Neutrino Telescope in Lake Baikal: Present and Future
GVD Collaboration, A. D. Avrorin, A. V. Avrorin, V. M. Aynutdinov, R. Bannash, I. A Belolaptikov, V. B. Brudanin, N. M. Budnev, G. V. Domogatsky, A. A. Doroshen… 展开作者
GVD Collaboration, A. D. Avrorin, A. V. Avrorin, V. M. Aynutdinov, R. Bannash, I. A Belolaptikov, V. B. Brudanin, N. M. Budnev, G. V. Domogatsky, A. A. Doroshenko, R. Dvornicky, A. N. Dyachok, Zh. -A. M. Dzhilkibaev, L. Fajth, S. V Fialkovsky, A. R. Gafarov, K. V. Golubkov, N. S. Gorshkov, T. I. Gress, R. Ivanov, K. G. Kebkal, O. G. Kebkal, E. V. Khramov, M. M. Kolbin, K. V. Konischev, A. V. Korobchenko, A. P. Koshechkin, A. V. Kozhin, M. V. Kruglov, M. K. Kryukov, V. F. Kulepov, M. B. Milenin, R. A. Mirgazov, V. Nazari, A. I. Panfilov, D. P. Petukhov, E. N. Pliskovsky, M. I. Rozanov, E. V. Rjabov, V. D. Rushay, G. B. Safronov, B. A. Shaybonov, M. D. Shelepov, F. Simkovic, A. V. Skurikhin, A. G. Solovjev, M. N. Sorokovikov, I. Stekl, O. V. Suvorova, E. O. Sushenok, V. A. Tabolenko, B. A. Tarashansky, S. A. Yakovlev
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Contribution from the Baikal-GVD Collaboration presented at the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 24 July - 1 August 2019. Proceeding: PoS-ICRC2019-1011
A significant progress in the construction and operation of the Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector in Lake Baikal, the largest and deepest freshwater lake in the world, is reported. The effective volume of the detector for neutrino initiated cascades of relativistic particles with energy above 100 TeV has been increased up to about 0.25 cubic kilometer. This unique scientific facility, the largest operating neutrino telescope in Northern Hemisphere, allows already to register two to three events per year from astrophysical neutrinos with energies exceeding 100 TeV. Preliminary results obtained with data recorded in 2016-2018 are announced. Multimessenger approach is used to relate finding of cosmic neutrinos with those of classical astronomers, with X-ray or gamma-ray observations and the gravitational wave events.
Upward through-going muons in the Lake Baikal Neutrino Experiment arriving from the ecliptic plane have been analyzed using NT200 data samples of the years 1998-2002 (1007 live days). We derive upper limits on muon fluxes from annihilation processes of hypothetical WIMP dark matter particles in the center of the Sun.
The progress in the construction and operation of the Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector in Lake Baikal is reported. The detector is designed for search for high energy neutrinos whose sources are not yet reliably identified. It currently includes 2304 optical modules arranged on 64 strings, providing an effective volume of 0.4 km3 for cascades with energy above 100 TeV. We review the scientific case for Baikal-GVD, the construction plan, and first results from the partially built experiment, which is currently the largest neutrino telescope in the Northern Hemisphere and still growing up.
We present data on the luminescence of the Baikal water medium collected with the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope. This three-dimensional array of light sensors allows the observation of time and spatial variations of the ambient light field. We report on observation of an increase of luminescence activity in 2016 and 2018. On the contrary, we observed practically constant optical noise in 2017. An agreement has been found between two independent optical noise data sets. These are data collected with online monitoring system and the trigger system of the cluster.
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research（联合核研究所）；Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院核物理研究所）；Comenius University（布拉迪斯拉发康斯坦丁神甫大学）；Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克理工大学）；Irkutsk State University（伊尔库茨克国立大学）；Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics MSU（莫斯科国立大学斯科别尔钦核物理研究所）；Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan（哈萨克斯坦共和国能源部核物理研究所）
We report theoretical and experimental results of on-going feasibility studies to detect cosmic neutrinos acoustically in Lake Baikal. In order to examine ambient noise conditions and to develop respective pulse detection techniques a prototype device was created. The device is operating at a depth of 150 m at the site of the Baikal Neutrino Telescope and is capable to detect and classify acoustic signals with different shapes, as well as signals from neutrino-induced showers.
Neutrino astronomy offers a novel view of the non-thermal Universe and is complementary to other astronomical disciplines. The field has seen rapid progress in recent years, including the first detection of astrophysical neutrinos in the TeV-PeV energy range by IceCube and the first identified extragalactic neutrino source (TXS 0506+056). Further discoveries are aimed for with new cubic-kilometer telescopes in the Northern Hemisphere: Baikal-GVD, in Lake Baikal, and KM3NeT-ARCA, in the Mediterranean sea. The construction of Baikal-GVD proceeds as planned; the detector currently includes over 2…
We present an analysis of neutrinos detected with the Baikal neutrino telescope NT200 for correlations with gamma-ray bursts (GRB). No neutrino events correlated with GRB were observed. Assuming a Waxman-Bahcall spectrum, a neutrino flux upper limit of {\bf $E^2 Φ< 1.1 \times 10^{-6}cm^{-2}s^{-1}sr^{-1}GeV$} was obtained. We also present the Green's Function fluence limit for this search, which extends two orders of magnitude beyond the energy range of the Super-Kamiokande limit.
The Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector (Baikal-GVD) is a km$^3$-scale neutrino detector currently under construction in Lake Baikal, Russia. The detector currently consists of 2304 optical modules arranged on 64 vertical strings. Further extension of the array is planned for March 2022. The data from the partially complete array have been analyzed using a $χ^2$-based track reconstruction algorithm. After suppression of the downward-going atmospheric muon background, a flux of upward-going neutrino events is observed, dominated by the atmospheric neutrinos. The observed flux is in good agreement wi…
Towards Baikal-Top: Feasibility study of an onshore detector system for the joint registration of EAS with Baikal-GVD
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS（布杰尔核物理研究所）；Novosibirsk State University（新西伯利亚国立大学）；Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院核物理研究所）
Rejecting noise in Baikal-GVD data with neural networks
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院核研究所）；Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology（莫斯科物理技术学院）；Novosibirsk State University（新西伯利亚国立大学）；Joint Institute for Nuclear Research（联合核研究所）
Baikal-GVD is a km$^3$-scale neutrino telescope being constructed in Lake Baikal. Muon and partially tau (anti)neutrino interactions near the detector through the W$^{\pm}$-boson exchange are accompanied by muon tracks. Reconstructed direction of the track is arguably the most precise probe of the neutrino direction attainable in Cerenkov neutrino telescopes. Muon reconstruction techniques adopted by Baikal-GVD are discussed in the present report. Performance of the muon reconstruction is studied using realistic Monte Carlo simulation of the detector. The algorithms are applied to real data fr…
Baikal-GVD is a cubic-kilometer scale deep-underwater neutrino detector being constructed in Lake Baikal. It is designed to detect neutrinos from $\sim$100 GeV to multi-PeV energies and beyond. Detector deployment began in Spring 2015. Since April 2020 the detector includes seven 8-string clusters carrying in total 2016 optical modules located at depths from 750 to 1275 meters. By the end of the first phase of detector construction in 2024 it is planned to deploy 15 clusters, reaching the effective volume for high-energy cascade detection of 0.75 km$^3$. The design and status of the Baikal-GVD…
We present the results of a new analysis of data taken in 1998-2002 for a search for high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos. The analysis is based on a full reconstruction of high-energy cascade parameters: vertex coordinates, energy and arrival direction. Upper limits on the diffuse fluxes of all neutrino flavors, predicted by several models of AGN-like neutrino sources are derived. For an ${\bf E^{-2}}$ behavior of the neutrino spectrum, our limit is ${\bf E^{2} F_ν(E) < 2.9 \times 10^{-7}}$ cm${\bf ^{-2}}$ s${\bf ^{-1}}$ sr${\bf ^{-1}}$ GeV over a neutrino energy range ${\bf 2 \times 10^4 ÷…
Multi-messenger astronomy is a powerful tool to study the physical processes driving the non-thermal Universe. A combination of observations in cosmic rays, neutrinos, photons of all wavelengths and gravitational waves is expected. The alert system of the Baikal-GVD detector under construction will allow for a fast, on-line reconstruction of neutrino events recorded by the Baikal-GVD telescope and - if predefined conditions are satisfied - for the formation of an alert message to other communities. The preliminary results of searches for high-energy neutrinos in coincidence with GW170817/GRB17…
With the identification of a diffuse flux of astrophysical ("cosmic") neutrinos in the TeV-PeV energy range, IceCube has opened a new window to the Universe. However, the corresponding cosmic landscape is still uncharted: so far, the observed flux does not show any clear association with known source classes. In the present talk, I sketch the way from Baikal-NT200 to IceCube and summarize IceCube's recent astrophysics results. Finally, I describe the present projects to build even larger detectors: GVD in Lake Baikal, KM3NeT in the Mediterranean Sea and IceCube-Gen2 at the South Pole. These de…
We use likelihood approach for search for local astrophysical neutrino sources in unbinned versus binned methods with Baikal deep underwater telescopes. We analyze neutrino data sample selected with NT200 telescope for 1038 live days by scanning a celestial map with different nets and for listed gamma ray sources. Significance of most probable location of enhance in measured number of events is found to be less than one sigma. We obtain the upper limits and a sensitivity at 90\% C.L. on neutrino fluxes from listed sources for NT200 and NT1000 correspondingly.
We present data on the Baikal water luminescence collected with the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope. This three-dimensional array of photo-sensors allows the observation of time and spatial variations of the ambient light field. We report on annual increase of luminescence activity in years 2018-2020. We observed a unique event of a highly luminescent layer propagating upwards with a maximum speed of 28 m/day for the first time.
The high-energy muon neutrino events of the IceCube telescope, that are triggered as neutrino alerts in one of two probability ranks of astrophysical origin, "gold" and "bronze", have been followed up by the Baikal-GVD in a fast quasi-online mode since September 2020. Search for correlations between alerts and GVD events reconstructed in two modes, muon-track and cascades (electromagnetic or hadronic showers), for the time windows $ \pm $ 1 h and $ \pm $ 12 h does not indicate statistically significant excess of the measured events over the expected number of background events. Upper limits on…
The Baikal-GVD deep underwater neutrino experiment participates in the international multi-messenger program on discovering the astrophysical sources of high energy fluxes of cosmic particles, while being at the stage of deployment with a gradual increase of its effective volume to the scale of a cubic kilometer. In April 2021 the effective volume of the detector has been reached 0.4 km3 for cascade events with energy above 100 TeV generated by neutrino interactions in Lake Baikal. The alarm system in real-time monitoring of the celestial sphere was launched at the beginning of 2021, that allo…
Baikal-GVD is a next generation, kilometer-scale neutrino telescope currently under construction in Lake Baikal. GVD is formed by multi-megaton sub-arrays (clusters) and is designed for the detection of astrophysical neutrino fluxes at energies from a few TeV up to 100 PeV. The design of the Baikal-GVD allows one to search for astrophysical neutrinos with flux values measured by IceCube already at early phases of the array construction. We present here preliminary results of the search for high-energy neutrinos via the cascade mode with the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope.
Baikal-GVD is a neutrino telescope currently under construction in Lake Baikal. GVD is formed by multi-meganton subarrays (clusters). The design of Baikal-GVD allows one to search for astrophysical neutrinos already at early phases of the array construction. We present here preliminary results of a search for high-energy neutrinos with GVD in 2019-2020.
In April 2019, the Baikal-GVD collaboration finished the installation of the fourth and fifth clusters of the neutrino telescope Baikal-GVD. Momentarily, 1440 Optical Modules (OM) are installed in the largest and deepest freshwater lake in the world, Lake Baikal, instrumenting 0.25 cubic km of sensitive volume. The Baikal-GVD is thus the largest neutrino telescope on the Northern Hemisphere. The first phase of the detector construction is going to be finished in 2021 with 9 clusters, 2592 OMs in total, however the already installed clusters are stand-alone units which are independently operati…
We analyse sensitivity of the gigaton volume telescope Baikal-GVD for detection of neutrino signal from dark matter annihilations or decays in the Galactic Center. Expected bounds on dark matter annihilation cross section and its lifetime are found for several annihilation/decay channels.
First constraints on point-like astrophysical sources using Baikal-GVD muon neutrino events
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research（苏联联合核子研究所）；Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院核物理研究所）；Comenius University（布拉迪斯拉发康斯坦丁神学家大学）；Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克理工大学）；Irkutsk State University（伊尔库茨克国立大学）；Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics MSU（莫斯科国立大学索别利岑核物理研究所）；Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan（哈萨克斯坦共和国能源部核物理研究所）；National Research Nuclear University MEPHI（莫斯科工程物理国家研究大学）
Currently in Lake Baikal, a new generation neutrino telescope is being deployed: the deep underwater Cherenkov detector of a cubic-kilometer scale Baikal-GVD. Completion of the first stage of the telescope construction is planned for 2021 with the implementation of 9 clusters. Each cluster is a completely independent unit in all the aspects: triggering, calibration, data transfer, etc. A high-energy particle might leave its trace in more than a single cluster. To be able to merge events caused by such a particle in more clusters, the appropriate inter-cluster time synchronization is vital.
The Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector (Baikal-GVD) is a km$^3$-scale neutrino detector currently under construction in Lake Baikal, Russia. The detector consists of several thousand optical sensors arranged on vertical strings, with 36 sensors per string. The strings are grouped into clusters of 8 strings each. Each cluster can operate as a stand-alone neutrino detector. The detector layout is optimized for the measurement of astrophysical neutrinos with energies of $\sim$ 100 TeV and above. Events resulting from charged current interactions of muon (anti-)neutrinos will have a track-like topolog…
We reanalyze the dataset collected during the years 1998--2003 by the deep underwater neutrino telescope NT200 in the lake Baikal with the low energy threshold (10 GeV) in searches for neutrino signal from dark matter annihilations near the center of the Milky Way. Two different approaches are used in the present analysis: counting events in the cones around the direction towards the Galactic Center and the maximum likelihood method. We assume that the dark matter particles annihilate dominantly over one of the annihilation channels $b\bar{b}$, $W^+W^-$, $τ^+τ^-$, $μ^+μ^-$ or $ν\barν$. No sign…
The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by Fermi-GBM and INTEGRAL, indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the TeV - 100 PeV energy range using Baikal-GVD. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within $\pm$500 s around the m…
We present an event-by-event study of cosmic ray (CR) composition with the reflected Cherenkov light method. The fraction of CR light component above 5 PeV was reconstructed using the 2013 run data of the SPHERE experiment which observed optical Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation of extensive air showers, reflected from snow surface of Lake Baikal. Additionally, we discuss a possibility to improve the elemental groups separability by means of multidimensional criteria.
In present analysis we complete search for a dark matter signal with the Baikal neutrino telescope NT200 from potential sources in the sky. We use five years of data and look for neutrinos from dark matter annihilations in the dwarfs spheroidal galaxies in the Southern hemisphere and the Large Magellanic Cloud known as the largest and close satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. We do not find any excess in observed data over expected background from the atmospheric neutrinos towards the LMC or any of tested 22 dwarfs. We perform a joint likelihood analysis on the sample of five selected dwarfs an…
We have analyzed a data set taken over 2.76 years live time with the Baikal neutrino telescope NT200. The goal of the analysis is to search for neutrinos from dark matter annihilation in the center of the Sun. Apart from the conventional annihilation channels $b\bar{b}$, $W^+W^-$ and $τ^+τ^-$ we consider also the annihilation of dark matter particles into monochromatic neutrinos. From the absence of any excess of events from the direction of the Sun over the expected background, we derive 90% upper limits on the fluxes of muons and muon neutrinos from the Sun, as well as on the elastic cross s…
Several projects are concentrating their efforts on opening the high energy neutrino window on the Universe with km-scale detectors. The detection principle relies on the observation, using photomultipliers, of the Cherenkov light emitted by charged leptons induced by neutrino interactions in the surrounding detector medium. In the Northern hemisphere, while the pioneering Baikal telescope, has been operating for 10 years, most of the activity now concentrates in the Mediterranean sea. Recently, the Antares collaboration has completed the construction of a 12 line array comprising ~ 900 photom…
The search for the sources of cosmic rays is a three-fold assault, using charged cosmic rays, gamma rays and neutrinos. The first conceptual ideas to detect high energy neutrinos date back to the late fifties. The long evolution towards detectors with a realistic discovery potential started in the seventies and eighties, with the pioneering works in the Pacific Ocean close to Hawaii and in Lake Baikal in Siberia. But only now, half a century after the first concepts, such a detector is in operation: IceCube at the South Pole. We do not yet know whether with IceCube we will indeed detect extrat…
Weakly interacting neutrinos are ideal astronomical messengers because they travel through space without deflection by magnetic fields and, essentially, without absorption. Their weak interaction also makes them notoriously difficult to detect, with observation of high-energy neutrinos from distant sources requiring kilometer-scale detectors. The IceCube project transformed a cubic kilometer of natural Antarctic ice at the geographic South Pole into a Cherenkov detector. It discovered a flux of cosmic neutrinos in the energy range from 10 TeV to 10 PeV, predominantly extragalactic in origin. T…
We critically examine the ability of future neutrino telescopes, including Baikal-GVD, KM3NeT, P-ONE, TAMBO, and IceCube-Gen2, to determine the flavor composition of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, ie, the relative number of $ν_e$, $ν_μ$, and $ν_τ$, in light of improving measurements of the neutrino mixing parameters. Starting in 2020, we show how measurements by JUNO, DUNE, and Hyper-Kamiokande will affect our ability to determine the regions of flavor composition at Earth that are allowed by neutrino oscillations under different assumptions of the flavor composition that is emitted by t…
The contribution of Soviet scientists to the emergence of high-energy neutrino astrophysics: from the Cherenkov effect to underwater and in-ice telescopes
S. U. Umarov Physical-Technical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan（塔吉克斯坦国家科学院S.乌马罗夫物理技术研究所）；Institute of Astrophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan（塔吉克斯坦国家科学院天体物理研究所）
The origin of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) remains unsolved in contemporary astroparticle physics. The objective of the JEM-EUSO program is the realization of a space mission devoted to UHECR physics. Several detectors have been developed in this framework or are under development. EUSO-TA, installed at the Telescope Array site in Utah in 2013, is in operation. It has detected 9 UHECRs in coincidence with Telescope Array fluorescence detector at Black Rock Mesa. EUSO-Balloon flew on board a stratospheric balloon in August 2014. It measured the UV intensity on forests, lakes and citie…
The blazar PKS 0735+178 is possibly associated with multiple neutrino events observed by the IceCube, Baikal, Baksan, and KM3NeT neutrino telescopes while it was flaring in the $γ$-ray, X-ray, ultraviolet and optical bands. We present a detailed study of this peculiar blazar to investigate the temporal and spectral changes in the multi-wavelength emission when the neutrino events were observed. The analysis of Swift-XRT snapshots reveal a flux variability of more than a factor 2 in about $5\times10^3$ seconds during the observation on December 17, 2021. In the $γ$-ray band, the source was in i…
