Copy-Enhanced Heterogeneous Information Learning for Dialogue State Tracking
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Beijing Unisound Information Technology Co., Ltd（北京云知声信息技术有限公司）
Qingbin Liu, Shizhu He, Kang Liu, Shengping Liu, Jun Zhao
Dialogue state tracking (DST) is an essential component in task-oriented dialogue systems, which estimates user goals at every dialogue turn. However, most previous approaches usually suffer from the following problems. Many discriminative models, especially end-to-end (E2E) models, are difficult to extract unknown values that are not in the candidate ontology; previous generative models, which can extract unknown values from utterances, degrade the performance due to ignoring the semantic information of pre-defined ontology. Besides, previous generative models usually need a hand-crafted list to normalize the generated values. How to integrate the semantic information of pre-defined ontology and dialogue text (heterogeneous texts) to generate unknown values and improve performance becomes a severe challenge. In this paper, we propose a Copy-Enhanced Heterogeneous Information Learning model with multiple encoder-decoder for DST (CEDST), which can effectively generate all possible values including unknown values by copying values from heterogeneous texts. Meanwhile, CEDST can effectively decompose the large state space into several small state spaces through multi-encoder, and employ multi-decoder to make full use of the reduced spaces to generate values. Multi-encoder-decoder architecture can significantly improve performance. Experiments show that CEDST can achieve state-of-the-art results on two datasets and our constructed datasets with many unknown values.
Fraunhofer IAIS（弗劳恩霍夫智能分析与信息系统研究所）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；Volkswagen Group Research（大众汽车集团研究部）
Non-goal oriented, generative dialogue systems lack the ability to generate answers with grounded facts. A knowledge graph can be considered an abstraction of the real world consisting of well-grounded facts. This paper addresses the problem of generating well grounded responses by integrating knowledge graphs into the dialogue systems response generation process, in an end-to-end manner. A dataset for nongoal oriented dialogues is proposed in this paper in the domain of soccer, conversing on different clubs and national teams along with a knowledge graph for each of these teams. A novel neura…
Recently, researchers have explored using the encoder-decoder framework to tackle dialogue state tracking (DST), which is a key component of task-oriented dialogue systems. However, they regard a multi-turn dialogue as a flat sequence, failing to focus on useful information when the sequence is long. In this paper, we propose a Hierarchical Dynamic Copy Network (HDCN) to facilitate focusing on the most informative turn, making it easier to extract slot values from the dialogue context. Based on the encoder-decoder framework, we adopt a hierarchical copy approach that calculates two levels of a…
Task-oriented dialogue focuses on conversational agents that participate in user-initiated dialogues on domain-specific topics. In contrast to chatbots, which simply seek to sustain open-ended meaningful discourse, existing task-oriented agents usually explicitly model user intent and belief states. This paper examines bypassing such an explicit representation by depending on a latent neural embedding of state and learning selective attention to dialogue history together with copying to incorporate relevant prior context. We complement recent work by showing the effectiveness of simple sequenc…
Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；Southeast Academy of Information Technology（东南信息技术研究院）
Dialogue state tracking (DST) plays a key role in task-oriented dialogue systems to monitor the user's goal. In general, there are two strategies to track a dialogue state: predicting it from scratch and updating it from previous state. The scratch-based strategy obtains each slot value by inquiring all the dialogue history, and the previous-based strategy relies on the current turn dialogue to update the previous dialogue state. However, it is hard for the scratch-based strategy to correctly track short-dependency dialogue state because of noise; meanwhile, the previous-based strategy is not …
This paper introduces one of our group's work on the Dialog System Technology Challenges 8 (DSTC8), the SPPD system for Schema Guided dialogue state tracking challenge. This challenge, named as Track 4 in DSTC8, provides a brand new and challenging dataset for developing scalable multi-domain dialogue state tracking algorithms for real world dialogue systems. We propose a zero-shot dialogue state tracking system for this task. The key components of the system is a number of BERT based zero-shot NLU models that can effectively capture semantic relations between natural language descriptions of …
In task-oriented dialogue systems, recent dialogue state tracking methods tend to perform one-pass generation of the dialogue state based on the previous dialogue state. The mistakes of these models made at the current turn are prone to be carried over to the next turn, causing error propagation. In this paper, we propose a novel Amendable Generation for Dialogue State Tracking (AG-DST), which contains a two-pass generation process: (1) generating a primitive dialogue state based on the dialogue of the current turn and the previous dialogue state, and (2) amending the primitive dialogue state …
Fudan University（复旦大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；King Abdullah University of Science and Technology（阿卜杜拉国王科技大学）
The task of dialogue generation aims to automatically provide responses given previous utterances. Tracking dialogue states is an important ingredient in dialogue generation for estimating users' intention. However, the \emph{expensive nature of state labeling} and the \emph{weak interpretability} make the dialogue state tracking a challenging problem for both task-oriented and non-task-oriented dialogue generation: For generating responses in task-oriented dialogues, state tracking is usually learned from manually annotated corpora, where the human annotation is expensive for training; for ge…
Dialogue state tracking is an important component in task-oriented dialogue systems to identify users' goals and requests as a dialogue proceeds. However, as most previous models are dependent on dialogue slots, the model complexity soars when the number of slots increases. In this paper, we put forward a slot-independent neural model (SIM) to track dialogue states while keeping the model complexity invariant to the number of dialogue slots. The model utilizes attention mechanisms between user utterance and system actions. SIM achieves state-of-the-art results on WoZ and DSTC2 tasks, with only…
Recently, resources and tasks were proposed to go beyond state tracking in dialogue systems. An example is the frame tracking task, which requires recording multiple frames, one for each user goal set during the dialogue. This allows a user, for instance, to compare items corresponding to different goals. This paper proposes a model which takes as input the list of frames created so far during the dialogue, the current user utterance as well as the dialogue acts, slot types, and slot values associated with this utterance. The model then outputs the frame being referenced by each triple of dial…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；University of Ottawa（渥太华大学）；University of Leeds（利兹大学）
Dialogue state tracking (DST) is an important part of a spoken dialogue system. Existing DST models either ignore temporal feature dependencies across dialogue turns or fail to explicitly model temporal state dependencies in a dialogue. In this work, we propose Temporally Expressive Networks (TEN) to jointly model the two types of temporal dependencies in DST. The TEN model utilizes the power of recurrent networks and probabilistic graphical models. Evaluating on standard datasets, TEN is demonstrated to be effective in improving the accuracy of turn-level-state prediction and the state aggreg…
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
In this thesis, we leverage the neural copy mechanism and memory-augmented neural networks (MANNs) to address existing challenge of neural task-oriented dialogue learning. We show the effectiveness of our strategy by achieving good performance in multi-domain dialogue state tracking, retrieval-based dialogue systems, and generation-based dialogue systems. We first propose a transferable dialogue state generator (TRADE) that leverages its copy mechanism to get rid of dialogue ontology and share knowledge between domains. We also evaluate unseen domain dialogue state tracking and show that TRADE…
In task-oriented dialogue systems, Dialogue State Tracking (DST) aims to extract users' intentions from the dialogue history. Currently, most existing approaches suffer from error propagation and are unable to dynamically select relevant information when utilizing previous dialogue states. Moreover, the relations between the updates of different slots provide vital clues for DST. However, the existing approaches rely only on predefined graphs to indirectly capture the relations. In this paper, we propose a Dialogue State Distillation Network (DSDN) to utilize relevant information of previous d…
University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Artificial Intelligence Application Research Center, Huawei Technologies（华为技术有限公司人工智能应用研究中心）
Dialogue State Tracking (DST), which is the process of inferring user goals by estimating belief states given the dialogue history, plays a critical role in task-oriented dialogue systems. A coreference phenomenon observed in multi-turn conversations is not addressed by existing DST models, leading to sub-optimal performances. In this paper, we propose Coreference Dialogue State Tracker (CDST) that explicitly models the coreference feature. In particular, at each turn, the proposed model jointly predicts the coreferred domain-slot pair and extracts the coreference values from the dialogue cont…
Robust dialogue belief tracking is a key component in maintaining good quality dialogue systems. The tasks that dialogue systems are trying to solve are becoming increasingly complex, requiring scalability to multi domain, semantically rich dialogues. However, most current approaches have difficulty scaling up with domains because of the dependency of the model parameters on the dialogue ontology. In this paper, a novel approach is introduced that fully utilizes semantic similarity between dialogue utterances and the ontology terms, allowing the information to be shared across domains. The eva…
In dialogue systems, a dialogue state tracker aims to accurately find a compact representation of the current dialogue status, based on the entire dialogue history. While previous approaches often define dialogue states as a combination of separate triples ({\em domain-slot-value}), in this paper, we employ a structured state representation and cast dialogue state tracking as a sequence generation problem. Based on this new formulation, we propose a {\bf C}oa{\bf R}s{\bf E}-to-fine {\bf DI}alogue state {\bf T}racking ({\bf CREDIT}) approach. Taking advantage of the structured state representat…
POSTECH（浦项科技大学）；Computer Science and Engineering（计算机科学与工程学院）；Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence（人工智能研究生院）
Task-oriented dialogue systems aim to help users achieve their goals in specific domains. Recent neural dialogue systems use the entire dialogue history for abundant contextual information accumulated over multiple conversational turns. However, the dialogue history becomes increasingly longer as the number of turns increases, thereby increasing memory usage and computational costs. In this paper, we present DoTS (Domain State Tracking for a Simplified Dialogue System), a task-oriented dialogue system that uses a simplified input context instead of the entire dialogue history. However, neglect…
Dialogue state tracking (DST) aims to predict the current dialogue state given the dialogue history. Existing methods generally exploit the utterances of all dialogue turns to assign value for each slot. This could lead to suboptimal results due to the information introduced from irrelevant utterances in the dialogue history, which may be useless and can even cause confusion. To address this problem, we propose LUNA, a sLot-tUrN Alignment enhanced approach. It first explicitly aligns each slot with its most relevant utterance, then further predicts the corresponding value based on this aligned…
POSTECH（浦项科技大学）；Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence（人工智能研究生院）
Dialogue state tracking (DST) is an essential sub-task for task-oriented dialogue systems. Recent work has focused on deep neural models for DST. However, the neural models require a large dataset for training. Furthermore, applying them to another domain needs a new dataset because the neural models are generally trained to imitate the given dataset. In this paper, we propose Schema Encoding for Transferable Dialogue State Tracking (SETDST), which is a neural DST method for effective transfer to new domains. Transferable DST could assist developments of dialogue systems even with few dataset …
While communicating with a user, a task-oriented dialogue system has to track the user's needs at each turn according to the conversation history. This process called dialogue state tracking (DST) is crucial because it directly informs the downstream dialogue policy. DST has received a lot of interest in recent years with the text-to-text paradigm emerging as the favored approach. In this review paper, we first present the task and its associated datasets. Then, considering a large number of recent publications, we identify highlights and advances of research in 2021-2022. Although neural appr…
Key Lab. of Shanghai Education Commission for Intelligent Interaction and Cognitive Eng.（上海市教育委员会智能交互与认知工程重点实验室）；SpeechLab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering（计算机科学与工程系语音实验室）；Brain Science and Technology Research Center（脑科学与技术研究中心）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China（上海交通大学）
Dialogue state tracking (DST) is a crucial module in dialogue management. It is usually cast as a supervised training problem, which is not convenient for on-line optimization. In this paper, a novel companion teaching based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework for on-line DST optimization is proposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to optimize the DST module within DRL framework for on-line task-oriented spoken dialogue systems. In addition, dialogue policy can be further jointly updated. Experiments show that on-line DST optimization can effectively improve the…
Fondazione Bruno Kessler（布鲁诺·凯斯勒基金会）；University of Trento（特伦托大学）
A Dialogue State Tracker is a key component in dialogue systems which estimates the beliefs of possible user goals at each dialogue turn. Deep learning approaches using recurrent neural networks have shown state-of-the-art performance for the task of dialogue state tracking. Generally, these approaches assume a predefined candidate list and struggle to predict any new dialogue state values that are not seen during training. This makes extending the candidate list for a slot without model retaining infeasible and also has limitations in modelling for low resource domains where training data for…
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Amazon（亚马逊）
With the demanding need for deploying dialogue systems in new domains with less cost, zero-shot dialogue state tracking (DST), which tracks user's requirements in task-oriented dialogues without training on desired domains, draws attention increasingly. Although prior works have leveraged question-answering (QA) data to reduce the need for in-domain training in DST, they fail to explicitly model knowledge transfer and fusion for tracking dialogue states. To address this issue, we propose CoFunDST, which is trained on domain-agnostic QA datasets and directly uses candidate choices of slot-value…
This paper gives an overview of the Schema-Guided Dialogue State Tracking task of the 8th Dialogue System Technology Challenge. The goal of this task is to develop dialogue state tracking models suitable for large-scale virtual assistants, with a focus on data-efficient joint modeling across domains and zero-shot generalization to new APIs. This task provided a new dataset consisting of over 16000 dialogues in the training set spanning 16 domains to highlight these challenges, and a baseline model capable of zero-shot generalization to new APIs. Twenty-five teams participated, developing a ran…
Dialogue state tracking (DST) is a key component of task-oriented dialogue systems. DST estimates the user's goal at each user turn given the interaction until then. State of the art approaches for state tracking rely on deep learning methods, and represent dialogue state as a distribution over all possible slot values for each slot present in the ontology. Such a representation is not scalable when the set of possible values are unbounded (e.g., date, time or location) or dynamic (e.g., movies or usernames). Furthermore, training of such models requires labeled data, where each user turn is a…
As a key component in a dialogue system, dialogue state tracking plays an important role. It is very important for dialogue state tracking to deal with the problem of unknown slot values. As far as we known, almost all existing approaches depend on pointer network to solve the unknown slot value problem. These pointer network-based methods usually have a hidden assumption that there is at most one out-of-vocabulary word in an unknown slot value because of the character of a pointer network. However, often, there are multiple out-of-vocabulary words in an unknown slot value, and it makes the ex…
The schema-guided paradigm overcomes scalability issues inherent in building task-oriented dialogue (TOD) agents with static ontologies. Instead of operating on dialogue context alone, agents have access to hierarchical schemas containing task-relevant natural language descriptions. Fine-tuned language models excel at schema-guided dialogue state tracking (DST) but are sensitive to the writing style of the schemas. We explore methods for improving the robustness of DST models. We propose a framework for generating synthetic schemas which uses tree-based ranking to jointly optimise lexical dive…
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Facebook；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）
Zero-shot cross-domain dialogue state tracking (DST) enables us to handle task-oriented dialogue in unseen domains without the expense of collecting in-domain data. In this paper, we propose a slot description enhanced generative approach for zero-shot cross-domain DST. Specifically, our model first encodes dialogue context and slots with a pre-trained self-attentive encoder, and generates slot values in an auto-regressive manner. In addition, we incorporate Slot Type Informed Descriptions that capture the shared information across slots to facilitate cross-domain knowledge transfer. Experimen…
Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf（海因里希·海涅杜塞尔多夫大学）；Yandex Research（Yandex研究院）；HSE University（高等经济学院）
The ability to identify and resolve uncertainty is crucial for the robustness of a dialogue system. Indeed, this has been confirmed empirically on systems that utilise Bayesian approaches to dialogue belief tracking. However, such systems consider only confidence estimates and have difficulty scaling to more complex settings. Neural dialogue systems, on the other hand, rarely take uncertainties into account. They are therefore overconfident in their decisions and less robust. Moreover, the performance of the tracking task is often evaluated in isolation, without consideration of its effect on …
Key Lab. of Shanghai Education Commission for Intelligent Interaction and Cognitive Eng.（上海市教育委员会智能交互与认知工程重点实验室）；SpeechLab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering（计算机科学与工程系语音实验室）；Brain Science and Technology Research Center（脑科学与技术研究中心）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
Dialogue state tracking is the core part of a spoken dialogue system. It estimates the beliefs of possible user's goals at every dialogue turn. However, for most current approaches, it's difficult to scale to large dialogue domains. They have one or more of following limitations: (a) Some models don't work in the situation where slot values in ontology changes dynamically; (b) The number of model parameters is proportional to the number of slots; (c) Some models extract features based on hand-crafted lexicons. To tackle these challenges, we propose StateNet, a universal dialogue state tracker.…
Fondazione Bruno Kessler（布鲁诺·凯斯勒基金会）；University of Trento（特伦托大学）
A Dialogue State Tracker (DST) is a key component in a dialogue system aiming at estimating the beliefs of possible user goals at each dialogue turn. Most of the current DST trackers make use of recurrent neural networks and are based on complex architectures that manage several aspects of a dialogue, including the user utterance, the system actions, and the slot-value pairs defined in a domain ontology. However, the complexity of such neural architectures incurs into a considerable latency in the dialogue state prediction, which limits the deployments of the models in real-world applications,…
East China University of Science and Technology（华东理工大学）；Tongji University（同济大学）
The medical dialogue system is a promising application that can provide great convenience for patients. The dialogue state tracking (DST) module in the medical dialogue system which interprets utterances into the machine-readable structure for downstream tasks is particularly challenging. Firstly, the states need to be able to represent compound entities such as symptoms with their body part or diseases with degrees of severity to provide enough information for decision support. Secondly, these named entities in the utterance might be discontinuous and scattered across sentences and speakers. …
This paper presents a novel approach for multi-task learning of language understanding (LU) and dialogue state tracking (DST) in task-oriented dialogue systems. Multi-task training enables the sharing of the neural network layers responsible for encoding the user utterance for both LU and DST and improves performance while reducing the number of network parameters. In our proposed framework, DST operates on a set of candidate values for each slot that has been mentioned so far. These candidate sets are generated using LU slot annotations for the current user utterance, dialogue acts correspond…
The MultiWOZ 2.0 dataset has greatly stimulated the research of task-oriented dialogue systems. However, its state annotations contain substantial noise, which hinders a proper evaluation of model performance. To address this issue, massive efforts were devoted to correcting the annotations. Three improved versions (i.e., MultiWOZ 2.1-2.3) have then been released. Nonetheless, there are still plenty of incorrect and inconsistent annotations. This work introduces MultiWOZ 2.4, which refines the annotations in the validation set and test set of MultiWOZ 2.1. The annotations in the training set r…
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR（新加坡科技研究局资讯通信研究院）
Augmentation of task-oriented dialogues has followed standard methods used for plain-text such as back-translation, word-level manipulation, and paraphrasing despite its richly annotated structure. In this work, we introduce an augmentation framework that utilizes belief state annotations to match turns from various dialogues and form new synthetic dialogues in a bottom-up manner. Unlike other augmentation strategies, it operates with as few as five examples. Our augmentation strategy yields significant improvements when both adapting a DST model to a new domain, and when adapting a language m…
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Facebook；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）
Zero-shot transfer learning for dialogue state tracking (DST) enables us to handle a variety of task-oriented dialogue domains without the expense of collecting in-domain data. In this work, we propose to transfer the \textit{cross-task} knowledge from general question answering (QA) corpora for the zero-shot DST task. Specifically, we propose TransferQA, a transferable generative QA model that seamlessly combines extractive QA and multi-choice QA via a text-to-text transformer framework, and tracks both categorical slots and non-categorical slots in DST. In addition, we introduce two effectiv…
Key Lab. of Shanghai Education Commission for Intelligent Interaction and Cognitive Eng.（上海市教育委员会智能交互与认知工程重点实验室）；SpeechLab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering（计算机科学与工程系SpeechLab）；Brain Science and Technology Research Center（脑科学与技术研究中心）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China（上海交通大学）
In task-oriented multi-turn dialogue systems, dialogue state refers to a compact representation of the user goal in the context of dialogue history. Dialogue state tracking (DST) is to estimate the dialogue state at each turn. Due to the dependency on complicated dialogue history contexts, DST data annotation is more expensive than single-sentence language understanding, which makes the task more challenging. In this work, we formulate DST as a sequence generation problem and propose a novel dual-learning framework to make full use of unlabeled data. In the dual-learning framework, there are t…
Riiid AI Research（Riiid人工智能研究院）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
Annotating task-oriented dialogues is notorious for the expensive and difficult data collection process. Few-shot dialogue state tracking (DST) is a realistic solution to this problem. In this paper, we hypothesize that dialogue summaries are essentially unstructured dialogue states; hence, we propose to reformulate dialogue state tracking as a dialogue summarization problem. To elaborate, we train a text-to-text language model with synthetic template-based dialogue summaries, generated by a set of rules from the dialogue states. Then, the dialogue states can be recovered by inversely applying…
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Sichuan University（四川大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
Dialogue state tracking (DST) module is an important component for task-oriented dialog systems to understand users' goals and needs. Collecting dialogue state labels including slots and values can be costly, especially with the wide application of dialogue systems in more and more new-rising domains. In this paper, we focus on how to utilize the language understanding and generation ability of pre-trained language models for DST. We design a dual prompt learning framework for few-shot DST. Specifically, we consider the learning of slot generation and value generation as dual tasks, and two pr…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Queen’s University（女王大学）
Task-oriented conversational modeling with unstructured knowledge access, as track 1 of the 9th Dialogue System Technology Challenges (DSTC 9), requests to build a system to generate response given dialogue history and knowledge access. This challenge can be separated into three subtasks, (1) knowledge-seeking turn detection, (2) knowledge selection, and (3) knowledge-grounded response generation. We use pre-trained language models, ELECTRA and RoBERTa, as our base encoder for different subtasks. For subtask 1 and 2, the coarse-grained information like domain and entity are used to enhance kno…
This paper presents the Frames dataset (Frames is available at http://datasets.maluuba.com/Frames), a corpus of 1369 human-human dialogues with an average of 15 turns per dialogue. We developed this dataset to study the role of memory in goal-oriented dialogue systems. Based on Frames, we introduce a task called frame tracking, which extends state tracking to a setting where several states are tracked simultaneously. We propose a baseline model for this task. We show that Frames can also be used to study memory in dialogue management and information presentation through natural language genera…
University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）
Dialogue State Tracking (DST), a crucial component of task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems, keeps track of all important information pertaining to dialogue history: filling slots with the most probable values throughout the conversation. Existing methods generally rely on a predefined set of values and struggle to generalise to previously unseen slots in new domains. To overcome these challenges, we propose a domain-agnostic extractive question answering (QA) approach with shared weights across domains. To disentangle the complex domain information in ToDs, we train our DST with a novel domain…
FPT Technology Research Institute（FPT技术研究院）；FPT University（FPT大学）；Vietnam National University（越南国家大学）
This work investigates the task-oriented dialogue problem in mixed-domain settings. We study the effect of alternating between different domains in sequences of dialogue turns using two related state-of-the-art dialogue systems. We first show that a specialized state tracking component in multiple domains plays an important role and gives better results than an end-to-end task-oriented dialogue system. We then propose a hybrid system which is able to improve the belief tracking accuracy of about 28% of average absolute point on a standard multi-domain dialogue dataset. These experimental resul…
Dynamic Knowledge Fusion for Multi-Domain Dialogue State Tracking
School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University（新疆大学计算机科学与技术学院）；Institute of Artificial Intelligence (TeleAI), China Telecom Corp Ltd（中国电信人工智能研究院（TeleAI））
Institute of Information Engineering（信息工程研究所）；Chinese academy of Sciences（中国科学院）
Dialogue state tracking is a key part of a task-oriented dialogue system, which estimates the user's goal at each turn of the dialogue. In this paper, we propose the Point-Or-Generate Dialogue State Tracker (POGD). POGD solves the dialogue state tracking task in two perspectives: 1) point out explicitly expressed slot values from the user's utterance, and 2) generate implicitly expressed ones based on slot-specific contexts. It also shares parameters across all slots, which achieves knowledge sharing and gains scalability to large-scale across-domain dialogues. Moreover, the training process o…
Divide, Conquer, and Combine: Mixture of Semantic-Independent Experts for Zero-Shot Dialogue State Tracking
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；JD Explore Academy, JD.com Inc（京东集团京东探索研究院）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
Dialogue state tracking models play an important role in a task-oriented dialogue system. However, most of them model the slot types conditionally independently given the input. We discover that it may cause the model to be confused by slot types that share the same data type. To mitigate this issue, we propose TripPy-MRF and TripPy-LSTM that models the slots jointly. Our results show that they are able to alleviate the confusion mentioned above, and they push the state-of-the-art on dataset MultiWoZ 2.1 from 58.7 to 61.3. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/CTinRay/Trippy-Jo…
Goal-oriented dialogue systems typically rely on components specifically developed for a single task or domain. This limits such systems in two different ways: If there is an update in the task domain, the dialogue system usually needs to be updated or completely re-trained. It is also harder to extend such dialogue systems to different and multiple domains. The dialogue state tracker in conventional dialogue systems is one such component - it is usually designed to fit a well-defined application domain. For example, it is common for a state variable to be a categorical distribution over a man…
University of California Santa Barbara（加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）；Alibaba DAMO Academy（阿里巴巴达摩院）；Tencent AI Lab（腾讯人工智能实验室）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
In this paper, we propose to formulate the task-oriented dialogue system as the purely natural language generation task, so as to fully leverage the large-scale pre-trained models like GPT-2 and simplify complicated delexicalization prepossessing. However, directly applying this method heavily suffers from the dialogue entity inconsistency caused by the removal of delexicalized tokens, as well as the catastrophic forgetting problem of the pre-trained model during fine-tuning, leading to unsatisfactory performance. To alleviate these problems, we design a novel GPT-Adapter-CopyNet network, whic…
Salesforce Research Asia（Salesforce亚洲研究院）；Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）；Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)（新加坡科技研究局（A*STAR））
Designed for tracking user goals in dialogues, a dialogue state tracker is an essential component in a dialogue system. However, the research of dialogue state tracking has largely been limited to unimodality, in which slots and slot values are limited by knowledge domains (e.g. restaurant domain with slots of restaurant name and price range) and are defined by specific database schema. In this paper, we propose to extend the definition of dialogue state tracking to multimodality. Specifically, we introduce a novel dialogue state tracking task to track the information of visual objects that ar…
University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学）
An indispensable component in task-oriented dialogue systems is the dialogue state tracker, which keeps track of users' intentions in the course of conversation. The typical approach towards this goal is to fill in multiple pre-defined slots that are essential to complete the task. Although various dialogue state tracking methods have been proposed in recent years, most of them predict the value of each slot separately and fail to consider the correlations among slots. In this paper, we propose a slot self-attention mechanism that can learn the slot correlations automatically. Specifically, a …
Recent works on end-to-end trainable neural network based approaches have demonstrated state-of-the-art results on dialogue state tracking. The best performing approaches estimate a probability distribution over all possible slot values. However, these approaches do not scale for large value sets commonly present in real-life applications and are not ideal for tracking slot values that were not observed in the training set. To tackle these issues, candidate-generation-based approaches have been proposed. These approaches estimate a set of values that are possible at each turn based on the conv…
Dialogue state tracking (DST) is a component of the task-oriented dialogue system. It is responsible for extracting and managing slot values according to dialogue utterances, where each slot represents an essential part of the information to accomplish a task, and slot value is updated recurrently in each dialogue turn. However, many DST models cannot update slot values appropriately. These models may repeatedly inherit wrong slot values extracted in previous turns, resulting in the fail of the entire DST task. They cannot update indirectly mentioned slots well, either. This study designed a m…
