, which are intrinsic to sustainable human settlements. However, with current urban studies primarily devoted to city and district-level analysis, we cannot unveil the elemental connection between urban density and diversity. Here we use an anonymized and privacy-enhanced mobile data set of 0.5 million opted-in users from three metropolitan areas in the U.S to show that at the scale of urban streets, density is not the only path to diversity.…
Centrality Measures in Spatial Networks of Urban Streets
我们研究中心在城市街道模式的不同世界城市表示为网络的地理空间。结果表明，一组四个中心性指数的基础上的空间分析，允许扩展的可视化和表征的城市结构。计划城市和自组织城市显然属于两种不同的普遍性类别。特别是，自组织城市表现出类似于非空间网络的度分布中发现的无标度特性。
Urban Science Beyond Samples: Up-to-Date Street Network Models and Indicators for Every Urban Area in the World
本文提出全球每个城市区域的最新街道网络模型和指标，利用2025年全球人类聚居层的城市边界数据，整合1.8亿个OpenStreetMap节点和3.6亿条边，提供公开可重用的资源，推动全球城市街道网络科学和欠发达地区本地分析。
The Flow Dimension and Capacity for Structuring Urban Street Networks
从多维连通链（或流）的角度对城市街道网络（一种复杂网络）的效率进行度量。更具体地说，我们定义了两个量：流维和流量，来表征城市街道网络的结构。对于城市街道网络的拓扑结构，我们发现：（1）它们的流维范围比随机和规则的拓扑结构更宽;（2）它们的流维服从幂律分布;（3）它们的流容量比随机和规则的拓扑结构更大。研究结果证实：（1）更宽的流维数范围和更高的流容量可以作为小世界网络的特征;（2）流容量可以作为衡量网络效率或单个节点效率的替代量。使用三个城市街道网络（两个在欧洲和一个在美国）的结果进行说明。
Urban morphology has presented significant intellectual challenges to mathematicians and physicists ever since the eighteenth century, when Euler first explored the famous Konigsberg bridges problem. Many important regularities and scaling laws have been observed in urban studies, including Zipf's law and Gibrat's law, rendering cities attractive systems for analysis within statistical physics. Nevertheless, a broad consensus on how cities and their boundaries are defined is still lacking. Applying an elementary clustering technique to the street intersection space, we show that growth curves …
Computational notebooks offer researchers, practitioners, students, and educators the ability to interactively conduct analytics and disseminate reproducible workflows that weave together code, visuals, and narratives. This article explores the potential of computational notebooks in urban analytics and planning, demonstrating their utility through a case study of OSMnx and its tutorials repository. OSMnx is a Python package for working with OpenStreetMap data and modeling, analyzing, and visualizing street networks anywhere in the world. Its official demos and tutorials are distributed as ope…
Urban Street Network Design and Transport-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions around the World
本研究基于全球城市样本，发现更直、更连通且过度建设更少的街道网络与更低的交通CO2排放相关，且该关系因发展水平和设计范式而异，为全球南方等研究不足地区提供了经验基础。
Street networks may be planned according to clear organizing principles or they may evolve organically through accretion, but their configurations and orientations help define a city's spatial logic and order. Measures of entropy reveal a city's streets' order and disorder. Past studies have explored individual cases of orientation and entropy, but little is known about broader patterns and trends worldwide. This study examines street network orientation, configuration, and entropy in 100 cities around the world using OpenStreetMap data and OSMnx. It measures the entropy of street bearings in …
Congestion and extreme events in urban street networks
本研究针对四座城市的真实街道网络与规则方格网，结合三种带现实交通特征的随机游走模型，分析拥堵相变与极端事件特性，发现交通感知路由无法完全消弭拥堵，且两类网络在相关特性上表现相似。
Urban scholars have studied street networks in various ways, but there are data availability and consistency limitations to the current urban planning/street network analysis literature. To address these challenges, this article presents OSMnx, a new tool to make the collection of data and creation and analysis of street networks simple, consistent, automatable and sound from the perspectives of graph theory, transportation, and urban design. OSMnx contributes five significant capabilities for researchers and practitioners: first, the automated downloading of political boundaries and building …
The Network Analysis of Urban Streets: A Primal Approach
网络隐喻在城市和地域案例分析中有着悠久的传统，特别是在交通/土地使用规划和经济地理学中。最近，城市设计通过“空间句法”方法做出了贡献。所有这些方法，虽然在不同的条件下，如可达性，邻近性，集成性，连通性，成本或努力，集中在一些地方（或街道）比其他地方更重要的想法，因为他们更中心。复杂系统的中心性研究，然而，起源于其他科学领域，即在结构社会学，在其用于城市研究之前，而且，作为一个系统的结构属性，中心性从来没有被广泛的研究度量在地理网络，因为它已经在拓扑学上在广泛的其他关系网络，如社会，生物或技术。在两个以前的作品的一些结构特性的对偶和原始图表示的城市街道网络（Porta等。cond-mat/0411241; Crucitti等。物理/0504163），在本文中，我们提供了一个深入的调查中心的原始方法相比，对偶的，特别关注的潜力，城市设计。
We compare the structural properties of the street networks of ten different European cities using their primal representation. We investigate the properties of the geometry of the networks and a set of centrality measures highlighting differences and similarities among cases. In particular, we found that cities share structural similarities due to their quasi planarity but that there are also several distinctive geometrical proprieties. A Principal Component Analysis is also performed on the distributions of centralities and their respective moments, which is used to find distinctive characte…
Urban morphogenesis is the process of formation of its elements and the specialization of its suburbs. Street networks are the structural part of the system. Understand their formation reveals crucial information about urban transformation and dynamics behind its functioning. In this work we focus on the morphogenesis of street networks and we study it through a spatial network generator model. This latter is composed by three layers (a reaction-diffusion layer, a dynamic vector field and a spatial network) surrounded by an environment. The emerging network feeds back to its morphogenetic elem…
Cities consist of infrastructure that enables transportation, which can be considered as topology in abstract terms. Once cities are physically organized in terms of infrastructure, people interact with each other to form the values, which can be regarded as the meta-information of the cities. The topology and meta-information coevolve together as the cities are developed. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the topology and meta-information for a street network, which has aspects of both a complex network and planar graph. The degree of organization of a street structure de…
Resilient by Design: Simulating Street Network Disruptions across Every Urban Area in the World
本研究模拟全球8000多个城区的街道网络中断，发现高中心性节点受袭影响最大，而高连通性、少瓶颈和低绕行设计能显著提升网络韧性，为城市规划提供关键杠杆点。
Structural Properties of Planar Graphs of Urban Street Patterns
最近的理论和实证研究集中在社会，生物和技术系统中的复杂关系网络的结构特性。在这里，我们研究的基本属性的20个1平方英里的样本的街道模式不同的世界城市。样本由空间（平面）图表示，即由度量而不是拓扑距离定义的有值图，其中街道交叉口变成节点，街道变成边缘。我们研究了节点在二维平面上的分布。然后，我们通过测量网格系数和计数短周期（三个，四个和五个边缘），并通过测量全局效率和成本的全局属性的图的局部属性进行评估。作为规范化图，我们考虑最小生成树（MST）和贪婪三角剖分（GT）引起的相同的空间分布的节点。结果表明，大多数城市已经演化成网络，其效率与GT相当，尽管它们的成本更接近于树的成本。基于相对效率和成本的分析能够描述不同类型城市的特征。
The percentage of urban areas dedicated to streets and public spaces is a crucial feature of the spatial planning of cities. By 2050 urban mobility will be one of the biggest confronts for global cities. This study has been carried out to assess the ratio of public space allocated to the streets in some cities of Bangladesh. The length, width, area, and number of street crossings have been counted for the city core and its suburban area as an indicator of the form and pattern of the street layout. This exercise does not consider the rest of the public spaces, like gardens and general public sp…
Traffic networks have been proved to be fractal systems. However, previous studies mainly focused on monofractal networks, while complex systems are of multifractal structure. This paper is devoted to exploring the general regularities of multifractal scaling processes in the street network of 12 Chinese cities. The city clustering algorithm is employed to identify urban boundaries for defining comparable study areas; box-counting method and the direct determination method are utilized to extract spatial data; the least squares calculation is employed to estimate the global and local multifrac…
A shape-based heuristic for the detection of urban block artifacts in street networks
本文提出一种基于形状紧凑度和面积频率分布的低成本启发式方法，用于识别街道网络中不代表城市街区的“面伪影”，在131个全球大城市中成功率达89%，为自动化网络简化奠定基础并揭示不同地区城市发展差异。
We investigate the growth dynamics of Greater London defined by the administrative boundary of the Greater London Authority, based on the evolution of its street network during the last two centuries. This is done by employing a unique dataset, consisting of the planar graph representation of nine time slices of Greater London's road network spanning 224 years, from 1786 to 2010. Within this time-frame, we address the concept of the metropolitan area or city in physical terms, in that urban evolution reveals observable transitions in the distribution of relevant geometrical properties. Given t…
Street centrality vs. commerce and service locations in cities: a Kernel Density Correlation case study in Bologna, Italy
在以前的研究中，我们定义了一种方法来映射城市网络的中心性。这种方法被称为多中心性评估（MCA），它可以根据几种不同的中心性概念以及不同的“中心”尺度来确定每条街道在城市中的结构中心。在这项研究中，我们调查的情况下，博洛尼亚，意大利北部，有多少更高的街道中心统计“决定”的活动（商店和服务）的存在。我们的工作开发了一种方法，基于核密度评估，增强了地理信息系统（GIS）环境中可用的标准工具，以支持：1）中心性和活动分布的研究; 2）中心性和活动之间的线性和非线性统计相关性分析，在此命名为核密度相关性（KDC）。结果提供了基于证据的基础，一个强有力的相关性之间存在的中心性的街道，特别是介中心性，商店和服务的位置在邻里规模。这一问题是当前关于城市规划和设计的辩论的核心，旨在为未来建设更可持续的城市社区。我们的研究结果也支持MCA模型作为可持续城市设计工具的“预测”能力。
Parking search in urban street networks: Taming down the complexity of the search-time problem via a coarse-graining approach
本文针对城市停车搜索时间问题，提出在街道层面粗粒化停车位占用的方法，将原有涉及大规模矩阵的解析公式进一步简化，得到更高效的停车搜索时间解析表达式，便于交通工程师实际应用。
CoolWalks for active mobility in urban street networks
本文提出含避晒参数 α 的路径选择模型与 CoolWalkability 指标，基于合成及真实城市数据分析街道网络中的遮阴步行潜力及其几何影响。
Circuity, the ratio of network distances to straight-line distances, is an important measure of urban street network structure and transportation efficiency. Circuity results from a circulation network's configuration, planning, and underlying terrain. In turn, it impacts how humans use urban space for settlement and travel. Although past research has examined overall street network circuity, researchers have not studied the relative circuity of walkable versus drivable circulation networks. This study uses OpenStreetMap data to explore relative network circuity. We download walkable and driva…
Spectral Fingerprints of Street-Network Morphology: A Size-Adjusted Graph-Laplacian Descriptor of Urban Fabric
该研究提出尺度调整的图拉普拉斯描述符，通过光谱指纹编码街道网络形态，推导网格指数等读数，可区分形态类型并关联活动多样性，补充空间句法且适配图学习。
For a long time, many methods are developed to make temporal signal analyses based on time series. However, for geographical systems, spatial signal analyses are as important as temporal signal analyses. Nonstationary spatial and temporal processes are associated with nonlinearity, and cannot be effectively analyzed by conventional analytical approaches. Fractal theory provides a powerful tool for exploring complexity and is helpful for spatio-temporal signal analysis. This paper is devoted to researching spatial signals of geographical systems by means of wave-spectrum scaling. The traffic ne…
The Harsh Truth: Segment-Level Analysis of Harsh Driving Events in Milan Using Large-Scale Telematics, Street Networks, and Google Street View
本研究结合大规模远程信息处理、交通指标、街道网络属性和谷歌街景视觉特征，通过非参数检验和机器学习回归分析米兰城市道路网络中激烈驾驶事件的路段级特征，发现更宽的车道、交叉口和公交站以及更开阔的视野与更高激烈事件强度相关，而密集建筑正面与较低强度相关，并针对自行车基础设施案例揭示了不同设施类型间的强度梯度。
A modified version of the Intelligent Driver Model was used to simulate traffic in the district of Afogados, in the city of Recife, Brazil, with the objective to verify whether the complexity of the underlying street grid, with multiple lane streets, crossings, and semaphores, is capable of exhibiting the effect of critical density: appearance of a maximum in the vehicle flux versus density curve. Numerical simulations demonstrate that this effect indeed is observed on individual avenues, while the phase offset among the avenues results in damping of this effect for the region as a whole.
This morphological study identifies and measures recent nationwide trends in American street network design. Historically, orthogonal street grids provided the interconnectivity and density that researchers identify as important factors for reducing vehicular travel and emissions and increasing road safety and physical activity. During the 20th century, griddedness declined in planning practice alongside declines in urban form compactness, density, and connectivity as urbanization sprawled around automobile dependence. But less is known about comprehensive empirical trends across US neighborho…
URBAN-SPIN: A street-level bikeability index to inform design implementations in historical city centres
本研究提出一种基于类型学和数据整合的框架，通过分析街道类型和子分类，构建整合主观和感知维度的自行车适应性指数，以评估和改善历史城市中的骑行条件。
Geometry of Urban Order
本研究通过引入方位社区概念，分析全球1025个城市的街道网络，发现城市由高度有序的晶粒组成，其全局秩序主要由晶粒数量决定，并提出了基于界面分数的城市形态分类图。
Traffic optimization in transport networks based on local routing
交通网络中的拥塞问题是一个既有理论意义又有实际意义的研究课题。本文研究了城市道路网络中的车辆流动问题。特别是，我们使用一个元胞自动机模型来模拟沿街道的车辆的运动，再加上一个交通感知路由在街道交叉口。这种路由利用代理关于附近道路中的交通的知识，并允许车辆动态地更新朝向其目的地的路线。通过在不同城市的真实城市街道模式中实现该模型，我们表明，基于局部代理决策实现全局交通优化是可能的。
The access to an ever increasing amount of information in the modern world gave rise to the development of many quantitative indicators about urban regions in the globe. Therefore, there is a growing need for a precise definition of how to delimit urban regions, so as to allow proper respective characterization and modeling. Here we present a straightforward methodology to automatically detect urban region borders around a single seed point. The method is based on a diffusion process having street crossings and terminations as source points. We exemplify the potential of the methodology by cha…
The spatial configuration of urban amenities and the streets connecting them collectively provide the structural backbone of a city, influencing its accessibility, vitality, and ultimately the well-being of its residents. Most accessibility measures focus on the proximity of amenities in space or along transportation networks, resulting in metrics largely determined by urban density alone. These measures are unable to gauge how efficiently street networks can navigate between amenities, since they neglect the circuity component of accessibility. Existing measures also often require ad hoc mode…
Topological Graph Simplification Solutions to the Street Intersection Miscount Problem
本文提出通过边简化和节点合并的拓扑图简化算法，解决城市街道网络中交叉口计数被高估的问题，提升网络度量准确性与分析效率。
Urban planning and morphology have relied on analytical cartography and visual communication tools for centuries to illustrate spatial patterns, propose designs, compare alternatives, and engage the public. Classic urban form visualizations - from Giambattista Nolli's ichnographic maps of Rome to Allan Jacobs's figure-ground diagrams of city streets - have compressed physical urban complexity into easily comprehensible information artifacts. Today we can enhance these traditional workflows through the Smart Cities paradigm of understanding cities via user-generated content and harvested data i…
In the wake of the pandemic, the inadequacy of urban sidewalks to comply with social distancing remains untackled in academy. Beyond isolated efforts (from sidewalk widenings to car-free Open Streets), there is a need for a large-scale and quantitative strategy for cities to handle the challenges that COVID-19 poses in the use of public space. The main obstacle is a generalized lack of publicly available data on sidewalk infrastructure worldwide, and thus city governments have not yet benefited from a complex systems approach of treating urban sidewalks as networks. Here, we leverage sidewalk …
Decoding street network morphologies and their correlation to travel mode choice
该研究针对城市形态分类有限的问题，基于无监督学习对美国九个大都市区的建成环境进行系统分类，并关联其与出行方式的关系，发现不同城市形态与出行行为显著相关，为城市规划提供实证支持。
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