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arXiv 1909.07500astro-ph.GA
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用暗恒星子结构探测红色早型星系的合并历史

Probing the merger history of red early-type galaxies with their faint stellar substructures

B. Mancillas, P. -A. Duc, F. Combes, F. Bournaud, E. Emsellem, M. Martig, L. Michel-Dansac

摘要:

几次深空观测,如加拿大-法国-夏威夷望远镜(CFHT)的观测,揭示了显著的低表面亮度(LSB)精细结构,这些结构改变了星系的表观形态。以前的测光调查已经开发了观测技术,利用在星系外部区域检测到的漫射光。在这些研究中,外部扰动已被识别和分类,如潮汐尾,恒星流和壳。这些结构是相互作用和合并事件的示踪剂,它们保持着星系质量组装的记忆。为了重建星系过去的合并历史,需要宇宙学数值模拟来估计它们的可见度时间尺度(以及其他属性)。在目前的工作中,我们分析了流体动力学宇宙学模拟建立一个全面的解释精细结构的属性。我们做了一个普查的几种类型的LSB精细结构的视觉检查的个别快照在不同的时间。我们重建的早期型星系周围检测到的精细结构的数量的演变,我们与星系的合并历史进行比较。我们发现,大部分精细结构与大、中型质量合并事件有关。它们的生存时间范围在0.7至4 Gyr之间。贝壳和溪流比潮汐尾保持可见的时间更长。这些生存时间的估计提供了线索,以解释在大规模组装方面的深层图像中观察到的精细结构的形状和频率。我们发现,恒星流的可探测性是最敏感的表面亮度极限。我们看到的表面亮度切割为33等角秒$^{-2}$的流比切割为29等角秒$^{-2}$的流多2-3倍。炮弹的检测显示出强烈的依赖于投影角度。

英文摘要:

Several deep observations such as those carried out at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) have revealed prominent Low Surface Brightness (LSB) fine structures that change the apparent morphology of galaxies. Previous photometry surveys have developed observational techniques which exploit the diffuse light detected in the external regions of galaxies. In these studies the outer perturbations have been identified and classified like tidal tails, stellar streams, and shells. These structures are tracers of interacting and merging events and they keep a memory of the mass assembly of galaxies. Cosmological numerical simulations are needed to estimate their visibility time-scale (among other properties) in order to reconstruct the past merger history of galaxies. In the present work, we analyze a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation to build a comprehensive interpretation of the properties of fine structures. We make a census of several types of LSB fine structures by visual inspection of individual snapshots at various time. We reconstruct the evolution of the number of fine structures detected around an early-type galaxy and we compare with the merger history of the galaxy. We find that most of fine structures are associated with major and intermediate mass merger events. Their survival time scale ranges between 0.7 and 4 Gyr. Shells and streams remain visible for a longer time than tidal tails. These estimates of survival times provide clues to interpret the shape and frequency of fine structures observed in deep images in terms of mass assembly. We find that the detectability of stellar streams is the most sensitive to the surface brightness limit. We see 2-3 times more streams with a surface brightness cut of 33 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ than with 29 mag arcsec$^{-2}$. The detection of shells display a strong dependence on the projection angle.

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